参考文献（第二部分和第三部分）
References (Part 2 and 3)
1 1933年致恩索·沃尔特斯牧师的信，引自丹·H·劳伦斯（Dan H. Laurence）编《萧伯纳书信集，1926-1950》（Bernard Shaw: Collected Letters, 1926-1950，1988年），第305页。
1 Letter to the Reverend Ensor Walters (1933), as quoted in Bernard Shaw: Collected Letters, 1926-1950 (1988) by Dan H. Laurence, p. 305.
2. 1. Noah Feldman,《伊斯兰国的兴衰》,普林斯顿大学出版社,2008年,ISBN:978-0-691-12045-4。
2 1. Noah Feldman, “The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State,” Princeton University Press, 2008, ISBN:978-0-691-12045-4.
3 1. Patrick Buchanan, "An Idea Whose Time Has Come," www.Townhall.com June 2006. Note: the title could also be rendered as 《时机已到的理念》 in Chinese, but following the instruction to translate faithfully and naturally, the reference is kept as it appears.
3 1. Patrick Buchanan, “An Idea Whose Time Has Come,” www.Townhall.com June 2006.
4 The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions, "Foreign Policy," May 2007, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835(伊斯兰教是世界上增长最快的宗教,年增长率为1.84%)。
4 The List: The World’s Fastest-Growing Religions, “Foreign Policy,” May 2007, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 (Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world at an annual rate of 1.84%).
5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology.
5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology.
6 Kennedy, Emmet (1979) “Ideology” from Destutt De Tracy to Marx, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep., 1979), pp. 353-368 http://www. jstor.org/pss/2709242.
6 Kennedy, Emmet (1979) “Ideology” from Destutt De Tracy to Marx, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep., 1979), pp. 353-368 http://www. jstor.org/pss/2709242.
7 David F. Forte,《理解伊斯兰教与激进分子》,传统基金会讲座第718期,2001年10月12日。
7 David F. Forte, “Understanding Islam and the Radicals,” Heritage Foundation Lecture #718, October 12, 2001.
8 Eliade, Mircea. Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: Macmillan, 1987.
8 Eliade, Mircea. Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: Macmillan, 1987.
9 《古兰经》，第106章，第1-4节（[1]（这是安拉的伟大恩典和庇护，为使古莱氏人安定，我使古莱氏人的商队在冬季（南行）和夏季（北行）安全出行，毫无恐惧。所以，让他们崇拜这座房屋（麦加天房）的主。[祂]让他们免于饥饿，使他们免于恐惧。]
9 Quran, Surah # 106, verses 1-4 ([1] (It is a great Grace and Protection from Allâh, for the taming of the Quraish, We cause the Quraish caravans to set forth safe in winter [to the south], and in summer [to the north without any fear], So let them worship [Allâh] the Lord of this House [the Ka’bah in MeccaMecca]. [He] Who has fed them against hunger, and has made them safe from fear).
10 伊本·凯西尔，《古兰经注》，第6章第144节。伊本·凯西尔记载，阿穆尔·本·鲁海伊因其财富和领导地位，在麦加被赋予"主"的称号。他将偶像引入了麦加社会。
10 Ibn Katheer, “Interpretation of the Quran,” Chapter 6 Verse 144. Ibn Katheer reported that Amr Bin Luhay was given the title of “The Lord” in Mecca for his wealth and leadership. He introduced idols to the society of Mecca.
11 http://ar.wikipedia.org/.
11 http://ar.wikipedia.org/.
12 古尔图毕（Al-Qurtubi），《古兰经注》，第8章第35节。古尔图毕援引伊本·阿拔斯的记载称，古莱士人和阿拉伯人过去赤身裸体、吹着口哨绕天房（Ka'aba）巡游。 13 《古兰经》，第96章，第1节。
12 Al-Qurtubi, “Interpretation of the Quran,” Chapter 8 Verse 35. Al-Qurtubi reports on the authority of Ibn Abbas that Quraish and the Arabs used to circulate the Ka’aba whistling and nude. 13 Quran, Surah # 96, verse 1.
14 《古兰经》，第96章，第19节。
14 Quran, Surah # 96, verse 19.
这是《古兰经》第28章（al-Qasas，故事）第76至83节（关于戛伦的故事）。 Note: the user's message is a heading to translate, which is fine; the Qur'an text itself wasn't provided, so I'm translating the heading only. Actually, to be faithful: the message is only a reference label, so the translation is: 《古兰经》第28章（故事章）第76至83节（戛伦的故事细节）
15 Quran, Surah # 28, verses 76-83 (details of the story of Qarun).
古兰经，第82章，第1-5节。
16 Quran, Surah # 82, verses 1-5.
第89章 黎明（Al-Fajr），第17-20节： 不然！你们不善待孤儿， 也不互相勉励供养贫民， 你们贪婪地吞吃遗产， 并且极度地喜爱财富。
17 Quran, Surah # 89, verses 17-20.
第18段 古兰经，第30章，第39节。
18 Quran, Surah # 30, verse 39.
《古兰经》第68章，第9至13节，以及第111章，第1至3节。
19 Quran, Surah # 68, verse 9-13 and Surah # 111, verse 1-3.
20 《先知穆罕默德传》，伊本·希沙姆
20 Biography of Prophet Mohammad by Ibn Hisham.
21 古兰经，第4章，第1-5节。
21 Quran, Surah #4, verses 1-5.
22 Quran, Surah # 8, verses 1-12; Surah #9 1-5; Surah 47 and 48.
22 Quran, Surah # 8, verses 1-12; Surah #9 1-5; Surah 47 and 48.
23 古兰经，第2章，第282节。
23 Quran, Surah #2, verse 282.
第二十四卷 圣训集，《穆斯林圣训实录》，圣训编号 2363。
24 Book of Hadith, Sahih Muslim, Narration # 2363.
Taqiuddin al-Nabhani,《伊斯兰国》,1953年。
25 Taqiuddin al-Nabhani, “The Islamic State,” 1953.
26 古兰经，第3章，第103节："你们应当记念安拉的恩惠：当你们曾经是仇敌的时候，他使你们的心互相团结，因他的恩典而成为兄弟。" 27 古兰经，第59章，第9节："他们宁愿把财物给予（迁士），即使自己很贫困……" 28 古兰经，第34章，第54节："我只派遣你（穆罕默德ﷺ）为众人报喜和警告，但多数人是不知道的。" 29 古兰经，第49章，第13节："人类啊！我确已由一个男子和一个女子创造你们，并使你们分为许多民族和部落，以便你们互相认识。在安拉看来，你们中最尊贵的人，就是最敬畏安拉的人。" 30 Lynn H. Nelson，《中世纪研究讲座》，《ORB：中世纪研究在线参考书》，http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/nelson/islam.html。
26 Quran, Surah #3, verse 103 “Recall the favor of Allah upon you: you were once rivals; Allah has united your hearts and created among you brotherhood.” 27 Quran, Surah 59, verse 9 “They give them (the emigrants) preference over themselves even though they were in need of that food . . .” 28 Quran, Surah # 34, verse 54 “And We have not sent you (O Muhammad) except as a giver of glad tidings and a warner to all mankind, but most of men know not.” 29 Quran, Surah # 49, verse 13 “O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you with Allâh is that who has more piety.” 30 Lynn H. Nelson “Lectures for A Medieval Survey,” The ORB: On-Line Reference Book for Medieval Studies, http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/nelson/ islam.html.
