世界各国的领导人都承认，一场严重的经济萧条正笼罩着整个世界，许多经济学家和政治家将资本主义经济体系的核心理念视为这一问题的根源。八国集团领导人于2009年7月在意大利举行的会议上，在《八国集团领导人宣言：面向可持续未来的负责任领导》中表示："我们仍然关注经济和金融危机及其对人类和社会造成的后果。"这场危机促使弗朗西斯·福山等学者对资本主义和民主发出了警告。他在题为《美国公司的衰落》的文章中写道：

Top leaders of the world acknowledge the fact that a deep economic depression is encompassing the entire world and scores of economists and politicians cite the core ideas of the economic system of capitalism as a root cause of the problem. The G8 leaders in their meeting in Italy in July 2009 stated in the G8 Leaders Declaration: Responsible Leadership for a Sustainable Future: “We remain focused on the economic and financial crisis and its human and social consequences” . This crisis prompted scholars like Francis Fukayama to blow the siren on capitalism and democracy. He wrote in his article “The Fall of America, Inc.” :

随着华尔街一些最负盛名的公司一同倒下，一种特定的资本主义愿景也随之崩塌。如何重建我们品牌的信誉。美国最负盛名的投资银行的覆灭。一天之内蒸发的逾万亿美元股市财富。7000亿

Along with some of Wall Street’s most storied firms, a certain vision of capitalism has collapsed. How we restore faith in our brand. The implosion of America’s most storied investment banks. The vanishing of more than a trillion dollars in stock-market wealth in a day. A $700

……亿美元的账单要由美国纳税人买单。华尔街崩溃的规模几乎可以说是空前巨大。然而，即便美国人在追问，为什么要支付如此令人难以置信的巨额资金来防止经济崩溃，却很少有人讨论另一种更无形、但潜在危害可能大得多的代价——金融危机对美国品牌形象的损害。

billion tab for U.S. taxpayers. The scale of the Wall Street crackup could scarcely be more gargantuan. Ye t even as Americans ask why they’re having to pay such mind-bending sums to prevent the economy from imploding, few are discussing a more intangible, yet potentially much greater cost to the United States—the damage that the financial meltdown is doing to America’s brand.

马萨诸塞大学经济学教授理查德·沃尔夫剖析了当今经济危机的根本原因,指出这一危机反映出美国式资本主义自身结构中的剧烈失灵。沃尔夫教授宣称,此次危机是他有生之年所见过的最严重的资本主义危机。他认为,必须进行更为根本性的变革,才能避免未来的灾难。

University of Massachusetts economics professor Richard Wolff breaks down the root causes of today’s economic crisis, showing how it reflects seismic failures within the structures of American style of capitalism itself . Professor Wolff declares that the current crisis is the greatest crisis of capitalism in his lifetime. He suggests that more fundamental changes need to be made to avoid future catastrophes.

当前的经济危机以及针对资本主义的大量批评，指向了当代体制与意识形态史上的一个重要趋势，那就是资本主义的衰落。

The current economic crisis and the score of criticisms targeted at capitalism point to one important trend in the contemporary history of systems and ideologies; that is the downfall of capitalism.

另一种同样吸引学者和政界人士关注的趋势，与政治伊斯兰的兴起以及在世界广阔地域重建伊斯兰治理与经济模式的追求有关。对这一趋势最明确的论述来自诺亚·费尔德曼（Noah Feldman）的著作《伊斯兰国的衰落与复兴》（The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State）。费尔德曼认为，于1924年覆灭的伊斯兰国家正在……4

Yet another trend which captures the attention of scholars as well as politicians is the one related to the rise of political Islam and the quest for the reestablishment of an Islamic model of governance and economy in a large geographic span of the world. The most explicit reference to this trend is made by Noah Feldman in his book The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State . Feldman argues that the Islamic state which fell in 1924 is being 4

今天重建。他说道：

reconstructed today. He states:

在象征意义和实际层面上，伊斯兰国于1924年就已灭亡。然而今天，伊斯兰国又重新崛起……潮流正在向它们倾斜。从摩洛哥到印度尼西亚，横跨整个穆斯林国家地域，绝大多数人表示，国家的法律应当以伊斯兰教法（沙里亚）为根本来源。（Feldman, pp. 2）

In both symbolic and practical terms, the Islamic State died in 1924. Ye t today, the Islamic State rides again . . . The trend is with them. In Muslim countries running the geographical span from Morocco to Indonesia, substantial majorities say that the Shari’ah should be the source of law for their states. (Feldman, pp. 2)

