倭马亚王朝执政约一个世纪，从最后一位正统哈里发（阿里·本·阿比·塔里卜）于公元661年去世，到倭马亚王朝的creator穆阿维叶·本·阿比·苏富扬哈里发即位开始，直至公元八世纪中叶最后一位倭马亚哈里发为止。

The Umayyads were in power for approximately one century, extending from the death of the last of the Righteous Caliphs (‘Alee ibn Abee Taalib) in 661 CE and the ascendancy of the founder of the Umayyad dynasty, Caliph Mu’aawiyah ibn Abee Sufyaan, until the last of the Umayyad caliphs around the middle of the eighth century CE.

该时期社会动荡不安；乌玛分裂为各种教派和派系；哈里发制度演变为君主制；许多新的做法被引入，其中一些是哈拉姆（禁戒）；学者们拒绝出入哈里发的朝见，实际上为了避免冲突与混乱而逃往偏远地区。99

The period was marked by great social unrest; the Ummah divided into various sects and factions; the caliphate was converted into a kingship; many new practices were introduced, some of which were Haraam; the scholars refused to sit in the audiences of the caliphs and in fact fled to outlying areas to avoid conflict and confusion.99

就伊斯兰教法及各学派的演变而言，这一时期有三大值得注意的趋势。首先，学者所作的伊吉提哈德（Ijtihaad，独立判断）数量显著增加，原因在于随着学者分散到哈里发国疆域的各个偏远地区，伊季玛尔（Ijmaa'，公议）变得越来越难以达成。

So far as Islamic Law and the evolution of Madh-habs are concerned, this period is noteworthy for three main trends. In the first place, there was a notable increase in the number of Ijtihaads given by scholars, since Ijmaa’ became more and more difficult following the dispersal of scholars to outlying areas of the caliphate.