31 伊本·凯西尔,《开端与终结》(Al-Bidaya Wal Nihayah),伊本·凯西尔的历史著作。
31 Ibn Katheer, “Al-Bidaya Wal Nihayah,” History book by Ibn Katheer: The Start and the End.
32 Peter Stearns 等，《第一个全球文明：伊斯兰的兴起与传播》，收于《世界文明：全球经验》。 33 卡莉·菲奥莉娜，在明尼苏达州一次题为“科技、商业与我们的生活方式：未来何往”的会议上的演讲，2001年9月26日。
32 Peter Stearns, et. al. The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islma” in “World Civilizations: The Global Experience.” 33 Carly Fiorina, speech at a conference in Minnesota under the tile “Technology, Business and our Way of Life: What is Next,” September 26, 2001.
34 Ira Marvin Lapidus《A History of Islamic Society》，第309页，剑桥大学出版社，ISBN-13：9780521779333。 35 拉马丁，关于先知穆罕默德的评论，载于《土耳其史》（Histoire de la Turquie），巴黎，1854年。
34 Ira Marvin Lapidus “A History of Islamic Society” p. 309, Cambridge University Press, ISBN-13: 9780521779333. 35 Lamartine, comments on Prophet Mohammad in his “Histoire de la Turquie,” Paris, 1854.
36 《古兰经》，第3章，第31节：“（穆罕默德啊！）你说：‘如果你们真爱安拉，就当顺从我，安拉就会爱你们，并赦宥你们的罪过。’” 37 《古兰经》，第59章，第7节：“使者（穆罕默德ﷺ）给你们的，你们就接受；他禁止你们的，你们就戒绝。” 38 《古兰经》，第6章，第50节；第7章，第102节；第10章，第15节和第109节；第11章，第12节。
36 Quran, Surah # 3, verse 31 “Say (O Mohammad) if you really love Allâh then follow me. Allâh will love you and forgive you your sins.” 37 Quran, Surah # 59, verse 7 “And whatsoever the Messenger (Muhammad [peace be upon him]) gives you, take it; and whatsoever he forbids you, abstain (from it).” 38 Quran, Surah # 6, verse 50; Surah # 7, verse 102; Surah #10, verse 15 and 109; Surah # 11, verse 12.
39 《古兰经》第2章第245节：“谁愿意借给真主一笔美好的贷款，使真主为他加倍增添？真主减少或增加（你们的给养），你们只归向他。” 40 塔给丁·纳布哈尼（Taqiuddin al-Nabhani），《Hizb Ut-Tahrir的概念》，2005年，第3–5页。
39 Quran, Surah # 2, verse 245 “Who is he that will lend to Allâh a goodly loan so that He may multiply it to him many times? And it is Allâh that decreases or increases (your provisions), and unto Him you shall return.” 40 Taqiuddin al-Nabhani, “Concepts of Hizb Ut-Tahrir,” 2005, pp. 3-5.
41 Abdelqadeem Zallum, “How the Khilafah Was Destroyed,” 3rd edition 1990.
41 Abdelqadeem Zallum, “How the Khilafah Was Destroyed,” 3rd edition 1990.
42 Adeed Dawisha,《阿拉伯民族主义的安魂曲》(“Requiem for Arab Nationalism”),《中东论坛》(Middle East Forum),第10卷第1期,2003年冬季。可从以下网址获取:http://www.meforum.org/article/518。 43 Bassam Tibi,《介于伊斯兰与民族国家之间的阿拉伯民族主义》(Arab Nationalism between Islam and Nation State)(伦敦:MacMillan,1997)。 44 《2007年全球腐败报告》(Global Corruption Report 2007),http://www.transparency.org/publications/publications/gcr_2007。检索日期:2007-10-27。
42 Adeed Dawisha “Requiem for Arab Nationalism,” Middle East Forum, Vol.10, No.1 Winter, 2003 available from the web adress http://www.meforum. org/article/518. 43 Bassam Tibi, Arab Nationalism between Islam and Nation State (London: MacMillan,1997). 44 Global Corruption Report 2007, http://www.transparency.org/publications/ publications/gcr_2007. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
45 Sir John Davenport,《中世纪的阿拉伯人主导要素》。 46 Human Watch Report《叙利亚的Tadmor监狱：异见者仍受制于恐怖遗产》，1996年，第8卷，第2期（E）。
45 Sir John Davenport, “Arabs Element of Dominance During the Medieval Ages.” 46 Human Watch Report “Syria’s Tadmor Prison Dissent Still Hostage to a Legacy of Terror,” 1996, Vol. 8, NO. 2 (E).
47 http://ar.wikipedia.org.
47 http://ar.wikipedia.org.
48 Rashid Rida, “The History of Imam Mohammad Abdo—Tarikh Alustad Al-Imam Al-Shaikh Mohammad Abdo,” 2nd edition, 2006. 这是一条参考文献条目，按要求原样翻译，保留人名与书名的原写法： 48 Rashid Rida,《The History of Imam Mohammad Abdo——Tarikh Alustad Al-Imam Al-Shaikh Mohammad Abdo》，第2版，2006年。
48 Rashid Rida, “The History of Imam Mohammad Abdo—Tarikh Alustad Al-Imam Al-Shaikh Mohammad Abdo,” 2nd edition, 2006.
49 Syed Qutb, Fi Zilal Al-Quran, (Living under the shadow of the Quran). Translation of the user's text: 49 赛义德·库图卜，《在古兰经的荫蔽下》（Fi Zilal Al-Quran，Living under the shadow of the Quran）。
49 Syed Qutb, Fi Zilal Al-Quran, (Living under the shadow of the Quran).
50 赛义德·库particular 《路标》。 51 阿卜杜勒·阿拉·毛杜迪,《伊斯兰的原则》和《Tafheem Al-Islam》。 52 赛义德·库particular（穆斯林兄弟会）于1966年在埃及被处决；阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹·巴德尔（解放党）于1969年在伊拉克被处决。
50 Syed Qutb, “Milestones.” 51 Abul A’ala Al-Mawdoodi, “The Principles of Islam” and “Tafheem Al-Islam.” 52 Syed Qutb from (Muslim Brotherhood) executed in Egypt 1966; Abdel Aziz Badr (Hizb Ut-Tahrir) executed in Iraq 1969.
53 Angel M. Rabasa 等，《9·11事件之后的穆斯林世界》（“The Muslim World after 9/11”），兰德公司报告，ISBN 0-8330-3534-7，2004年。
53 Angel M. Rabasa, et al. “The Muslim World after 9/11,” Rand Corporation Report, ISBN 0-8330-3534-7, 2004.
《白希把吉圣训集》（Sunnan Al-Baihaqi），圣训编号17097。
54 Hadeeth, “Sunnan Al-Baihaqi,” Hadeeth No 17097.
55 第58章（Surah #58）第4节："凡没有钱释放奴隶的人，须在两人互相触摸之前连续斋戒两个月。不能这样做的人，应当供养六十个穷人。这是为了让你们对安拉和祂的使者有完全的信仰。这些是安拉所规定的界限。对于不信者，有痛苦的刑罚。" 56 第59章（Surah #59）第7节：
55 Surah # 58, verse 4 “And he who finds not the money for freeing a slave must fast two successive months before they both touch each other. And for him who is unable to do so, should feed sixty poor people. That is in order that you may have perfect Faith in Allâh and His Messenger. These are the limits set by Allâh. And for disbelievers, there is a painful torment.” 56 Surah # 59, verse 7.