另一种关于"伊斯兰崛起"趋势的描述，见于近期帕特里克·布坎南（Patrick Buchanan）在网络杂志Townhall.com上发表的一篇题为"An Idea Whose Time Has Come"的文章5。帕特·布坎南写道：

Another account of the “rising Islam” trend is depicted in a recent article published by Patrick Buchanan in the Townhall.com online magazine under the title “An Idea Whose Time Has Come”5. Pat Buchanan wrote:

但如今，数以千万计的穆斯林似乎正在……回归更纯正的伊斯兰教，回归其根源。伊斯兰信仰的坚韧生命力确实令人惊叹。伊斯兰教经历了奥斯曼帝国两个世纪的失败与屈辱，经历了阿塔图尔克废除哈里发制度的冲击，也经历了数代西方的统治。它还存活了埃及、伊拉克、利比亚、埃塞俄比亚和伊朗那些亲西方君主政权的更迭。

But today, tens of millions of Muslims appear to be . . . returning to their roots in a more pure Islam. Indeed, the endurance of the Islamic faith is astonishing. Islam survived two centuries of defeats and humiliations of the Ottoman Empire and Ataturk’s abolition of the caliphate. It endured generations of Western rule. It outlasted the pro-Western monarchs in Egypt, Iraq, Libya, Ethiopia and Iran.

伊斯兰教轻而易举地抵御了共产主义，在1967年纳赛尔主义溃败后依然屹立，并且比阿拉法特或萨达姆的民族主义更为持久。如今，它正在抵抗世界上最后一个超级大国。

Islam easily fended off communism, survived the rout of Nasserism in 1967 and has proven more enduring than the nationalism of Arafat or Saddam. Now, it is resisting the world’s last superpower.

关于资本主义的衰落与伊斯兰的兴起这两个议题，已发表的材料都相当丰富。然而，在文献中少见的是，将这两个议题置于同一平台上加以讨论。近来，“资本主义的衰落与伊斯兰的兴起”曾是芝加哥地区一次会议的主题。这次会议在穆斯林和非穆斯林群体中都引发了褒贬不一的反应。值得注意的是，当这一主题的每个方面被分开讨论时，反应远不如两者同时被提及时那样强烈。两个主题的结合引发了大量的博客、推特、网站和媒体评论。正是这种结合，将成为本书的探讨对象。

The published material on either of the issues—the fall of capitalism or the rise of Islam—is notably large. What is not common in the literature is to have both issues discussed in the realm of the same platform. Recently, the “fall of capitalism and the rise of Islam” was a title of a conference convened in the Chicago area. The conference generated mixed reactions from both Muslim and non-Muslim communities. It is interesting to note that when each dimension of the subject is discussed separately, the reaction is far less dramatic than when both issues are addressed simultaneously. The combination of both topics provokes scores of Blogs, Twitters, sites, and media commentaries. It is this combination which will be the subject of this book.

同样，穆斯林参与关于资本主义命运的政治讨论也并不常见。政治学、历史学、神学和全球运动的学生习惯于阅读社会主义者、共产主义者、学者和智库政治家对资本主义困境的论述，但很少见到穆斯林从伊斯兰的视角探讨这一问题。本书将从一位穆斯林的立场，并以伊斯兰的观点，阐述对资本主义的看法。

It is also uncommon for Muslims to be involved in the political discussion on the fate of capitalism. Students of political science, history, theology, and global movements are accustomed to reading the accounts of socialists, communists, academics, and think tank politicians on the plight of capitalism. But rarely we find Muslims addressing this issue from an Islamic perspective. This book will provide an account of capitalism from the perspective of a Muslim and the viewpoint of Islam.

最近一次资本主义经济世界的危机确实引发了多项关于伊斯兰经济替代方案的探讨。然而，这些探讨仍然只是为了给一个病态的经济寻找暂时的补救办法，而不是去寻求一种有着不同于资本主义和社会主义所呈现的基础与结构的完整经济体系。本出版物的目标之一，是呈现关于伊斯兰的一个全面视角：伊斯兰是一种意识形态，它包含经济、政治和社会制度，以及一套价值与伦理体系，并与对人类灵魂的精神充实相结合。

The most recent crisis of the capitalist economic world did provoke several inquiries into the Islamic economic alternatives. But those inquirers continue to be made in search of temporary fixes for an ailing economy instead of looking for a comprehensive economic system with different foundation and structures than those exhibited by capitalism and socialism. One objective of this publication is to present a comprehensive view of Islam as an ideology which comprises economic, political, and social system as well as a system of values and ethics, all coupled with a spiritual filling of the human soul.

