圣训学导论
Introduction to the study of Hadīth
正如我们通过认识父母为我们所做的牺牲来理解对父母的爱,我们对圣训如何被保存、圣训在伊斯兰教中的权威地位,以及圣训学者在圣训学科中所付出的工作与牺牲的认识,也有助于增进我们对前人的爱与敬重。此外,我们将懂得圣训的真正价值,并且在判定某段圣训为弱(ḍaʿīf)之前更加审慎。
The way our love for our parents is understood by realization of the sacrifices they made for us, likewise our realization of how úadīth were preserved, their authority in Islam, and the work and sacrifices of the úadīth masters in the science of úadīth, helps increase our love and adoration for our predecessors. In addition, we will appreciate the true value of úadīth and be more scrupulous before judging a hadith as weak.
圣训的保存
preservation of Hadith
安拉(SWT)在《古兰经》中说:
Allah (SWTH) states in the Qur’an:
诚然,真主(SWT)已经施恩于信士,因为他从他们中间派遣了一位来自他们自身的使者,向他们诵读祂的启示,使他们得到净化,并教导他们经典和智慧。
Indeed Allah (SWTH) has already done a favor to the believers, when He raised amongst them a messenger from themselves to recite to them His verses, purify them and teach them the book and the wisdom.
这段经文阐明了慈爱的蒙福先知(PBUH)的一项最重要的职责:教导《古兰经》。这项职责不仅包括教授经文的诵读与发音(这已包含在第一项职责之中,即“向他们宣读他的迹象”),更重要的是教导《古兰经》的含义。若没有蒙福的先知ﷺ作为老师为我们讲解,穆斯林试图理解《古兰经》的含义与信息,将毫无意义。
This aya explains one of the most important responsibilities of the beloved Blessed Prophet (PBUH): to teach the Book. This responsibility consists of not just teaching the pronunciation and reading of the Book [as that is already covered in the first responsibility, i.e. ‘to recite to them His verses’], but more importantly, the meaning of the Qur’an. It would be meaningless for a Muslim to try to understand the meaning and message of the Qur’an without the Blessed Prophet (PBUH) as a teacher to explain it to us.
仅凭精通阿拉伯语,并不足以让我们领会《古兰经》的含义。请记住,精通阿拉伯语的圣门弟子(Ṣaḥābah)在探求《古兰经》深层含义时,总是求教于尊贵的先知ﷺ。《古兰经》的字句及其含义,都由尊贵的先知ﷺ以言语和实际行动加以阐释。先知ﷺ的这些言论与解释被称为圣训(Ḥadīth),它们为我们提供了最可靠的《古兰经》注释。因此,安拉(SWT)保护《古兰经》的承诺,也意味着对圣训的保护。
Proficiency in the Arabic language alone cannot help us grasp the meaning of the Qur’an. Remember, the ýaúóba , who spoke fluent Arabic, always turned to the Blessed Prophet (PBUH) to understand the deeper meanings of the Qur’an. The Qur’an’s words and its meanings were explained both verbally and practically by the Blessed Prophet (PBUH). These sayings and explanations of the Blessed Prophet (PBUH) are called úódõth and provide us with the the most authentic commentary of the Qur’an. Therefore, Allah’s (SWTH) promise to preserve the Qur’an meant preservation of the aúódõth as well.
然而,仅仅保存文字并无多大意义。比如,《古兰经》命令穆斯林建立üalót(拜功),但如果我们无法理解这一命令的内涵,例如如何履行拜功,那么保存“建立üalót”这几个字又有什么益处呢?这证明,对《古兰经》的保存必然包括对圣训(úódõth)的保存。没有圣训,穆斯林的信仰(õmón)就是不完整的。毕竟,我们如何得知《古兰经》是真主(SWTH)的经典呢?
However the preservation of words alone serves little purpose. For example, if the Qur’an commands Muslims to establish üalót, but we are unable to understand what this command entails [such as how to perform it], then what benefit is there in preserving the words “establish the üalót?” This proves that the preservation of the Qur’an, by necessity, includes preservation of the úódõth. Without úódõth, the õmón of a Muslim is incomplete. After all, how do we know that the Qur’an is the book of Allah (SWTH)?
如果我们今天能够认识《古兰经》及其地位,那正是因为先知穆罕默德ﷺ说过:“这就是《古兰经》,它是安拉(SWT)的话语。”倘若我们拒绝先知ﷺ的这段圣训,那么伊斯兰教的整个根基便会崩塌。我们也就无从知道《古兰经》确实是它所声称的那样。
If we know the Qur’an and its place, it is only because the Blessed Prophet (PBUH) said, “This is the Qur’an; it is the word of Allah (SWTH).” If we were to reject this Hadīth of the Blessed Prophet (PBUH) then the whole foundation of Islam collapses. We would not know that the Qur’an is what it claims to be.
安拉(SWT)在《古兰经》中对蒙福的先知(ﷺ)说:
Allah (SWTH) says to the Blessed Prophet (PBUH) in the Qur’an:
我还把这篇讯息降示给你,以便你向世人阐明降给他们的经典,使他们得以深思。
And We have sent unto you the message, that you may explain clearly to men what is sent for them, and that they may give thought.
这段经文证明,圣训(ḥadīth)的根本作用在于阐明《古兰经》的含义,这意味着没有圣训,就无法理解《古兰经》。
This aya proves that the fundamental role of úódõth is to reveal the meaning of the Qur’an, which means that the Qur’an cannot be understood without the ahadith.