赛伯人的故事（示巴）
The Story Of Saba' ( Sheba)
真主至高无上说：
Allah the Almighty says:
{确实，在赛伯邑人（示巴人）的居所里有一个迹象：左右两座花园。（有人对他们说：）"你们吃你们主所赐的给养，并且感谢祂吧。这是一片美好的土地，有一位多多赦宥的主！"但他们背弃了（对真主的服从），于是我派"阿兰洪水"（从堤坝中冲出的洪水）降临他们，并把他们的两座花园变成了结出苦涩难吃果实的园子，以及一些柽柳树和少数的洋枣树。}
{Indeed there was for Saba' (Sheba) a sign in their dwelling-place -two gardens on the right hand and on the left,; (and it was said to them:) "Eat of the provision of your Lord, and be grateful to Him.' A fair land and an Oft-Forgiving Lord! But they turned away (from the obedience of Allah), so We sent against them Sail AI-'Arim (flood released from the dam), and We converted their two gardens into gardens producing bitter bad fruit, and tamarisks, and some few lotetrees.
我们因他们忘恩负义、不信道而惩罚了他们。我们只惩罚忘恩负义、不信道的人。我们又在他们与我们所祝福的城镇之间，设置了显而易见的城镇，并使旅程的各段路程容易通行，（并对他们说）：“你们在其中昼夜安全地旅行吧。”但他们却说：“我们的主啊！请把我们旅途的路段拉长吧。”他们这是自欺，于是我们使他们成为传说，并将他们彻底地驱散。
Like this We requited them because they were ungrateful disbelievers. And never do We requite in such a way except those who are ungrateful (disbelievers). And We placed, between them and the towns which We had blessed, towns easy to be seen, and We made the stages (of journey) between them easy (saying): "Travel in them safely both by night and day." But they said: "Our Lord! Make the stages between our journey longer," and they wronged themselves; so We made them as tales (in the land), and We dispersed them all totally.
诚然，其中确有许多迹象，供每一位坚忍、感恩的人借鉴。
Verily, in this are indeed signs for every steadfast, grateful (person)}.
(Saba', 15-19)
谱系学者们——其中包括穆罕默德·伊本·伊斯哈格——说：赛八（Saba'）的名字是阿卜杜·沙姆斯·伊本·叶什古卜·伊本·叶尔鲁卜·伊本·卡哈坦。他是第一个俘虏战俘的人，并且对人们非常慷慨。苏海里说：据说他是第一个被加冕的人，也有学者说他是穆斯林，并且他作诗报喜，预告先知穆罕默德ﷺ的降临。最后这种说法被归于伊本·迪迪亚在其题为《光照先知诞辰之书》（At-Tanwir fi Maulid Al-Bashir An- Nadhir）的著作中。 伊玛目艾哈迈德说：阿布·阿卜杜·拉赫曼告诉我，他得自阿卜杜拉·伊本·鲁海阿，鲁海阿得自阿卜杜拉·伊本·达拉，他说：我听到阿卜杜拉·伊本·阿拔斯说：有人问安拉的使者ﷺ关于赛八的事，他是男人、女人，还是一块土地的名字？他ﷺ说：他确实是一个男人，生了十个儿子。其中六个定居在也门，四个定居在沙姆（叙利亚）。定居在也门的是：麦兹哈吉、金达、阿兹德、阿什阿里叶温、安玛尔和希木叶尔。定居在叙利亚的是：拉赫姆、朱达姆、阿米拉和加萨尼。提问者是法尔瓦·伊本·穆萨伊克·安-加提菲。
Scholars of genealogy -among them was Muhammad Ibn Ishaq -said: the name of Saba' is `Abd Shams Ibn Yashjub Ibn Ya`rub Ibn Qahtan. He was the first to take captives and he was very generous to the people. As-Suhaili said: it is said that he was the first person to be crowned, and some scholars said he was Muslim and that he composed poetry in which he brought good news to the advent of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him). This last saying was attributed to Ibn Didya in his book titled: [At-Tanwir fi Maulid Al-Bashir An- Nadhir] Imam Ahmed said: I have been told by Abu `Abdur Rahman, after `Abdullah Ibn Luhai` ah, after `Abdullah Ibn Da`lah saying: I heard `Abdullah Ibn Al- `Abbas as saying: A man asked Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him) about Saba', whether it was a man, a woman, or a name of a land? He (Peace be upon him) said: Verily, he was a man to whom ten sons were born. Six thereof inhabited the Yemen andfour Sham (Syria). Those in Yemen were: Madhhaj, Kindah, Al-Azd, Al-Ash `ariyun, Anmar and Himyar. And those who inhabited Syria were: Laghm, Judham, `Amilah and Ghassan." The Questioner was Farwah Ibn Musaik Al-Ghatifi.