第30章 第40节
57 Surah # 30, verse 40.
第58章 第35节，第3节。
58 Surah # 35, verse 3.
59 古兰经第30章，第37-39节：“难道他们没有看见，安拉为他所意欲的人增加给养，也为他所意欲的人限制给养吗？这里面确有迹象，给信道的民众。故你应当把应得的给予亲属，给予贫民和旅客。这对于那些希望安拉之面的人是更好的，他们是成功的人。你们为了使别人的财产因你们的利息而增多所取的利息，在安拉那里是不会增多的；你们为了求安拉之面而施舍的天课，他们将获得加倍的报酬。” 60 Corinne Asells，《食品价格持续上涨》，Suite101.com，http:// world-hunger.suite101.com/article.cfm/world_hunger_crisis。
59 Surah # 30, verse 37-39 “Do they not see that Allah increases the provision for whom He wills and straitens it for whom He wills. Verily, in that are indeed signs for a people who believe. So give to the kindred his due, and to Al-Miskîn (the poor) and to the wayfarer. That is best for those who seek Allah’s Countenance; and it is they who will be successful. And that usury which you take in order that it may increase at the expense of other people’s money, has no increase with Allah; but that which you give in Zakah (charity) seeking Allah’s Countenance, then those they shall have manifold increase” 60 Corinne Asells, “Food Prices Continue to Increase,” Suite101.com, http:// world-hunger.suite101.com/article.cfm/world_hunger_crisis.
“61 第59章，第9节：“那些……已经信仰的人，他们爱迁徙到他们那里的人，他们心中不会因为（真主）赏赐给那些人的东西而嫉妒，并且宁愿舍己为人，即使自己也很贫困。凡是能够免于自身贪婪的人，他们就是成功的人。”
61 Surah # 59, verse 9, “And those who . . . had adopted the Faith, love those who emigrate to them, and have no jealousy in their breasts for that which they have been given, and give them (emigrants) preference over themselves even though they were in need of that. And whosoever is saved from his own covetousness, such are they who will be the successful.
62 《古兰经》第3章，第14-15节：“人们所贪爱的事物，如妻子、儿女、金银累积的财富、打印的骏马、牲畜和肥沃的田地，都被修饰得very美好。这些都是今世生活的享受；而真主那里有最美好的归宿。你说：‘我告诉你们，有比这些更好的东西吗？对于敬畏者，他们的主那里有乐园，其下有河流流淌，他们永居其中，并有纯洁的配偶，还有真主的喜悦。真主是洞察众仆的。’” 63 圣训，由艾哈迈德在《圣训集》（Musnad）中第4880条辑录；also由阿勒-哈基姆辑录。
62 Surah # 3, verses 14-15, “Beautified for men is the love of things they covet; women, children, much of gold and silver (wealth), branded beautiful horses, cattle and well-tilled land. This is the pleasure of the present world’s life; but Allah has the excellent return (Paradise with flowing rivers) with Him. Say: ‘Shall I inform you of things far better than those? For Al-Muttaqûn (the pious) there are Gardens (Paradise) with their Lord, underneath which rivers flow. Therein (is their) eternal (home) and purified mates or wives. And Allah will be pleased with them. And Allah is All-Seer of the (His) slaves.’” 63 Hadeeth, narrated by Ahmad in the Musnad under Hadeeth number 4880; and by Al-Hakim.
第64段圣训，由塔巴拉尼借伊本·阿拔斯传述，并由哈基姆借阿伊莎传述。
64 Hadeeth, narrated by Al-Tabarani on the authority of Ibn Abbas, and by Al-Hakim on the authority of Aisha.
65 第九章第60节:“施舍(此处指天课)只归于贫穷者、赤贫者、负责征收的人、其心需要安抚的人(使其倾向伊斯兰)、奴隶的赎身、负债者、真主之道(即为圣战而战斗的穆贾希德)以及旅途中断绝一切的行路人;这是真主所规定的义务。真主是全知的,是至睿的。”
65 Surah # 9, verse 60, “As-Sadaqât (here it means Zakah) are only for the Fuqarâ’ (poor), and Al-Masâkin (the very poor) and those employed to collect (the funds), and to attract the hearts of those who have been inclined (towards Islâm); and to free the captives, and for those in debt, and for Allâh’s Cause (i.e., for Mujâhidûn—those fighting in a holy battle), and for the wayfarer (a traveler who is cut off from everything); a duty imposed by Allâh. And Allâh is All-Knower, All-Wise.
66 古兰经 第2章 第184节："至于那些不能斋戒的人（因年迈或患有长期疾病），他们可以为每一天的斋月供养一位贫民。" 67 圣训，《布哈里圣训实录》第6164条，以及《穆斯林圣训实录》第2599条。
66 Surah # 2, verse 184 “And as for those who can not fast (due to age or permanent illness), they can feed a Miskeen (poor person) for every day of Ramadan.” 67 Hadeeth, “Sahih Al-Bukhari,” # 6164 and “Sahih Muslim,” # 2599.
68 第5章第89节："真主不会因你们无心的誓言而责罚你们，但你们故意发的誓，他必责罚你们。若违背誓言，其赎罪之法是：供养十个贫民，供养的标准与你们供养家人的平均标准相当；或为他们穿衣；或释放一个奴隶。" 69 第17章第26节和第30章第38节。
68 Surah # 5, verse 89 “Allah will not hold you liable for casual oaths, but He will hold you liable for your deliberate oaths; for the expiation of a deliberate oath, you are required to feed ten Miskeen (hungry poor persons), on a scale of the average of that with which you feed your own families, or clothe them or manumit a slave.” 69 Surah # 17, verse 26 and Surah # 30, verse 38.
70 古兰经第69章，第33-34节："他从前不信仰至大的真主，也不督促供养贫民。" 71 古兰经第89章，第17-18节："不然！你们不善待孤儿，也不互相督促供养贫民。" 72 古兰经第90章，第12-16节："攀越艰难的险径，你怎知道什么是艰难的险径？就是释放奴隶，或在饥荒之日供养，供养近亲的孤儿，或蒙尘的贫民。" 73 古兰经第76章，第8节。
70 Surah # 69, verses 33-34 “Verily, He used not to believe in Allah, the Most Great. And urged not on the feeding of Al-Miskeen (the poor).” 71 Surah # 89, verses 17-18 “Nay! But you treat not the orphans with kindness and generosity. And urge not one another on the feeding of Miskeen (the poor).” 72 Surah 90, verses 12-16 “The real challenge is to give food in a day of hunger (famine); To an orphan near of kin. Or to a Miskeen (poor) cleaving to dust (out of misery).” 73 Surah # 76, verse 8.
74 Abel Rahman Al-Maliki, 《完美的政治经济学》，1963年。
74 Abel Rahman Al-Maliki, “The Perfect Political Economy,” 1963.
75 古兰经 第20章 第14节 “我确是真主，除我之外，绝无应受崇拜的主，故你们当崇拜我，当为纪念我而谨守拜功。” 76 古兰经 第2章 第183节 “信道的人们哪！斋戒为你们所规定，正如前人所被规定的一样，以便你们敬畏。” 77 古兰经 第3章 第134节 “那些在宽裕和窘迫时都施舍的人，那些抑制愤怒、宽恕世人的人；真主喜爱行善的人。” 78 古兰经 第17章 第70节 “我确已优待了亚当的子孙，我使他们在陆地上和海洋中乘坐，我以佳美的食物供给他们，并使他们优越于我所创造的许多物类。” 79 古兰经 第17章 第23节 “你的主已经命令你们：除他以外，你们不要崇拜任何人，你们要孝敬父母。如果他们俩中有一人或二人在你身旁达到衰老，你不要对他们说“唉”字，不要对他们呵斥，你要对他们说恭敬的话。” 80 古兰经 第28章 第76-83节
75 Surah # 20, verse 14 “Verily! I am Allâh! none has the right to be worshiped but I, so worship Me, and perform prayer for My Remembrance.” 76 Surah # 2, verse 183 “O you who believe! Observing As-Saum (the fasting) is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may become Al-Muttaqûn (the pious).” 77 Surah # 3, verses 134 “Those who spend in prosperity and in adversity, who repress anger, and who pardon men; verily, Allah loves the good-doers.” 78 Surah # 17, verse 70 “And indeed We have honored the Children of Adam, and We have carried them on land and sea, and have provided them with good things, and have preferred them above many of those whom We have created with a marked preferment.” 79 Surah # 17, verse 23 “And your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him. And that you be dutiful to your parents. If one of them or both of them attain old age in your life, say not to them a word of disrespect, nor shout at them but address them in terms of honor.” 80 Surah # 28, verses 76-83.
