伊斯兰教中的经济制度是伊斯兰意识形态不可分割的组成部分。与经济和财务相关的规定,与婚姻、家庭关系、政治、道德、宗教仪式、信仰等其他规定相互交织。天课(Zakah)是伊斯兰经济的组成部分之一,在《古兰经》中有十四节以上的经文将其与拜功一同提及,形式为"你们应当谨守拜功,完纳天课"。在《辩诉者章》(第58章第4节)中,弥补与婚姻有关之过失的办法之一是供养六十名贫民。这实际上意味着,《古兰经》和穆罕默德ﷺ的圣训中散见着各类经文,其中既包含与财务和经济有关的规定,也包含与其他主题有关的规定。穆罕默德ﷺ并非拥有经济学学位的经济学家,而是真主的先知和使者,他在各个问题上接受启示,经济问题亦包括在内。因此,要获得并系统化经济结构,就必须进行推演的过程。

The economic system in Islam is an integral part of the Islamic ideology. The rules related to the economy and finances are intertwined with other rules pertaining to marriage, family relations, politics, morals, rituals, beliefs, and others. Zakah, one of the components of the Islamic economy, is revealed in the Quran together with the ritual of prayer in more than fourteen verses in the form “establish the prayer and pay the Zakah.” In Surah Al-Mujadilah (chapter 48, verse 4), one of the options to recover from a marriage-related sin was to feed sixty poor people.55 What this really means is that the Quran and the Sunnah of Prophet Mohammad contain scattered texts which include rules related to finances and economy as well as to other topics. Prophet Mohammad was not an economist with a degree in economics. He was a prophet and a messenger of God who received revelation on various issues including economics. A derivation process, therefore, becomes necessary to obtain and systematize the economic structure.

这进一步表明，伊斯兰的经济结构是一个更大体系的组成部分，既不应与其他制度（其“兄弟”体系）割裂，也不应与其根基（伊斯兰的根本基础）割裂。只有当伊斯兰经济体系与伊斯兰的其余部分整体结合时，它才能产生公正与公平这一预期成果。这一点将在下一节讨论伊斯兰经济与金融体系的发展时显而易见。

This further implies that the economic structure is part of a bigger schema of Islam and should not be separated either from its siblings (other systems) or root (the foundation of Islam). The economic system of Islam can and will produce the expected outcome of justice and fairness only when taken together with the rest of Islam. This will be evident when we discuss the development of the economic and financial system in Islam in the next section.

本章介绍三个主要主题。第一个是伊斯兰经济与金融制度的逐步发展。第二个主题是伊斯兰的政治经济学。最后一个主题是伊斯兰的金融制度。

This chapter presents three main topics. The first one is the gradual development of the economic and financial system of Islam. The second topic is the political economy in Islam. The last topic is the financial system in Islam.