过去三十年间，资本主义主导了国际发展舞台。它几乎垄断了经济发展，并将其公式强加于全世界。中国、韩国、台湾、新加坡和香港这些亚洲四小龙经济体，常被作为采纳自由主义并实现进步的成功范例反复提及。国际货币基金组织与世界银行宣称，工业化和自由经济思想的传播将改造传统经济与社会。这些影响将使贫穷国家走上一条与西方工业化国家在工业革命期间所经历的类似的发展道路。

The last three decades have seen Capitalism dominate the international development scene. It has completely monopolised economic development and enforced its formula upon the world. The Asian tiger economies of China, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong are shown regularly as successful nations who adopted liberalism and progressed. The IMF alongside the World Bank proclaimed industrialisation and the diffusion of liberal economic ideas would transform traditional economies and societies. These influences would place poor countries on a path of development similar to that experienced by Western industrialised nations during the Industrial Revolution.

今天，贫困已成为世界上大多数人的常态。全球有三十亿人每天的生活费不足两美元；另有十三亿人每天的生活费不足一美元。

Today poverty is the state for the majority of the world’s people. Three billion people in the world live on fewer than two dollars a day; another 1.3 billion people live on less than one dollar a day.

13亿人无法获得清洁饮水；30亿人无法获得卫生设施；20亿人无法获得电力。自由主义实际上正是世界财富差距和全球大多数人所面临的贫困的根源。自由主义使西方世界以世界其余地区为养分而生存。自由主义丝毫没有帮助减轻贫困，反而助长了贫困。因此，第三世界若继续推行自由主义经济政策，穷人只会变得更加贫困。

1.3 billion have no access to clean water; three billion have no access to sanitation and two billion have no access to electricity. Liberalism has actually been the cause of the wealth disparities in the world and the poverty the majority of the world’s people face. Liberalism has resulted in the Western world feeding off the remainder of the world. Liberalism has in no way helped alleviate poverty, it actually contributed to it, and hence any continuation of liberal economic policies in the third world will result in the poor getting even poorer.

自由主义甚至在西方造成了巨大的财富差距，仅看美国和英国就能看出这一点。例如，英国在2005年的财富（国内生产总值）为2.2万亿英镑，较上一年有所增长。对于自由派经济学家而言，这意味着人们拥有更多财富、可以花费更多，因此他们必定更加幸福。然而，如果我们看看最底层的60

Liberalism has even created huge wealth disparities in the West and this can be seen by looking at just the US and the UK. The UK for example generated wealth (GDP) of £2.2 trillion in 2005, this was an increase from the previous year which for liberal economists means people have more wealth, have more to spend thus they must be happy. However, if we look at how much the 60

……英国人口中有数百万人分享了这些所创造的财富。英国税务及海关总署2005年的统计数据显示,最富有的10%人口拥有全国财富的50%以上,而英国40%的人口仅分享了这些财富的5%。这导致大多数人口依靠借贷来维持其生活方式,这也是英国消费者债务超过1.3万亿英镑、甚至超过实际经济规模的原因。美国的情况更为严重:美国每年可能创造13万亿美元的财富,但国家债务却高达8.5万亿美元。这意味着美国公民是靠借来的钱而非经济所创造的13万亿美元来维持其生活方式。在一份2005年的哈佛大学报告中,计算得出10%的人口拥有71%的财富,其中最富有的1%控制了40%。另一方面,最底层的40%所拥有的财富还不到全国财富的1%。

million population of the UK received of this generated wealth, 2005 statistics from HM Revenue and Customs show that the richest 10% have more then 50% of the nation’s wealth and that 40% of the British population shared in only 5% of this wealth. This has resulted in the majority of the population resorting to borrowing to fund their lifestyles and this is why UK consumer debt is more than £1.3 trillion, more than the actual economy. The US situation is even worse; the US may generate $13 trillion a year in wealth but national debt is $8.5 trillion. This means US citizens are funding their lifestyles by borrowed money rather than the $13 trillion the economy generated. In a 2005 Harvard report it was calculated that 10% of the population owned 71% of the wealth, and the top 1% controlled 40%. On the other hand, the bottom 40% owned less than 1% of the nation's wealth.

因此，自由主义在已经实行自由市场一个多世纪的发达国家中，也造成了极为悬殊的财富差距。

Hence liberalism has created an enormous wealth disparity even in the developed world who have lived under free markets for over a century.

西方世界自身的发展所采取的政策，与它们今天所宣扬的做法完全相反。剑桥大学的张夏准教授在其开创性著作《踢开梯子》（2003年）中记录了每个工业化国家的发展历程，表明在几乎所有情形下，保护主义政策都是发展战略的基本组成部分。由这一历史中浮现的发展过程，并非是最大化比较优势，而是通过有计算的市场扭曲，将比较优势转向高价值商品。就英国和美国而言，这些市场扭曲最初表现为殖民主义和奴隶制。而在今天的美国，市场扭曲依然存在，表现为农业和钢铁补贴，更不用说政府在生物技术和国防上的巨额开支，这些开支在很大程度上也起到了对相关产业的补贴作用。

The Western world themselves developed with policies completely opposite to what they are propagating today. In his groundbreaking work, Kicking Away the Ladder (2003), Professor Ha Joon Chang of Cambridge University documented the development of every industrialised country, showing that protectionist policies were a fundamental part of development strategy in almost every case. The process of development that emerges from this story is not maximizing comparative advantage but rather shifting comparative advantage to high value goods through calculated market distortions. In the case of the UK and the United States, those market distortions originally came in the form of colonialism and slavery. But market distortions continue in the US today in the form of agriculture and steel subsidies, not to mention the tremendous government spending on biotechnology and defence, which largely serves as a subsidy for those sectors.

因此，自由主义并非第三世界发展的解决之道，而是其障碍。它正是第三世界贫困的直接原因。

Hence liberalism is the obstacle for development in the third world not the solution. It is the direct cause of poverty for the third world.