这就是说,“赛伯邑”一词涵盖了所有这些部族;其中还包括也门的“塔巴比阿”(单数为“图巴厄”)。他们的国王和波斯的国王一样戴王冠。阿拉伯人习惯把统治也门和哈德拉毛的人称为“图巴厄”,正如他们把叙利亚(沙姆)和阿拉伯半岛的君主称为“凯撒”,把波斯的统治者称为“霍斯陆”,把埃及的统治者称为“法老”,把埃塞俄比亚的统治者称为“尼加希”,把印度的统治者称为“托勒密”。比勒格proto is 也是统治也门的希姆叶尔诸王中的一员。(注:原文"Bilqis"应译为“比尔基斯”,此处按原文译出。) 他们生活幸福安逸,物产丰饶,有水果、庄稼等各种给养。他们是遵循正道的正直之人。然而,当他们背弃并否认真主的恩典时,便不可避免地给自己和他们的民族招致了毁灭与破败。
This means that the term Saba' covers all these tribes; among them also were At- Tababi `ah (Sing. Tubba` ) in the Yemen. Their kings used to put crowns on as were done by kings of Persia. The Arabs used to call whomsoever rules over the Yemen and Hadramaut "Tubba`", as they used to call kings of Sham (Syria) and the Arab Peninsula "Caesar", and the ruler of Persia "Khusrau", the ruler of Egypt Fir` aun (Pharaoh), the ruler of Abyssinia "Negus", and the ruler of India "Ptolemes", and Bilqis was from among the Himyar kings who ruled the Yemen. They lived in happiness and easiness, with abundance of sustenance: fruits, plants, etc. and they were righteous people who followed the Straight Path, but when they altered the Grace of Allah and denied it, they inevitably incurred to themselves and their peoples destruction and devastation.
穆罕默德·伊本·伊斯哈格传述自瓦赫卜·伊本·穆纳比赫：安拉至高无上，曾派遣十三位先知到他们那里。而阿斯-赛迪声称，安拉曾派遣一万两千位先知到他们那里。安拉最清楚！要点在于：当他们以迷误取代正道，舍弃对至高无上的安拉的崇拜而向太阳叩拜时，这件事发生在比勒吉斯及其先人的时代，并延续下来，直到安拉降下从堤坝中倾泻而出的洪水。安拉至高无上explained：{但他们背离了（对安拉的顺从），所以我们降下洪水（从堤坝中倾泻而出的洪水）来惩罚他们，并将他们的两座园圃变成了结出苦涩恶果的园圃，还有河柳和少许的洋槐。我们以此惩罚他们，因为他们是忘恩负义的不信道者。我们只会如此惩罚忘恩负义的不信道者}。
Muhammad Ibn Ishaq narrating from Wahb Ibn Munabah said: Allah the Almighty sent them thirteen Prophets. And, As-Sadi claimed that Allah the Almighty sent them twelve thousand Prophets. Allah knows best! The point is, when they replaced guidance with misguidance and prostrated themselves before the sun instead of Allah the Almighty, the matter which took place during the era of Bilqis and her ancestors and that which continued till Allah sent over them a flood released from the dam. Allah the Almighty explained: {But they turned away (from the obedience of Allah), so We sent against them Sail Al-`Arim (flood released from the dam), and We converted their two gardens into gardens producing bitter bad fruit, and tamarisks, and some few lote trees. Like this We requited them because they were ungrateful disbelievers. And never do We requite in such a way except those who are ungrateful (disbelievers)}.
