任何社会中，政治、经济与社会制度的最终成果，理应是使整个群体和每一个人都获得极大的安全感。贫困、饥饿、文盲和缺乏医疗，加剧了民众的不安全感；这一点从这些严重“杀手”所导致的高死亡率中可见一斑。除了上述这些灾难性的不安全根源，世界各地的人们还面临着更为直接的生命威胁。这些威胁表现为国家之间的战争、内战、独裁者的暴政、情报机构的严苛对待、绑架、破坏公物，以及最后但同样重要的恐怖主义行为。

The terminal result of the political-economic-social system in any society should be no less than the immense feeling of security enjoyed by the group as well as by the individuals. Poverty, hunger, illiteracy, and lack of health contribute to the intensity of the people’s insecurity; this is reflected in the high rate of deaths due to these serious killers. On top of these catastrophic causes of insecurity, people worldwide continue to face yet a more direct assault on their lives. These assaults come in forms of wars between nations, civil wars, tyranny of dictators, harsh treatment of intelligence apparatus, kidnapping, vandalism, and last but not least, acts of terrorism.

有人可能会认为，对人类安全的某些侵害未必与潜在的政治或经济结构有关；这或许对少数零星事件而言是成立的。但造成人类生命最惨重损失的大多数事件，源自战争、内战、地方动乱与暴动、情报审讯以及恐怖主义行为。此类事件不能、也不应与地方、地区或世界的政治和经济秩序相隔离。

Some may argue that some of the assaults on human security may not be related to the underlying political or economic structure; this may be true for few sporadic incidents. But the majority of incidents with most devastating toll on the human life come from wars, civil wars, local unrest and revolts, intelligence interrogations, and acts of terrorism. Such incidents cannot be and should not be isolated from the local, regional, or world political and economic orders.

地方、区域或全球秩序，实质上是一套规则、规章和机制，用以在一国之内、某一地区各国之间，或整个世界范围内维系各种关系。在一国之内，秩序由国家权威，并辅以其背后的经济和政治基础设施来维持。在某一特定地区，秩序通常由成员来自该地区各国的区域组织来维持。区域组织的例子包括：北美国家的北美自由贸易协定（NAFTA）；欧洲国家的欧洲联盟及其配套的一系列组织；石油生产和出口国的石油输出国组织（OPEC）；阿拉伯国家的阿拉伯国家联盟。世界秩序则由联合国安理会、世界贸易组织（WTO）、世界银行、国际货币基金组织（IMF）等世界性组织来维持。在每一种秩序（地方、区域或全球）背后，都站着一个或少数几个拥有巨大权力的国家；这些强国运用其影响力和权力来维护秩序，或在必要时改变秩序。

The local, regional, or world order is essentially the set of rules, regulations, and mechanisms used to deploy and maintain the relations within the country, between countries in a given region, or in the world at large. Within the country, the order is maintained by the authority of the state coupled with the underlying economic and political infrastructure. Within a given region, the order is usually maintained by regional organizations with members from the states of the region. Examples of regional organizations are the NAFTA for North American states; the European Union and its accompanying set of organization for the European states; OPEC for the oil-producing and exporting countries; the Arab League for the Arab states. The world order is maintained by world organizations such as the UN Security Council, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and others. Behind each order (local, regional, or global) stand one or few states with immense power; such powerful states use their influence and power to sustain the order or to change it when necessary.

这一讨论对于理解安全缺失与当前世界、地区和地方秩序之间的关系十分必要。当今的世界秩序主要由美国维持,同时还有英国、法国、俄罗斯和中国等其他强国的参与。这一秩序借助安理会、世界贸易组织、世界银行和国际货币基金组织等工具得以维持,有时甚至被操纵。

This discussion is necessary in order to understand the relations between the lack of security and the current world, regional, and local orders. The world order today is maintained primarily by the USA, accompanied by other powerful nations such as Britain, France, Russia, and China. This order is maintained or even sometimes manipulated using instruments such as the Security Council, the WTO, the World Bank, and the IMF.

美国是迄今为止对世界秩序影响最大的国家。苏联解体以及二十世纪最后十年社会主义作为世界意识形态的衰落之后，美国的决定性作用变得更加突出和明显。1991年，在伊拉克占领科威特的第二次海湾战争中，美国发挥了这一决定性作用。2001年9月11日恐怖袭击事件之后，美国又重复了这一做法；2003年，美国在未获得联合国批准的情况下入侵伊拉克，同样如此。

The USA is by far the country with the largest impact on the world order. The US decisive role became more distinct and apparent after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the dismissal of socialism as a world ideology in the last decade of the twentieth century. The USA practiced its decisive role in 1991 during the Second Gulf War when Iraq occupied Kuwait. The same was repeated in 2001 after the terrorist attacks on September 11 and in 2003 when the United States invaded Iraq without UN approval.