81 Abu Yousuf,Yakub Ibn Habib Ibn Ibraheem Al-Ansari。他生活在伊历113年至182年之间。Abu Yousuf是著名的哈乃斐学派学者Iman Abu Hanifah的学生。Abu Yousuf曾任哈伦·拉希德的首席法官。他应哈里发哈伦·拉希德的请求撰写了《Al-Kharaj》,哈里发希望得到一部关于伊斯兰经济原则与制度的详尽参考著作。
81 Abu Yousuf, Yakub Ibn Habib Ibn Ibraheem Al-Ansari. He lived between AH 113 and 182. Abu Yousuf was the student of Iman Abu Hanifah, the prominent scholar of the Hanafi school of thought. Abu Yousuf served as the chief judge for Harun Al-Rasheed. He wrote Al-Kharaj in response to a request from Caliph Harun Al-Rasheed who wanted a detailed reference of the economic principles and system in Islam.
82 哈伦·拉希德是阿拔斯伊斯兰王朝的第五任哈里发。他统治的时期为公元786年至809年（伊历170年至193年）。
82 Harun Al-Rasheed is the fifth caliph in the Abbasi Islamic Dynasty. He ruled in the period 786-809 AC (AH 170-193).
阿布·哈尼法·努尔曼（公元699–767年，伊历80–150年），哈乃斐学派的创立者。
83 Abu Hanifah Al-Numan (699-767 AC, AH 80-150), the founder of the Hanafi school of thought.
84 伊玛目贾法尔·萨迪克（公元703–765年，伊历83–148年），什叶派贾法里学派的创立者。
84 Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq (703-765 AC, AH 83-148), the founder of the Ja’afari (Shi’i) school of thought.
马立克·本·艾奈斯（公元715-798年，伊历93-179年），马立克学派的创立者。
85 Malim Bin Anas (715-798 AC, AH 93-179), the founder of the Maliki school of thought.
86 穆罕默德·本·伊德里斯·沙斐仪（公元766—819年，伊历150—204年），沙斐仪学派的创立者，伊斯兰教法经典《刊》（法律之母）的作者。沙斐仪奠定了伐嘎哈（教法学）的原理。 87 艾哈迈德·本·罕百里（公元780—855年，伊历164—241年），罕百里学派的创立者。
86 Mohammad Bin Idrees Al-Shafi’i (766-819 AC, AH 150-204), the founder of the Shafi’i schoold of thought and the author of the Islamic laws reference “Al-Um” (the Mother of Laws). Al-Shafi’i founded the principles of Fiqh (jurisprudence). 87 Ahmad Bin Hanbal (780-855 AC, AH 164-241), the founder of the Hanbali school of thought.
《伊斯兰的经济制度》，塔基丁·纳布哈尼，1953年。
88 Taqiuddin al-Nabhani, “The Economic System in Islam,” 1953.
89 Al-Maliki,同参考文献 74。 90 Mohammad Baqir Al-Sadr,《Iqtisaduna》(《我们的经济》),Dar Al-Kutb Al-Lubnani,1978年。
89 Al-Maliki, same as reference 74. 90 Mohammad Baqir Al-Sadr, “Iqtisaduna,” Dar Al-Kutb Al-Lubnani, 1978.
91 Adnan Khalid Turkmani,《伊斯兰经济趋势》,1990年。
91 Adnan Khalid Turkmani, “Islamic Economic Trend,” 1990.
92 Surah # 3, verse 14.
由艾哈迈德和艾布·达伍德转述的圣训。
93 Hadeeth narrated by Ahmad and Abu Dawoud.
第94条 《Kanz Al-Ummal》，圣训编号 # 5533。
94 Kanz Al-Ummal, Hadeeth # 5533.
95 古兰经 第4章 第2节："你们要把孤儿的财产交还他们，不要以坏的替换好的，也不要把他们的财产掺入你们的财产而吞没；这确是大罪。" 96 古兰经 第8章 第36节："不信道的人花费他们的财产，以阻碍人们遵从真主之道。他们将继续花费，然后这些花费终将成为他们的悔恨。然后他们将被征服。不信道的人将被驱集到火狱之中。" 97 古兰经 第9章 第81节："那些留在家中、未随使者出征（塔布克远征）的伪信士，因留守在使者之后而欢喜；他们不愿为真主之道而以财产和生命奋斗。他们说：'不要在炎热中出征。'你说：'火狱的热更加厉害。'但愿他们能够明白！" 98 布哈里圣训集 第5卷 第125段所传圣训。
95 Surah # 4, verse 2 “And give unto orphans their property and do not exchange (your) bad things for (their) good ones; and devour not their substance (by adding it) to your substance. Surely, this is a great sin.” 96 Surah # 8, verse 36 “36 Verily, those who disbelieve spend their wealth to hinder (men) from the Path of Allah, and so will they continue to spend it; but in the end it will become an anguish for them. Then they will be overcome. And those who disbelieve will be gathered unto Hell.” 97 Surah # 9, verse 81 “Those hypocrites who stayed away (from Tabuk expedition) rejoiced in their staying behind the Messenger of Allah; they hated to strive and fight with their properties and their lives in the Cause of Allah, and they said: ‘March not forth in the heat.’ Say: ‘The Fire of Hell is more intense in heat,’ if only they could understand!” 98 Hadeeth narrated by Al-Bukhari, vol. 5, # 125.
参见参考文献88；第75-85页。
99 See reference 88; pp.75-85.
100 Al-Shafi'i,《Kitab Al-Umm》,章节:Ihia' Al-Mawat,以及《Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal》。
100 Al-Shafi’i, “Kitab Al-Umm,” Bab: Ihia’ Al-Mawat, and Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal.
101 古兰经第16章第14节 "他确是使海洋服从你们的主，使你们从中吃到鲜嫩的肉（即鱼），并从中取出你们可以佩戴的饰物。" 102 古兰经第5章第4节 "他们问你：什么东西是合法的？你说：'凡好的食物都为你们合法，那些你们训练过的猎狗所捕获的猎物，也为你们合法；你们要按照安拉教导你们的方法去训练它们。它们为你们捕获的，你们可以吃，但要奉安拉之名宰杀，你们应当敬畏安拉。安拉的清算确是迅速的。'" 103 安纳斯·本·马立克传述的圣训 "安拉的使者ﷺ诅咒了与饮酒有关的十种人：榨酒者、请人为自己榨酒者、饮酒者、运酒者、被运酒者、供酒者、卖酒者、买酒后卖出者、买酒者，以及为自己购买者。" 104 伊本·马哲辑录的圣训 "先知ﷺ诅咒了收取高利贷者、为其经手者、高利贷契约的两名见证人，以及书写该契约者。" 105 沙斐仪学派，《求索者的礼物：〈迈赫贾吉〉注释》，耕作章，第6卷。
101 Surah # 16, verse 14 “And He it is Who has subjected the sea (to you), that you eat thereof fresh tender meat (i.e., fish), and that you bring forth out of it ornaments to wear.” 102 Surah # 5, verse 4 “They ask you what is lawful for them Say: ‘Lawful unto you are all kind of foods which Allah has made lawful. And those beasts and birds of prey which you have trained as hounds, training and teaching them (to catch) in the manner as directed to you by Allah; so eat of what they catch for you, but pronounce the Name of Allah over it, and fear Allah. Verily, Allah is Swift in reckoning.’” 103 Hadeeth narrated by Anas Bin Malik “The Messenger of Allah cursed ten types of people regarding alcohol: its presser, the one who asks for it to be pressed, its drinker, its carrier, the one to whom it is carried, the one who serves it, its seller, the one for whom it is sold, its purchaser and the one for whom it is purchased.” 104 Hadeeth narrated by Ibn Maja, “That the Prophet cursed the one who takes usury, his agent, its two witnesses and the one who writes the contract.” 105 Shafi’i school, Tuhfat Al-Muhtaj Fi Sharh Al-Minhaj, Section on Farming, Volume 6.
