13 圣训的真伪与孱弱圣训
13 The Sahih and Daif Hadith
在许多圣训书籍中,我们会读到“沙希赫”(Sahih,真实的)和“达伊夫”(Daif,弱的)这两个词。许多人将“沙希赫”理解为“达伊夫”的反义词,当一段圣训之后没有出现这个词时,他们便误以为它是弱的。这是一个常见的误解,因为“沙希赫”和“达伊夫”实际上是圣训学者的专门术语。圣训学者用来界定圣训的术语有五十多种,“沙希赫”只是其中之一。当一段圣训未被标注为“沙希赫”时,它可能属于其他四十九种圣训类别中的任何一种,不一定就是弱的。
In many books of ahadith, we read the words authentic [Sahih] and weak [Daif]. Many people understand authentic to be the opposite of weak, and when this word does not appear after a hadith, they misinterpret it as weak. This is a common mistake because the words authentic and weak are actually nomenclatures of the hadith masters. Over fifty terms are used by the hadith masters [to define a hadith], authentic being only one of them. When a hadith is not identified as authentic, it may fall under the category of any of the other forty-nine types of hadith and may not necessarily be weak.
很多时候,一段圣训是真实可靠的(sahih),但圣训学者却拒绝采用它;而另一段圣训可能是弱的(da'if),圣训学者却认为可以依据它行事。这其中有许多原因。例如,有可能那段真实可靠的圣训已被废止(mansukh),而那段弱的圣训则得到了圣门弟子实践的支持。
Many times, a hadith is authentic, but the hadith masters reject it while another hadith may be weak but the hadith masters say it is okay to act upon. There are many reasons behind this. For example, it is possible that the authentic hadith is abrogated and the weak hadith supported by the practice of the Sahaba.