许多学者提到，马尔卜水坝是为了将水蓄积在两座大山之间而修建的。水位升高后，人们开始种植果园、结果的树木以及各种蔬菜。据说，这座水坝的建造者是赛拜·本·雅鲁卜（Saba' Ibn Ya` rub），他改变了七十条山谷的走向，迫使水流汇入其中。此外，他还让水从三十眼泉水或洞口涌出，但他在完工之前就去世了。
Many scholars mentioned that the Dam of Ma'rab was built to keep water behind two great mountains, and when the water raised, the people began to implant orchards and fruitful trees and many kinds of vegetables. It is said that the originator of the darn was Saba' Ibn Ya` rub who changed the course of seventy valleys forcing them to pour out water therein. In addition, he forced the water to get out from thirty springs or holes, but he died before completing it.
于是,希姆叶尔部落将其完善,它的面积为一平方里格。
So, the tribe of Himyar perfected it and it was of the space of one square league.
于是,他们生活在幸福与富足之中。盖塔达等人说:她们中的妇女会头顶一个篮子行走,篮子里装满了新鲜成熟的果实;他们还说,他们呼吸的空气如此洁净清新,在他们的土地上既找不到苍蝇,也找不到有害的细菌。真主至高无上说:{的确,赛伯邑(示巴)民在他们的居住地有一个迹象}
Thereupon, they were living in happiness and abundance. Qatada and others said: the woman (from among them) would go putting a basket on her head, and it would be filled with fresh, ripe fruits, and they said that the air they breathed was so clean and pure that neither flies, nor harmful germs were found in their land. Allah the Almighty says: {Indeed there was for Saba' (Sheba)
在他们居住之地有一个迹象:右边和左边有两座花园。(并对他们说:)你们吃你们主所供给的食物,并感谢他。这是个美好的国土,这是位常常赦宥的主!}(赛伯邑,15)又,{当时你们的主宣告:如果你们感恩(即接受信仰,只崇拜安拉),我必定增加你们的恩惠;如果你们忘恩(即不信道者),我的刑罚确实严厉}。(易卜拉欣,7)然而,当他们把别的东西与全能的安拉并列,并傲慢地对待他的恩典时——他们之间那些他们曾昼夜安全往来的旅途站点原本是轻松的——他们便请求让旅途中各站点之间的距离更远、更艰难。于是,他们请求把好的变成坏的,就像以色列的后裔曾请求全能的安拉把吗哪和鹌鹑换成蔬菜、黄瓜、大蒜(或小麦)、扁豆和洋葱一样。因此,他们失去了那伟大的恩惠和全面的恩典;他们的土地被毁坏,他们自己也被分散到世界各地。全能的安拉说:{但他们背离了(对安拉的服从),所以我派遣阿尔阿里姆之洪水(即从堤坝中释放的洪水)来攻击他们}。
a sign in their dwelling -place- two gardens on the right hand and on the left; (and it was said to them:) Eat of the provision of your Lord, and be grateful to Him. A fair land and an Oft-Forgiving Lord!} (Saba', 15) and, {And (remember) when your Lord proclaimed: If you give thanks (by accepting Faith and worshipping none but Allah), I will give you more (of My Blessings); but if you are thankless (i.e. disbelievers), verily My punishment is indeed severe}. (Ibrahim, 7) But, when they adorned other than Allah the Almighty and arrogantly dealt with His Grace -the stages (of journey) between them were easy in which they used to travel safely both by night and day -and asked Him to make the stages between their journeys longer and severer. Thus, they asked to turn the good into what is bad like the Children of Israel who asked Allah the Almighty to turn Manna and quails into herbs, cucumbers, Fum (wheat or garlic), lentils and onions. Thereupon, they were deprived that great blessing and comprehensive grace; their land was destroyed and they themselves were scattered allover the globe. Allah the Almighty says: {But they turned away (from the obedience of Allah), so We sent against them Sail Al-`Arim (flood released from the dam)}.