106 《古兰经》第4章第11-12节："真主为你们的子女制定遗产的规定：男子所得与二女相等；如果所有的继承人都是女子，而且多于两人，那么她们应得遗产的三分之二；如果只有一个女儿，她应得一半。死者若有子女，其父母每人可得遗产的六分之一；若无子女，且父母是唯一的继承人，母亲得三分之一；若死者有兄弟姊妹，母亲得六分之一。（上述分配）都是在执行遗嘱和偿还债务之后。你们不知道，你们的父母和子女，哪一方对你们更有益处；这些定额的份额是真主所规定的。真主确是全知的，确是至睿的。" 107 艾布·达五德在《遗产》篇中所传的圣训："我继承没有继承人的人的遗产。" 108 布哈里所传的圣训。 109 艾布·乌玛所传的圣训："饥荒之年不执行断手之刑。" 110 伊本·阿萨基尔传述，先知ﷺ还说："你们之间互赠礼物，以便彼此相爱。" 111 布哈里所传的圣训："萨德·本·艾比·waqqas说：'我曾经病得很重，几乎接近死亡。先知ﷺ来探望我。我便说："真主的使者啊，我有很多财产，除了我的女儿，没有别人继承我。我可以在遗嘱中留给别人三分之二的财产吗？"他说："不可以。"我说："一半可以吗？"他说："不可以。"我说："三分之一可以吗？"他说："三分之一已经很多了。让你的子女富足，比让他们贫穷、向人乞讨要好。"'" 112 奈萨仪所传的圣训：先知ﷺ写信给也门人，并由阿慕尔·本·哈兹姆带去，信中写道："被杀者的血金为一百头骆驼。" 113 艾哈迈德和艾布·达五德所传的圣训："人们在森林、水和火的所有权上是合伙人。" 114 《提尔米兹圣训集》记载：阿比雅德·本·哈马勒来见先知ﷺ，请求先知将一块盐碱地赐予他，先知便赐予了他。他离开后，在场的一人对先知ﷺ说：您知道您赐予他的是什么吗？您赐予他的是取之不尽的水。于是先知ﷺ把地收了回来。 115 可参见阿布·欧拜德的《财富》（Al-Amwal）、阿布·优素福的《土地税》（Al-Kharaj）、萨德尔的《我们的经济》（Iqtisaduna）、纳布哈尼的《伊斯兰经济制度》（The Economic System in Islam）等著作。
106 Surah # 4, verses 11-12 “Allah commands you as regards your inheritance: to the male, a portion equal to that of two females; if there are only daughters, two or more, their share is two-thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is half. For parents, a sixth share of inheritance to each if the deceased left children; if no children, and the parents are the only heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased left brothers or (sisters), the mother has a sixth. (The distribution in all cases is) after the payment of legacies he may have bequeathed or debts. You know not which of them, whether your parents or your children, are nearest to you in benefit; (these fixed shares) are ordained by Allah. And Allah is Ever All-Knower, All-Wise.” 107 Hadeeth narrated by Abu Dawoud in the book of inheritance, “I inherit anyone who leaves no inheritors behind.” 108 Hadeeth narrated by Bukhari. 109 Hadeeth narrated by Abu Umama, “There is no amputation in time of famine.” 110 Ibn’ Asakir narrated that the Prophet also said, “Exchange gifts amongst yourselves so that you love each other.” 111 Hadeeth narrated by Bukhari, “Sa’ad ibn Waqqas said: ‘I was ill once to the point I was approaching death. The Prophet came to visit me. So I said: “O Messenger of Allah, I have great wealth, and nobody inherits from me except my daughter. Can I bequeath (in a will) two thirds of my property?” He said: “No.” I said: “Half of it?” He said: “No.” I said: “One third of it?” He said: “The third is big (enough). It is better to leave your children rich than to leave them poor and begging from the people.”’” 112 Hadeeth narrated by An-Nisai, “the Prophet wrote a letter to the people of Yemen and he sent it with Amr ibn Hazm; it included “The blood money for the (killed) person is 100 camels.” 113 Hadeeth narrated by Ahmad and Abu Dawoud, “People are partnership in their ownership of forests, water and fire.” 114 Hadeeth narrated by Tirmidhi, “Abyadh ibn Hammal came to the Prophet and asked him to grant him a salt laden land, and he granted it to him. And when he left, one person in attendance with the Prophet said: Do you know what you granted him? You granted him the uncountable water. He then took it away from him.” 115 See for example the book of Al-Amwal by Abu Obaid, Al-Kharaj by Abu Yousuf, Iqtisaduna by Al-Sadr, The Economic System in Islam by An-Nabhani.
116 Abu Obaid，《Amwal》（《财富》）一书；关于哈拉只（Kharaj）的章节。
116 Abu Obaid, the book of Amwal; section on Kharaj.
参见注释82。
117 See reference 82.
见注释81。
118 See reference 81.
119 Abu Zakaria Al-Qurashi,《Al-Kharaj》,伊历203年。Qudamah Bin Ja’afar,《Al-Kharaj and Documentation》,伊历328年。
119 Abu Zakaria Al-Qurashi, book Al-Kharaj, AH 203. Qudamah Bin Ja’afar, book Al-Kharaj and Documentation, AH 328.
120 http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.htm。121 布哈里圣训集所载圣训,编号479。
120 http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.htm. 121 Hadeeth narrated by Bukhari, # 479.
122 圣训，由塔巴拉尼在《Awsat》（《中篇》）一书中记载，编号第891。
122 Haddeth narrated by Al-Tabarani in the book Awsat, # 891.
123 古兰经 第9章 第105节 “你要说：‘你们行善吧！真主必定看见你们的善行，使者和信士们也必定看见。’” 124 古兰经 第30章 第39节 “你们为了使别人的财产增多而付的重利，在真主看来并不增加；你们为求真主的喜悦而施舍的天课，那些人就是加倍增添的人。” 125 David Astle, “The Babylonian Wow,” http://download.cxs2.info/the_ babylonian_woe.pdf.
123 Surah # 9, verse 105 “And say (O Muhammad) ‘Do deeds! Allah will see your deeds, and (so will) His Messenger and the believers.’” 124 Surah # 30, verse 39 “And that usurious money which you give to others, in order that it may increase from other people’s wealth, has no increase with Allah; but that which you give in Zakat seeking Allah’s Countenance, then those they shall have manifold increase.” 125 David Astle, “The Babylonian Wow,” http://download.cxs2.info/the_ babylonian_woe.pdf.
126 Houghton Mifflin（出版社）：《世界历史百科全书》，第48页；波士顿；1940年。 127 阿登莎士比亚丛书，《威尼斯商人》，H.L. 维瑟斯编，D.C. 希思公司，伦敦。
126 Houghton Mifflin (Publishers): Encyclopedia of World History, P. 48 ; Boston ; 1940. 127 The Arden Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice,” edited by H.L Withers, D. C. Heath Company, London.