自第一次世界大战结束以来，世界的秩序（地方、地区和全球层面）一直由少数信奉资本主义或社会主义意识形态的国家所维持。这一局面一直持续到1991年，随着苏联解体，社会主义便从世界秩序的考量中被剔除。在资本主义占主导的世界里，人类遭受了多种形式的暴行与侵害。

Since the end of the First World War, the order in the world (locally, regionally, and globally) had been maintained by few states which belonged to the ideology of either capitalism or socialism. This case continued until l991 when socialism was dropped from the world order equation subsequent to the collapse of the Soviet Union. The world under the dominance of capitalism has suffered several types of atrocities and assaults against humanity.

第一次世界大战肆虐欧洲各国，而这些国家当时由资本主义主导。这场战争夺去了七百万平民和一千万军人的生命，二千一百多万人受伤80。不必深入细节，战争结束时便已明显看出，英国和法国如何将其殖民统治扩展到世界广大地区（中东、非洲和东南亚）。帝国主义和殖民主义是这场战争最显著的结果；若说帝国主义本身就是战争的主要成因之一，也并非与事实相去甚远。按照共产主义理论家的观点，帝国主义被视为资本主义的最高阶段32。另一些人则把帝国主义看作资本主义用来确保原材料来源、廉价劳动力和市场的一种手段（41、42）。欧洲国家的旧殖民地至今仍深受压迫、独裁、贫穷和落后之苦。

The First World War ravaged through European states, which were dominated by capitalism. The war consumed seven million civilian and ten million military lives, with more than twenty-one million wounded80. Without going into details, it was evident at the end of the war how Britain and France spread their colonialist grip over a vast area of the world (Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia). Imperialism and colonialism were the most visible outcomes of the war; it is not far-fetched from the truth to claim that imperialism was a major factor of the war to begin with. Imperialism is thought of as the highest stage of capitalism according to communist theoreticians32. Others perceive imperialism as a method utilized by capitalism to secure sources of raw material, cheap labor, and markets (41, 42). The old colonies of European states continue to suffer until today from deep oppression, dictatorships, poverty, and backwardness.

第二次世界大战夺去了六千多万人的生命，其中四千万是平民82。许多平民死于疾病、饥饿、大屠杀、轰炸以及蓄意的种族灭绝，例如在德国和欧洲对数百万犹太人所犯下的罪行。第二次世界大战催生了两大对立阵营：华沙条约组织（由苏联和东欧国家组成的联盟）和北大西洋公约组织（NATO），还引发了一场冷战，在五十年间耗费了数千亿美元。这场战争还带来了全球化，全球化至今仍在扩大穷人与富人之间的差距，并加深世界各国人民之间的不平等。

The Second World War consumed more than sixty million lives; Forty million were civilians81. Many civilians died because of disease, starvation, massacres, bombing, and deliberate genocide such as the one committed against millions of Jews in Germany and Europe. The Second World War gave birth to the two competing camps, WARSAW (alliance of Soviet Union and Eastern European states) and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), and to a cold war that consumed hundreds of billions of dollars during five decades. The war also introduced globalization, which continues to increase the gap between the poor and the rich, and deepen the inequality between the people of the world.

全球化的两大主要工具诞生于第二次世界大战的母体之中，即国际货币基金组织和世界银行。这两个工具打断了墨西哥、土耳其、印度尼西亚和韩国等国家经济的脊梁。在国际货币基金组织和世界银行的政策之下，亚洲、非洲以及拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的发展中国家（第三世界国家）在过去五十年中继续扮演同样的角色：为获利的工业化国家提供原材料、消费市场和廉价劳动力。

The main two instruments of globalization, which were born in the womb of the Second World War, are the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. These two instruments have broken the backbone of the economies of countries like Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia, and Korea. Under the policies of the IMF and the WB, the developing countries (third world countries) in Asia, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean continued to play the same role for the last fifty years: supply the raw material, the consuming market, and the cheap labor to the profit-generating industrial nations.

在二十世纪乃至二十一世纪的很长一段时间里,侵犯人权、践踏人的尊严,一直是资本主义和共产主义这两种主流意识形态的显著特征。在苏联和东欧的社会主义阵营中,除了社会主义者自身所界定的那些权利之外,人权几乎不存在。本出版物无意详述社会主义之下对人的生命所犯下的暴行。目前只需说明一点:我亲身经历过社会主义之下的生活,那种残暴、灾难与虐待的苦涩滋味,至今仍历历在目。

Throughout the twentieth century and well into the twenty-first one, assaults on human rights and degradation of human integrity worldwide have been a trademark of the dominant ideologies of both capitalism and communism. Within the Socialist camps of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, human rights were almost nonexistent except within the Socialists’ definition of those rights. It is not the intention of this publication to detail the atrocities committed against human life under socialism. It is sufficient to mention (for now) that I have witnessed firsthand the life under socialism with all the sore taste of brutality, calamity, and abuse.

