1 引言
1 Introduction
任何民族的文化(thaqafa)都是其存在与延续的支柱。以这种文化为基础,乌玛的文明(hadhara)得以建立,其目标和宗旨得以确定,其生活方式也得以确立。乌玛的个体在这种文化的熔炉中被塑造成型,使乌玛有别于其他民族。这种文化包括:乌玛的思想信仰(‘aqeedah),以及从这一思想信仰中衍生出的规则、解决方案和制度;它也包括建立在其上的知识与学问,以及与这一思想信仰相关的事件,如乌玛的行为模式(Seerah)和历史。如果这种文化被抹去,这个乌玛作为一个独立的乌玛就会消失;其宗旨和生活方式也会随之改变,其效忠对象会发生转移,并且会在追随其他民族文化的道路上步履蹒跚。
The culture (thaqafa) of any nation is the backbone of its existence and survival. Based on this culture, the Ummah’s civilisation (hadhara) is founded, and its goals and objective are defined, and its way of life is defined. The individuals of the Ummah are moulded by this culture in one melting pot such that the Ummah becomes distinguished from the other nations. This culture is: The Ummah’s intellectual doctrine (‘aqeedah) and the rules, solutions and systems emanating from this intellectual doctrine. It is also the knowledge and sciences built upon it, as well as the events linked to this intellectual doctrine such as the Ummah’s conduct (Seerah) and history. If this culture is wiped out, this Ummah, as a distinct Ummah, would disappear; thus its objective and way of life would change, and its allegiance would shift, and it would stumble in its path following other nations’ cultures.
伊斯兰文化是由伊斯兰的理性教义所激发的知识(ma'arif)。无论这些知识是否包含伊斯兰教义本身,例如“tawheed”(认主学);或是建立在理性教义之上的知识,例如教法学(fiqh)、《古兰经》注释(tafseer)以及圣训(hadith);或是理解源自伊斯兰理性教义的规定所必需的知识,例如伊斯兰教中进行独立判断(ijtihaad,即学者的努力推论)所需的知识,如阿拉伯语学、圣训分类学(mustalah al-hadith)以及教法原理学(Usul),这一切都属于伊斯兰文化,因为伊斯兰理性教义是其研究的动力。同样,伊斯兰乌玛的历史也是其文化的一部分,因为其中包含了关于其文明(hadhara)、人物(rijal)、领袖和学者的记载。前伊斯兰时期的阿拉伯历史不属于伊斯兰文化,而前伊斯兰时期的阿拉伯诗歌则可以被视为该文化的一部分,因为其中包含了有助于理解阿拉伯语词汇和句法的证据,从而有助于进行ijtihaad、注释《古兰经》以及理解圣训。