128 Richard Wolf,“Capitalism Hits the Fan,”http://video.google.com/videoplay? docid=7382297202053077236#。
128 Richard Wolf, “Capitalism Hits the Fan,” http://video.google.com/videoplay? docid=7382297202053077236#.
June Grem,《The Money Manipulators》,Enterprise Publications,1971年。
129 June Grem, “The Money Manipulators,” Enterprise Publications, 1971.
第57章第11节
130 Surah # 57, verse 11
This appears to be a reference to Qur'an 2:276, but you've given only the reference and not the text itself. Please paste the English passage you'd like translated into Simplified Chinese, and I'll translate it following your rules.
131 Surah # 2, verse 276
第2章第275节
132 Surah # 2, verse 275
第九章第34节
133 Surah # 9, verse 34
134 الْقُرْطُبِيّ，《古兰经教律总汇》，第9章，第34节
134 Al-Qurtubi, “The Compilation of the Rules of the Quran,” Surah # 9, verse # 34
135 古兰经 第27章 第27节：“他说：‘我愿将我的两个女儿之一嫁给你，条件是你为我服务八年。’” 136 Goldsborough, Reid, “World’s First Coin,” Rg.ancients.info. 2003-10-02. http://rg.ancients.info/lion/article.html. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 137 艾卜·达午德根据陶欧斯和伊本·欧麦尔的传述所记载的圣训。
135 Surah # 27, verse 27 “He said: I intend to wed one of these two daughters of mine to you, on condition that you serve me for eight years.” 136 Goldsborough, Reid, “World’s First Coin,” Rg.ancients.info. 2003-10-02. http://rg.ancients.info/lion/article.html. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 137 Hadeeth narrated by Abu Dawoud on the authority of Tawoos and Ibn Omar.
第138则圣训，由奈萨仪辑录，传述自阿慕尔·伊本·哈兹姆。
138 Hadeeth narrated by An-Nisai on the authority of Amru Ibn Hazm,
139 穆斯林和布哈里所记载的圣训 140 阿卜杜勒·马立克·本·麦尔旺（公元646-705年，伊历25-86年）是伊斯兰教的第九任哈里发。
139 Hadeeth narrated by Muslim and Bukhari 140 Abdul Malik Bin Marwan (646-705 AC, AH 25-86) was the ninth caliph in Islam.
141 http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/center/mm/eng/cc_sub_4.htm.
141 http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/center/mm/eng/cc_sub_4.htm.
142 George Parker、Tony Barber 和 Daniel Dombey(2008年10月9日)。“Senior figures call for new Bretton Woods ahead of Bank/Fund meetings.” 143 法国新闻社(AFP)(2008年10月13日)。“World needs new Bretton Woods, says Brown.” 144 穆斯林(Muslim)转述的圣训,传自Abi Said Al-Khudari,圣训编号第1548条。
142 George Parker, Tony Barber and Daniel Dombey (October 9, 2008). “Senior figures call for new Bretton Woods ahead of Bank/Fund meetings.” 143 Agence France-Presse (AFP) (October 13, 2008). “World needs new Bretton Woods, says Brown.” 144 Hadeeth narrated by Muslim on the authority of Abi Said Al-Khudari, Hadeeth # 1548.
145 圣训，由提尔米兹者（Tirmidhi）记载。 146 圣训，由提尔米兹者记载，编号2346；亦由伊本·马哲（Ibn Majah）记载，编号4141，传述者为萨拉玛特·本·乌拜杜拉·安萨里（Salmat Bin Obaid Allah Al-Ansari）。
145 Hadeeth narrated by Tirmidhi. 146 Hadeeth narrated by Tirmidhi, # 2346 and by Ibn Majah # 4141on the authority of Salmat Bin Obaid Allah Al-Ansari.
147 布哈里（Bukhari）所传的圣训 148 载于《逊南》（Sunnan）一书中的圣训，传述者为伊本·麦斯欧德（Ibn Masoud）。
147 Hadeeth narrated by Bukhari 148 Haddeth narrated in the Sunnan book on the authority of Ibn Masoud.
《法瓦伊德》（Al-Fawaed）作者阿布·阿尔-法拉吉·阿斯巴哈尼所载圣训第149条，传述者为阿尔-米格达姆·本·马迪·卡尔卜。
149 Hadeeth narrated in “Al-Fawaed by Abu Al-Faraj Al-Asbhani,” # 20 on the authority of Al-Miqdam Bin Madi Karb.
《宣谕书》（Sunan Abu Dawoud）与《Anil Al-Awtar》中第2982条圣训，由Kulaib Bin Manfa'ah传述。
150 Hadeeth narrated in “Sunan Abu Dawoud and Anil Al-Awtar,” # 2982, on the authority of Kulaib Bin Manfa’ah.
151 以下圣训由所有传述人依伊本·欧麦尔的传述而来:“伊斯兰教建立在五件事之上:作证安拉是唯一的主,穆罕默德是祂的使者ﷺ;谨守拜功;交纳天课;斋戒莱麦丹月;并朝觐天房(哈吉)。” 152 以下圣训由布哈里依伊本·阿拔斯的传述而来:“先知ﷺ派穆阿兹·本·哲白勒前往也门,并吩咐他告知新近皈依的穆斯林,安拉已经使他们有义务从富人的财产中提取天课,分给穷人。” 153 阿卜杜勒·卡迪姆·宰鲁姆著《哈里发国家的财产》,第3版,2004年。 154 《阿拉伯国际伊斯兰慈善组织期刊》,2007年11月,第211期。
151 Hadeeth narrated by all narrators on the authority of Ibn Omar “Islam is constructed upon five: witness that Allah is the only God and that Mohammad is his Messenger; establish the prayer; provide Zakah; fast the month of Ramadan; and perform pilgrimage (Hajj).” 152 Hadeeth narrated by Bukhari on the authority of Ibn Abbas “The Prophet designated Muath Bin Jbal to Yemen and asked him to inform the new Muslims that Allah obligated upon them a charity to be taken out of the wealth of the rich ones and given to the poor.” 153 Al-Amwal in the Khilafah State by Abel Qadim Zallum, 3rd edition, 2004. 154 Al-Alamiah International Islamic Charity Organization Journal, November 2007, # 211.
155 乌麦尔·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹的时代，即倭马亚王朝第8任哈里发（公元717–720年），http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/；http://ejabat.google.com/ejabat/thread?tid =140bef0f6d8e07f5&pli=1。
155 The era of Omar Bin Abdel-Aziz, the 8 Caliph of Bani Umayya (717-720 th AC), http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/; http://ejabat.google.com/ejabat/thread?tid =140bef0f6d8e07f5&pli=1.