在资本主义统治之下，人类尊严的处境也没有更好。国际特赦组织和人权观察组织已报告了全球数以百万计的侵犯人权、人的尊严和人的生命的案件。这些侵犯行为由各国政府的安全机构实施，无论其自称达到何种文明程度。讽刺的是，国际特赦组织和人权观察组织最初是为了监督世界东方集团在社会主义统治下的人民的人权状况而设立的。美国和西欧一直将这些组织的报告作为向其社会主义对立国家施压的手段。自苏联解体、社会主义被废除以来，国际特赦组织仍不断报告骇人听闻的侵犯人权行为。国际特赦组织2007年的报告87称：

The plight of human dignity under the dominance of capitalism has not been any brighter. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch organizations have reported on millions of cases of assault on human rights, human dignity, and human lives worldwide. The assaults are carried out by governments security agencies irrespective of their claimed level of civilization. The irony is that Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch organizations were initially set to monitor the human rights of people living in the Eastern Bloc of the world under the dominance of socialism. The United States and Western Europe had consistently used the reports of these organizations as a means of pressure against their counterpart socialist countries. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the abolishing of socialism, Amnesty International continues to report horrible assaults on human rights. The 2007 Amnesty International report87 states:

在世界许多地方都发生了严重侵犯人权的行为。这些行为包括法外处决、广泛使用酷刑和不公正的审判，以及对人权捍卫者的骚扰和恐吓。言论和结社自由继续受到限制。1993年，即苏联解体两年之后，国际特赦组织报告称，有112个国家存在酷刑行为，61个国家存在法外处决。

Gross human right violations took place throughout much of the world. They ranged from extra judicial executions to widespread use of torture and unfair trials, harassment and intimidation of human rights defenders. Freedom of expression and association continued to be curtailed In 1993, two years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Amnesty International reported acts of torture in 112 states and extrajudicial executions in 61 states.

或许，近代史上最令人震惊、最骇人听闻的对人类尊严的践踏，是美国情报机构在伊拉克的阿布格莱布监狱和关塔那摩监狱中所犯下的罪行。

Perhaps the most striking and astonishing assaults against human dignity in the recent history are those committed in the prisons of Abu Gharib in Iraq and Guantánamo by US intelligence authorities.

诚然，尽管经历了民权运动、平等机会法案和平权行动，美国的黑人相较于白人仍然处于劣势。种族差距在生活的许多方面都清晰可见。过去六十年来，黑人家庭的收入一直显著低于白人家庭。在整个20世纪80年代，黑人家庭收入的中位数仅约为白人家庭的55%（见图20）。⁹²

Indeed, blacks in America continue to be at a disadvantage compared to their white counterparts despite civil rights movement, equal opportunity acts, and affirmative actions. Racial gap between blacks and whites is visible in so many aspects of life. The family income of a black family has been significantly less than that of a white family for the last sixty years. Throughout the 1980s, the median black family income was barely 55% that of a white family92; see figure 20.

在美国，黑人的贫困率仍然远高于白人。图21显示，在过去六十年里，黑人贫困的可能性是白人的两倍，黑人家庭的年收入中位数平均约为20,000美元，而白人家庭约为35,000美元。失业率也呈现同样的趋势：美国十六岁以上的黑人失业的可能性是白人的两倍。黑人的预期寿命也明显低于白人。据美国人口普查局的数据，截至1995年，黑人男性的预期寿命为六十五岁，而白人男性为七十八岁。最引人注目的是，黑人占美国监狱人口的近44%，而他们在总人口中所占的比例还不到13%。

The poverty rates among blacks continue to be much higher than that for whites in the United States. Figure 21 shows that blacks were twice as much likely to be poor than whites for the last sixty years, with the median household income averaging around $20,000 compared to a $35,000 for a white counterpart. The same trend appears in the unemployment rates, where black people in the United States (above sixteen years) are twice as likely to be unemployed as white ones. The life expectancy of black people is significantly lower than that for whites. According to the Census Bureau in the United States, a black male is expected to live for sixty-five years (as of 1995) compared to seventy-eight years for a white man. The most striking fact is that the blacks make up almost 44% of the prison population in the United States, whereas they make up less than 13% of the total population.