这本书并非萨缪尔·亨廷顿所预言的“文明冲突”的产物。相反，它描绘的是全球舞台上一个持续发展的趋势；参见图1。一方面，民族主义、社会主义和资本主义这些意识形态或已衰落，或仍在衰落之中。另一方面，由伊斯兰教法（Shari'ah）治理的伊斯兰国重新崛起的基础则不断增强。

This book is not an outgrowth of the “clash of civilizations” as prophesied by Samuel Huntington . Rather, it is a depiction of an ongoing trend in the global arena; see figure 1. On one side, the ideologies of nationalism, socialism, and capitalism either have faded or are still fading. On the other side, the grounds for the rebirth of an Islamic state governed by the Shari’ah of Islam continue to strengthen.

金融危机在资本主义世界里并非新现象。过去一百年间，美国和欧洲经历过多次经济衰退和/或大萧条。与以往的一切危机和动荡不同，这一次的金融危机引发了人们对资本主义处境的严重担忧，而资本主义正是当今金融和经济体系的基础架构。2008年股票和大宗商品市场跌至谷底时，资本主义被视为病入膏肓。历史有时令人惊讶：十九世纪末，伊斯兰奥斯曼帝国被视为“世界的病夫”，而当时资本主义正崛起为健康、光辉的制度。如今，经过一个多世纪的成功之后，资本主义正在成为“世界的病夫”；伊斯兰教则正在崛起，成为健康而光辉的一方。

The financial crisis is not a new phenomenon in the world of capitalism. The United States and Europe have gone through several recessions and/ or depressions for the last hundred years. Unlike all crisis and turmoil of the past, this time around, the financial crisis raised serious concern about the plight of capitalism, the backbone infrastructure of the current financial and economic system. When stock and commodity markets hit rock bottom in 2008, capitalism was viewed as seriously sick. As astonishing as history could be, the Islamic Ottoman State was viewed as the sick man of the world in the late nineteenth century; then, capitalism was emerging as the healthy splendid one. Today and after a long century of success, capitalism is becoming the sick man of the world; Islam, now, is emerging as the healthy and splendid one.

《金融时报》曾推出一系列题为“资本主义的未来”的文章。经济学家、政治家和哲学家都将2007至2009年的大衰退视为历史性的分水岭，并提出了关于资本主义变革的新构想。伦敦《金融时报》首席经济评论员马丁·沃尔夫在其文章《这场危机是一个时刻，但它是否是决定性的时刻？》中得出了如下结论：

The Financial Times ran a series of articles titled “The Future of Capitalism.” Economists, politicians, and philosophers saw the Great Recession of 2007-09 as a historic watershed and produced new visions of a changed capitalism. Chief economics commentator at the London Financial Times Martin Wolf makes the following conclusion in his article “This Crisis Is a Moment, but Is It a Defining One?” :

我的猜测是，这场危机加速了某些趋势，也让另一些趋势被证明难以为继。它损害了经济学的声誉，将为世界留下痛苦的遗产。但它也可能并不构成历史的分水岭。借用人们在国王去世时的说法来说："资本主义已死；资本主义万岁。"

My guess is that this crisis accelerated some trends and has proved others unsustainable. It has damaged the reputation of economics. It will leave a bitter legacy for the world. But it may still mark no historic watershed. To paraphrase what people said on the death of kings: “capitalism is dead; long live capitalism.”.

莱谢克·巴尔采罗维奇（Leszek Balcerowicz）曾任波兰副总理和波兰国家银行行长，现任华沙经济学院教授。他认为，当前的危机表明资本主义可能正在走向削弱。在题为《这并非市场的纯粹失灵》的文章中，他得出结论：资本主义最严重的敌人来自内部。用他的话说："充满活力、以企业家精神为核心的资本主义如今已没有严重的外部敌人，它只能从内部被削弱。"这直接指向资本主义核心基础中固有的缺陷，这些缺陷可能演变为失败。正如复杂系统中的情况一样，失败源于某种故障，故障被触发，如果不能及时加以遏制或隔离，就会导致失败。从这个意义上说，潜伏的故障或缺陷就是来自内部的敌人。

Leszek Balcerowicz, a former Polish deputy prime minister and governor of the National Bank of Poland and a professor at the Warsaw School of Economics, believes that the current crisis points to a potential weakening of capitalism. He concludes in his article “This Has Not Been a Pure Failure of Markets” that capitalism’s most serious enemy is from within. In his words, “Dynamic, entrepreneurial capitalism has nowadays no serious external enemies; it can only be weakened from within.” This is a direct reference to inherent defects at the core foundation of capitalism which can turn into a failure. A failure, as is the case in complex systems, results from a fault, which is activated by a trigger, and, if not contained or isolated in due time, will lead to a failure. In this sense, dormant faults or defects are the enemies from within.