156 段圣训，由布哈里（Bukhari）记录，编号 5056
156 Hadeeth narrated by Bukhari, # 5056
{ إِنَّ قَارُونَ كَانَ مِن قَوْمِ مُوسَىٰ فَبَغَىٰ عَلَيْهِمْ ۖ وَآتَيْنَاهُ مِنَ الْكُنُوزِ مَا إِنَّ مَفَاتِحَهُ لَتَنُوءُ بِالْعُصْبَةِ أُولِي الْقُوَّةِ إِذْ قَالَ لَهُ قَوْمُهُ لَا تَفْرَحْ ۖ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ الْفَرِحِينَ * وَابْتَغِ فِيمَا آتَاكَ اللَّهُ الدَّارَ الْآخِرَةَ ۖ وَلَا تَنسَ نَصِيبَكَ مِنَ الدُّنْيَا ۖ وَأَحْسِن كَمَا أَحْسَنَ اللَّهُ إِلَيْكَ ۖ وَلَا تَبْغِ الْفَسَادَ فِي الْأَرْضِ ۖ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ الْمُفْسِدِينَ * قَالَ إِنَّمَا أُوتِيتُهُ عَلَىٰ عِلْمٍ عِندِي ۚ أَوَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ أَهْلَكَ مِن قَبْلِهِ مِنَ الْقُرُونِ مَنْ هُوَ أَشَدُّ مِنْهُ قُوَّةً وَأَكْثَرُ جَمْعًا ۚ وَلَا يُسْأَلُ عَن ذُنُوبِهِمُ الْمُجْرِمُونَ * فَخَرَجَ عَلَىٰ قَوْمِهِ فِي زِينَتِهِ ۖ قَالَ الَّذِينَ يُرِيدُونَ الْحَيَاةَ الدُّنْيَا يَا لَيْتَ لَنَا مِثْلَ مَا أُوتِيَ قَارُونُ إِنَّهُ لَذُو حَظٍّ عَظِيمٍ * وَقَالَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْعِلْمَ وَيْلَكُمْ ثَوَابُ اللَّهِ خَيْرٌ لِّمَنْ آمَنَ وَعَمِلَ صَالِحًا ۚ وَلَا يُلَقَّاهَا إِلَّا الصَّابِرُونَ * فَخَسَفْنَا بِهِ وَبِدَارِهِ الْأَرْضَ فَمَا كَانَ لَهُ مِن فِئَةٍ يَنصُرُونَهُ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ وَمَا كَانَ مِنَ الْمُنتَصِرِينَ * وَأَصْبَحَ الَّذِينَ تَمَنَّوْا مَكَانَهُ بِالْأَمْسِ يَقُولُونَ وَيْكَأَنَّ اللَّهَ يَبْسُطُ الرِّزْقَ لِمَن يَشَاءُ مِنْ عِبَادِهِ وَيَقْدِرُ ۖ لَوْلَا أَن مَّنَّ اللَّهُ عَلَيْنَا لَخَسَفَ بِنَا ۖ وَيْكَأَنَّهُ لَا يُفْلِحُ الْكَافِرُونَ * تِلْكَ الدَّارُ الْآخِرَةُ نَجْعَلُهَا لِلَّذِينَ لَا يُرِيدُونَ عُلُوًّا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَلَا فَسَادًا ۚ وَالْعَاقِبَةُ لِلْمُتَّقِينَ }
157 Quran, Surah # 28, verses 76-83.
158 Elizabeth Mumiller,“21st-Century Warnings of a Threat Rooted in the 7th Century”,《纽约时报》,2005年12月12日。
158 Elizabeth Mumiller, “21st-Century Warnings of a Threat Rooted in the 7th Century,” New York Times, Dec. 12, 2005.
159 http://www.obsessionthemovie.com/
159 http://www.obsessionthemovie.com/.
160 《Sirat Ibn Hisham》——伊本·希沙姆所著《先知传》，http:// abdurrahman.org/seerah/sirat_ibn_hisham.pdf。
160 Sirat Ibn Hisham—Biography of the Prophet by Ibn Hisham, http:// abdurrahman.org/seerah/sirat_ibn_hisham.pdf.
161 第7章，第28节："当他们做了丑事（例如赤身裸体绕天房转圈）时，他们说：'我们看见我们的祖先这样做，而且安拉命令我们这样做。'"
161 Surah #7, verse 28 “And when they commit an evil deed (e.g., going round the Ka’bah in naked state), they say: ‘We found our fathers doing it, and Allah has commanded us on it.’”.
162 第10章第78节:"他们说:'你们来是要使我们背离我们祖先所遵循的信仰吗?愿你们二人(穆萨和哈伦)在大地上获得尊位。我们绝不信你们二人!'" 163 第31章第21节:"当有人对他们说:'你们遵循安拉所降示的经典吧。'他们却说:'不,我们只遵循我们祖先所遵循的。'(即使)恶魔(撒旦)召唤他们堕入烈火的刑罚,他们也(仍然)这样做吗?" 164 第6章第99节:"是他从天上降下雨水,借它生长出各种植物,从中生出嫩芽,从嫩芽中结出层层叠叠的谷穗;从棕榈树的花苞中垂下累累的果实,又有葡萄园、橄榄和石榴,彼此相似而又各不相同。你们看它们结果时的样子,看它们成熟时的情形吧。在这些事物中,确有迹象给信道的民众。" 165 第30章第21至32节。 166 第2章第256节:"在宗教上不得强迫。正道已经明确地区别于迷误了。" 167 第43章第84节。
162 Surah # 10, verse # 78 “They said: ‘Have you come to us to turn us away from that (Faith) we found our fathers following, and that you two (Moses and Aaron) may have greatness in the land? We are not going to believe you two!’” 163 Surah 31, verse # 21 “And when it is said to them: ‘Follow that which Allâh has sent down,’ they say: ‘Nay, we shall follow that which we found our fathers (following).’ (Would they do so) even if Shaitân (Satan) invites them to the torment of the Fire.” 164 Surah 6, verse # 99 “It is He Who sends down water (rain) from the sky, and with it We bring forth vegetation of all kinds, and out of it We bring forth green stalks, from which We bring forth thick clustered grain. And out of the date-palm and its spathe come forth clusters of dates hanging low and near, and gardens of grapes, olives and pomegranates, each similar (in kind) yet different (in variety and taste). Look at their fruits when they begin to bear, and the ripeness thereof. Verily! In these things there are signs for people who believe.” 165 Surah 30, verse 21-32. 166 Surah 2, verse #256 “There is no compulsion in religion. Verily, the Right Path has become distinct from the wrong path.” 167 Surah 43, verse # 84.
第十二章 优素福 第40节
168 Surah 12, verse # 40.
169 编纂先知穆罕默德ﷺ圣行（逊奈）的主要学者包括：伊玛目布哈里、伊玛目穆斯林、艾布·达乌德、奈萨仪、伊本·马哲、伊玛目马立克、提尔米兹、伊本·伊斯哈格。 170 《古兰经》注释典籍包括伊本·凯西尔、古尔图壁、泰伯里、拉兹、奈斯菲的著作，以及其他许多典籍。
169 The main scholars who compiled the Sunnah of Prophet Mohammad include Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim, Abu Dawoud, An-Nassai, Ibn Majah, Imam Malik, Al-Tirmidhi, Ibn Ishaq. 170 Books of Quran Tafseer include the books authored by Ibn Katheer, Al-Qurtubi, Al-Tabari, Al-Razi, Al-Nasfi, and many others.
伊斯兰教法学派包括阿布·哈尼法伊玛目、贾弗尔伊玛目、沙斐仪伊玛目、马立克伊玛目和艾哈迈德伊玛目的学派。
171 Schools of Fiqh include the schools of Imam Abu Hanifah, Imam Ja’afar, Imam Shafi’i, Imam Malik, Imam Ahmad.
蒙古人于1258年（伊历656年）攻陷巴格达，并焚毁了其中的大图书馆。
172 The Moguls attacked Baghdad and burned its great library in the year 1258 (AH 656).
1096至1291年间的十字军东征战争
173 Crusade wars in the period 1096-1291.
174 Edward Montet，《基督教的宣传及其穆斯林反对者》，巴黎，1890年。（亦见于 T. W. Arnold 所著《伊斯兰的传播》，伦敦，1913年。）
174 Edward Montet, “La Propagande Chretienne et ses Adversaries Musulmans,” Paris 1890. (Also in T. W. Arnold in “The Preaching of Islam,” London 1913.)
参见例如 Taqiuddin al-Nabhani 所著的 《Islamic Personality part 1》。
175 See for example “Islamic Personality part 1” by Taqiuddin al-Nabhani.
参见关于伊斯兰历史的经典著作，例如伊本·凯西尔的《开端与终结——历史中的始末》（“Al-Bidaya Wal Nihaya—Beginnin and End in History”）以及泰伯里的《泰伯里史》（“Tareekh Al-Tabari”）。
176 See for example the classical books on the history of Islam such as “Al-Bidaya Wal Nihaya—Beginnin and End in History” by Ibn Katheer and “Tareekh Al-Tabari” by Al-Tabari.