这些统计数据表明，存在针对黑人群体的歧视模式，这并非巧合。黑人在长期遭受身体奴役之后，在争夺生产资料和必要资源方面持续处于劣势。把这种趋势归咎于黑人自身的处境和苦难，是最荒谬的解释。在资本主义框架内，弱势群体几乎不可能追赶上那些掌握财富及获取财富手段的人，并与之处于平等地位。数据几乎在生活的每个领域都支持这一论断（收入、大学毕业生、失业、健康状况、死亡率、辍学率、监禁率以及其他许多方面）。

These statistics show a pattern of discrimination against people of black color; this is not a coincident. The blacks after spending many years under physical slavery continued to be at a disadvantage in terms of being unable to compete for the means of production and the necessary resources. The most absurd explanation for this trend is to blame the black people for their conditions and miseries. Within the framework of capitalism, it is almost impossible for the weak to catch up and be at equal terms of those who had control of the wealth and the means to acquire them. The data supports this claim in almost every field of life (income, college graduates, unemployment, health status, mortality, school dropouts, incarceration rates, and many others).

尽管出于不同的原因,拉丁裔在美国的处境并不比黑人好多少。与黑人一样,拉丁裔也面临着很高的贫困率,以及由此带来的一系列后果,例如缺乏医疗保险、死亡率高和监禁率高。

Although, for different reasons, the status of Latinos in the United States is not much brighter than those for blacks, like black people, Latinos enjoy high poverty rates and related consequences such as lack of health insurance, high mortality rates, and high imprisonment rates.

种族和民族歧视是近代历史上对人类尊严与完整性最严重的侵害之一。种族、民族、肤色和性别是人出生时便被赋予的属性，人在其一生中对这些属性并无任何选择或参与。当基于这些属性实施歧视时，这不仅是对人类本性的直接侵犯，也是对赋予这些属性者——全能的真主——的冒犯。此类歧视绝不能被容忍，也不应任其盛行。遗憾的是，基于肤色、民族和性别的歧视在二十世纪以及二十一世纪的头十年中屡见不鲜，令人深感痛惜、悲叹和哀伤。

Racial and ethnic discrimination constitute one of the most severe assaults on human dignity and integrity in recent history. Race, ethnicity, color, and gender are attributes granted to a human at birth without the least involvement of the person who carries these attributes for the rest of his or her life. When discrimination is carried out on the basis of these attributes, it is a direct assault on the nature of human being as well as on the one who granted these attributes, the Almighty God. Such discrimination cannot and should never be allowed to prevail. With great regret, lament, and sorrow, discrimination on the bases of color, ethnicity, and gender have rigorously marked the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first century.

另一种对人类尊严的侵犯在世界其他地区盛行。这一次针对的是人的精神与智识构成。全球数以百万计的人因其持有的某种观点或所表达的政治立场而遭受迫害。只需浏览人权观察组织(HRW)或国际特赦组织(Amnesty International)发布的任一年度报告,便可发现这一事实。93

Another type of assault on human dignity prevails in other parts of the world. This time it is directed at the mental and intellectual makeup of people. Millions of people around the world are persecuted because of an opinion they carry or a political view they express. It is sufficient to browse through one of the annual reports issued by the Human Rights Watch (HRW) organization or Amnesty International to discover 93

94

94

对人类生命、尊严与理性的巨大而可怕的侵害。讽刺的是,许多人权记录极其骇人听闻的暴君,却以"民主"的名义掩盖其暴行。据人权观察组织2008年的报告,"民主已成为合法性的必要条件"。乌兹别克斯坦的卡里莫夫、津巴布韦的罗伯特·穆加贝、巴基斯坦的佩尔韦兹·穆沙拉夫、埃及的穆巴拉克、埃塞俄比亚的梅莱斯·泽纳维等一众残暴的总统,都发现通过形式上的选举闹剧来为其统治披上合法外衣是有利可图的。当乔治·布什不得不对巴基斯坦穆沙拉夫所犯的暴行发表评论时,他说:"穆沙拉夫是一个相信民主的人,巴基斯坦正在通往民主的道路上。"

massive and dreadful assaults on human life, integrity, and intellectuality. The irony is that many of the tyrants whose records on human rights violations are shamefully atrocious disguise their assaults behind the labels of “democracy.” According to HRW 2008 report93, “democracy has become the sine qua non of legitimacy.” Brutal presidents such as Karimov of Uzbekistan, Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan, Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia, among others, find utility in holding electoral charades to legitimize their reign. When George Bush had to comment on atrocities committed by Musharraf of Pakistan, he said, “Musharraf is somebody who believes in democracy and that Pakistan was on the road to democracy”133.