如今，经济学家、政治家和思想家已形成一种惯例：将贪婪和恐惧等品性归咎于当前的金融危机与经济衰退。更广泛地看，一些知名思想家和政治家还把更大范围失败的根源归于道德危机。曾任卡特政府国家安全事务顾问的兹比格纽·布热津斯基警告说，美国已经丧失了道德指南针，而这是美国维持其世界领导地位所必需的。布热津斯基本人的原话是："美国的道德地位已经受损……缺乏道德信念，就给那些利用突发危机和新恐惧的煽动性言论留下了可乘之机。"11

It has become customary for economists, politicians, and thinkers to claim that traits such as greed and fear were behind the current financial crisis and economic downturn. In a more general case, prominent thinkers and politicians put the moral crisis behind failure at a larger scale. Zbigniew Brzezinski, the former national security advisor in the Carter administration, warns that the United States has lost the moral compass which is necessary for the United States to sustain its world leadership. In Brzezinski’s own words, “The moral standing of America has been tarnished . . . the absence of moral convictions leaves opportunities for demagogy that exploits sudden crises and new fears”11.

Jimmy Carter在他的著作《Our Endangered Values: America’s Moral Crisis》(《濒危的价值观:美国的道德危机》)中探讨了美国日益加深的道德危机12。他的主题可以概括为以下这句话:“我们基本道德价值观、公共话语和政治哲学正在发生的转变,既广泛又深刻。”许多经济学家、政治家和评论员把当前的金融危机和经济衰退归因于市场中道德价值观和伦理的缺失。据巴拉克·奥巴马所言,“我们纵容甚至拥抱了一种贪婪的伦理……我们鼓励了一种赢者通吃、怎样都行的环境”13。共和党总统候选人约翰·麦凯恩表示,金融危机是由“贪婪、腐败和过度……华尔街把美国经济当作赌场”造成的14。乔治·布什在声称“华尔街喝醉了”时,也提到了企业贪婪和市场过度15。拉尔夫·纳德表示,他预见了当前的华尔街危机,并认为其根源是“纯粹的贪婪”25。一位CNN记者在谈及华尔街正在发生的事件时,作出了一个异常直白的论断:“市场由两样东西驱动:恐惧和贪婪。”芬兰国际经济法研究所的研究员奥斯卡里·尤里卡拉写下了《贪婪伤人:全球金融危机的成因》16。奥斯卡里指出,当前的经济危机证明“贪婪是邪恶的”,并以贪婪是当前危机的主要成因之一为依据。专攻金融与商业史、著有《财富帝国:美国经济权力的史诗》的作家约翰·斯蒂尔·戈登,则将贪婪、愚蠢和妄想列为当前金融危机的主要因素17。

Jimmy Carter addresses the deepening moral crisis in the United States in his book “Our Endangered Values: America’s Moral Crisis”12. His theme is summarized in the following words: “Extensive and profound are the transformations that are now taking place in our basic moral values, public discourse, and political philosophy.” Scores of economists, politicians, and commentators attributed the current financial crisis and economic downturn to lack of moral values and ethics in the market. According to Barack Obama, “we excused and even embraced an ethic of greed . . . we encouraged a winner-take-all, anything-goes environment”13. GOP presidential candidate John McCain said the financial crisis was caused by “greed, corruption, and excess . . . as Wall Street treated the American economy like a casino”14. George Bush cited corporate greed and market excesses when he claimed that “Wall Street got drunk”15. Ralph Nader says he predicted the current Wall Street crisis, which he believes to be caused by “pure greed”25. Reflecting on events taking place on Wall Street, a reporter for CNN made an unusually bald statement: “Markets are run by two things: fear and greed.” Oskari Juurikkala, a researcher at Institute of International Economic Law in Finland, wrote “Greed Hurts: Causes of the Global Financial Crisis”16. Oskari states that the current economic crisis proves that “greed is evil,” in reference to the fact that greed is one of the main causes of the current crisis. John Steele Gordon, an author who specializes in financial and business history and the author of An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power sites greed, stupidity, and delusion as main factors in the current financial crisis17.