177 Edward Gibbon，《罗马帝国衰亡史》（The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire），写于1776至1789年，Bibliolife出版社2008年重印。
177 Edward Gibbon, “The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,” written 1776-1789, republished by Bibliolife, 2008.
178 Edward Gibbon and Simon Ocklay, History of the Saracen Empire, London 1870, p. 54.
178 Edward Gibbon and Simon Ocklay, History of the Saracen Empire, London 1870, p. 54.
179 爱德华·吉本，同注 20。
179 Edward Gibbon, same as reference 20.
180 R. Bosworth Smith（1784-1884），《穆罕默德与穆罕默德主义》，写于1878年，由Atlantic于1996年再版。
180 R. Bosworth Smith (1784-1884), “Muhammad and Muhammadenasim,” written in 1878, republished by Atlantic in 1996.
181 阿瑟·斯坦利·特里顿(Arthur Stanley Tritton,1881-1973)是英国历史学家和伊斯兰学者。1938年,他被任命为伦敦大学东方和非洲研究学院的阿拉伯语教授,并曾在阿利加尔穆斯林大学任教一段时间。他发表了多部与伊斯兰历史相关的研究著作,包括《萨那伊玛目的兴起》(1925)、《哈里发及其非穆斯林臣民:对欧麦尔盟约的批判性研究》(1930)以及《伊斯兰:信仰与实践》(1951)。 182 A. S. 特里顿《伊斯兰:信仰与实践》,1951年。
181 Arthur Stanley Tritton (1881-1973) was a British historian and scholar of Islam. He was appointed professor of Arabic at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, in 1938, and also spent some time teaching at Aligarh University. He published several studies related to Islamic history including “The Rise of the Imams of Sanaa (1925),” “The Caliphs and their non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar (1930),” and “Islam: Belief and Practices (1951).” 182 A. S. Tritton “Islam: Belief and Practices,” 1951.
183 De Lacy Evan s O’Leary（1872–1957），英国历史学家，伊斯兰教与阿拉伯语研究学者。
183 De Lacy Evan s O’Leary (1872-1957), a British historian and scholar of Islam and the Arabic language.
184 De Lacy Evans O'Leary, 《伊斯兰站在十字路口：对当今伊斯兰世界处境与问题的简要考察》(Islam at the Cross Roads: A Brief Survey of the Present Position and Problems of the World of Islam)。伦敦：Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner 出版社；纽约：E. P. Dutton 出版社，1923年。《法提玛王朝简史》(A Short History of the Fatimid Khalifate)。伦敦，1923年。 185 James Michener, 《伊斯兰教：被误解的宗教》("Islam: The Misunderstood Religion")，《读者文摘》(Reader's Digest)，1955年5月，第68-70页。
184 De Lacy Evans O’Leary, “Islam at the Cross Roads : A Brief Survey of the Present Position and Problems of the World of Islam.” London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1923 A Short History of the Fatimid Khalifate. London 1923. 185 James Michener in “Islam: The Misunderstood Religion,” Reader’s Digest, May 1955, pp. 68-70.
186 Lawrence E. Browne in "The Prospects of Islam," 1944.
186 Lawrence E. Browne in “The Prospects of Islam,” 1944.
187 阿尔丰斯·玛丽·路易·德·普拉·德·拉马丁（1790年10月—1869年）是法国作家、诗人和政治家。
187 Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine (October 1790-1869) was a French writer, poet, and politician.
188 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Turquie.
188 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Turquie.
189 圣雄甘地，发表于《青年印度》，1924年。
189 Mahatma Gandhi, statement published in “Young India,”1924.
190 Sir George Bernard Shaw，《真正的伊斯兰》（The Genuine Islam），第1卷第8期，1936年。
190 Sir George Bernard Shaw in “The Genuine Islam,” Vol. 1, No. 8, 1936.
191 Michael Hart,《The 100, A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History》,纽约,1978年。
191 Michael Hart, “The 100, A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History,” New York, 1978.
192 Dr. William Draper (1811-1882),《欧洲智识发展史》，纽约：Harper & Brothers，1876年。
192 Dr. William Draper (1811-1882), “History of Intellectual Development of Europe,” New York: Harper & brothers, 1876.
193 John Rodwell translation of the Holy Quran, 1861.
193 John Rodwell translation of the Holy Quran, 1861.
194 W. Montgomery Watt 著《Muhammad at Mecca》，牛津，1953年。
194 W. Montgomery Watt in “Muhammad at Mecca,” Oxford, 1953.
195 Philip Hitti,《阿拉伯史：从最早时期到现代》,第6版,伦敦,Macmillan & Co. LTD,1956年。 196 华盛顿·欧文(1783-1859)是美国作家、散文家、传记作家,也是19世纪初的历史学家。 197 Canon Taylor,在沃尔弗汉普顿教会大会上宣读的论文,转引自Arnoud,《伊斯兰教的传播》,第71-72页。 198 H. A. R. Gibb,《伊斯兰教向何处去》,伦敦,1932年。
195 Philip Hitti, “Arab History: From The Ealiest Times to the Present,” 6th edition, London, Macmillan & Co. LTD, 1956. 196 Washington Irving (1783-1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer, and historian of the early nineteenth century. 197 Canon Taylor, paper read before the Church Congress at Walverhamton, quoted by Arnoud in The Preaching of Islam, pp. 71-72. 198 H. A. R. Gibb, Whither Islam, London, 1932.
199 阿诺德·约瑟夫·汤因比（1889–1975）是英国历史学家。他的十二卷巨著《历史研究》（1934–1961）对各文明的兴起与衰亡进行了分析，是对世界历史的综合，一种基于兴起、繁盛与衰落这些普遍节律的元历史，并从全球视角考察历史。
199 Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975) was a British historian whose twelve-volume analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations, A Study of History, 1934-1961, was a synthesis of world history, a metahistory based on universal rhythms of rise, flowering, and decline, which examined history from a global perspective.
200 赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯（1866年至1946年）是英国作家。他创作颇丰，涉足多种体裁，包括当代小说、历史、政治以及社会评论。
200 Herbert George Wells (1866-1946) was an English author. He was a prolific writer in many genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics, and social commentary.
201 萨罗吉尼·奈杜（1879–1949）是一位神童、自由斗士和诗人。奈杜是首位担任印度国大党主席的印度女性，也是首位出任北方邦邦长的女性。她积极投身印度独立运动，参加了甘地领导的食盐进军丹迪行动，并在甘地、阿巴斯·蒂亚吉和卡斯图尔巴·甘地被捕后，领导了达拉萨纳非暴力抗争。
201 Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949) was a child prodigy, freedom fighter, and poet. Naidu was the first Indian woman to become the president of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the governor of Uttar Pradesh. She was active in the Indian Independence Movement, joining Mahatma Gandhi in the Salt March to Dandi, and then leading the Dharasana Satyagraha after the arrests of Gandhi, Abbas Tyabji, and Kasturba Gandhi.
202 Sarojini Naidu(1879-1949),《伊斯兰理想讲座》(Lectures on the Ideals of Islam)。 203 Addison, James Thayer. 《基督徒如何接近穆斯林》(The Christian Approach to the Moslem)。AMS Press, New York, USA。1966年(1942年初版)。
202 Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949), “Lectures on the Ideals of Islam.” 203 Addison, James Thayer. “The Christian Approach to the Moslem.” AMS Press, New York, USA. 1966 (1942).
204 Jared Diamond:加州大学洛杉矶分校的社会学家和生理学家,凭借其著作《宗教的演化》获得普利策奖。
204 Jared Diamond: UCLA sociologist and physiologist who won the Pulitzer Prize for his book “The Evolution of Religions.”