这种制度怎样能够成为资本主义的替代方案？伊斯兰教是以何种身份受到审视的？伊斯兰教难道不过是与基督教、犹太教一样的又一个宗教吗？如果伊斯兰教已经存在了一千四百年，那么我们所说的"崛起"又是指什么？这些问题以及更多的问题，都将在第二部分中加以探讨。但在此之前，让我们先看看自金融危机席卷全球以来，伊斯兰教是如何被直接提及并纳入视野的。在众多的报告、讨论和论坛中，伊斯兰金融的做法被认为是当前危机中最稳定、最不受冲击的。

How could Islam be an alternative to capitalism? In what capacity is Islam being investigated? Isn’t Islam just another religion like Christianity and Judaism? What type of “rise” are we talking about if Islam has been with us for the past fourteen hundred years? These and many more questions will be addressed in this book in part 2. But before we do so, let’s see how Islam has been directly tagged and brought into the picture since the financial crisis began to sweep the world over. In so many reports, discussions, and forums, the Islamic financial practices have been cited as the most stable and immune in the current crisis.

也许与此问题最相关的是查尔斯·特里普（Charles Tripp）的著作《伊斯兰与道德经济：资本主义的挑战》，因为他将伊斯兰与资本主义置于直接对立的位置。他的论点是，过去几十年里，资本主义极大地影响了穆斯林的行为。而如今，趋势正朝相反的方向发展：人们试图借助伊斯兰来修正资本主义世界中的种种做法。下文将探讨伊斯兰的内在特质，以说明伊斯兰为何以及如何能够与资本主义形成对照。

Perhaps the work of Charles Tripp Islam and the Moral Economy: The Challenge of Capitalism is the most relevant in this respect, since he places Islam in a direct contrast with capitalism26. His argument is that capitalism has greatly influenced the Muslims’ behavior in the past few decades. Today, the trend is in the opposite direction. Islam is sought to modify practices in the world of capitalism. The intrinsic properties of Islam will be explored to see why and how Islam can contrast capitalism.

2008年12月24日《纽约时报》发表的一篇文章中，James Joyner报道称，全球金融危机给伊斯兰银行带来了繁荣。这些银行遵循《古兰经》中规定的严格原则，因而避开了次级抵押贷款危机的大部分冲击。法国财政部长Christine Lagarde承诺调整监管和法律体系，使巴黎成为伊斯兰金融的主要市场。她说："当全球领导人努力依据透明、责任与节制建立国际金融体系的新原则时，西方金融家可以向伊斯兰世界学到一些东西。"27美国副财政部长Robert M. Kimmit在访问沙特阿拉伯吉达期间，据报道曾表示，其财政部的专家一直在学习伊斯兰银行业的特点。28伊斯兰正越来越被视为解决方案，而非问题。巴林Unicorn投资银行的负责人Majed al-Refaie解释了这一转变的原因："伊斯兰银行业的优点，以及它能够取代当前市场的原因在于，你只承诺你所拥有的东西。"28尽管以此解释伊斯兰复兴这一现象未免过于简单，但它确实指向了一种新趋势的方向。

In an article published by the New York Times on December 24, 2008, James Joyner reports that the global financial crisis has been a boom for Islamic banks, which avoided much of the damage from the subprime mortgage crisis by following strict principles laid out in the Quran. French finance minister Christine Lagarde has promised to make adjustments to the regulatory and legal arsenal to enable Paris to become a major marketplace in Islamic finance; she said, “Western financiers could learn a thing or two from the Islamic world as global leaders try to establish new principles for the international financial system, based on transparency, responsibility and, moderation”27. The US deputy treasury secretary Robert M. Kimmit, during a visit to Jiddah in Saudi Arabia, was quoted to have said that experts at his agency have been learning the features of Islamic banking28. Islam is being considered more of a solution than a problem. Majed al-Refaie, the head of Bahrain-based Unicorn Investment Bank, explains the reason for this shift: “The beauty of Islamic banking and the reason it can be used as a replacement for the current market is that you only promise what you own”28. Although this is too simple as an explanation to the phenomenon of the rising of Islam, it does point to the direction of a new trend.