许多学者说:真主至高无上,派遣老鼠或大鼠去啃蛀水坝的根基,当人们发现后,便带来猫去捕食它们,但一切都是徒劳。根基变得非常脆弱,最终水坝崩塌,洪水淹没了一切。他们那些结实丰硕的好树,变成了——正如真主至高无上所解释的——坏树:{我把他们的两座园圃变成了结出苦涩恶果的园圃,还有柽柳}。还有{和少许的洋槐树},因为它们结出的纳布克果实,在它们无数的荆棘中少之又少。真主至高无上说:{我如此报应他们,因为他们是忘恩负义的不信道者。我只以此报应忘恩负义的(不信道者)}。也就是说,我们只以这种严厉的惩罚惩治那些不信我们、否认我们的使者、违抗我们的命令、践踏我们界限的人。
Many scholars said: Allah the Almighty sent mice or rats on the bases of the darn, and when they discovered this they brought cats to eat them up, but all was in vain. The bases became very weak and finally the darn collapsed and the water drowned everything. Their good fruitful trees turned into -as explained by Allah the Almighty -bad ones: {And We converted their two gardens into gardens producing bitter bad fruit, and tamarisks}. And {and some few lote-trees} for they produce Nabk which is very few among the countless thorns they have. Allah the Almighty says: {Like this We requited them because they were ungrateful disbelievers. And never do We requite in such a way except those who are ungrateful (disbelievers)} i.e. We only punish -with this severe punishment those who disbelieved in Us, belied Our Messengers, disobeyed Our Orders, and violated Our Boundaries.
安拉至高无上说:{于是我使他们成为传说,并将他们完全驱散}。也就是说,在他们的园林、财产和土地被毁之后,他们不得不迁徙远去。因此,他们散居在各地:其中一些人迁往希贾兹,忧赛阿人迁往麦加。他们中也有人迁往光明之城麦地那,他们是最早定居于此的人。随后,又有三个犹太部落来到这里:奈宰尔部落、古莱宰部落和奈迪尔部落。犹太人与奥斯和赫兹拉杰结盟,并在那里居住(直到先知穆罕默德ﷺ的时代)。他们中的一些人迁往沙姆(叙利亚),后来皈依了基督教:加萨尼、阿米拉、巴赫拉、鲁赫姆、朱达姆、塔努赫、塔格卢卜等部落,以及其他人。
Allah the Almighty says: {So We made them as tales (in the land), and We dispersed them all totally} i.e. after the destruction of their gardens, properties and land, they needed to travel and move away. Thus, they scattered in different parts of the land as some of them moved to the Hejaz, and Khuza' ah moved to Mecca. Some of them also moved to Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, they were the first to inhabit it. Then, they were followed by three tribes from the Jews: the Banu Qainuqa', Banu Quraizah, and Banu An-Nadir. The Jews made coalitions with the Aus and Khazraj and lived there (till the time of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him)). Some of them, moved to Sham (Syria) and afterwards they converted to Christianity: Ghassan, Amilah, Bahra', Lukham, Judham, Tanukh, Taghlub, and others.
穆罕默德·伊本·伊斯哈格在其《先知传记》[Kitab As-Sirah]中说，在阿尔-阿里姆洪水（水坝溃决释放出的洪水）之前，最先离开也门的是阿穆尔·伊本·阿米尔·阿鲁赫米。鲁赫姆是阿迪·伊本·哈里斯·伊本·穆拉·伊本·阿兹德·伊本·宰德·伊本·穆哈·伊本·阿穆尔·伊本·欧拉卜·伊本·雅什朱布·伊本·宰德·伊本·卡赫兰·伊本·赛巴的儿子。伊本·希沙姆也说：鲁赫姆是阿迪·伊本·阿穆尔·伊本·迦里卜·伊本·赛巴的儿子。 伊本·伊斯哈格说：他离开也门的原因，据阿布·宰德·安萨里告诉我，是他看到一只老鼠或大鼠正在挖掘马拉卜水坝下面的洞，而这座水坝是用来蓄水的。于是他意识到水坝不会坚持太久，便打算离开也门。然而，他欺骗了族人：命令自己最小的儿子当众打他的脸。儿子照他的吩咐做了，阿穆尔说：我绝不会住在一个最小的儿子都敢打我耳光的地方。于是他提出出售自己的财产。也门的贵族们说：
Muhammad Ibn Ishaq, in his The Prophet's Biography [Kitab As-Sirah], said that the first to quit the Yemen before the Sail Al-'Arim (the flood released from the dam) was' Amr Ibn 'Amir Al-Lukhami. Lukham was the son of 'Adyi Ibn Al-Harith Ibn Murrah Ibn Azd Ibn Zaid Ibn Muha' Ibn 'Amr Ibn 'Uraib Ibn Yashjub Ibn Zaid Ibn Kahlan Ibn Saba'. It is said also by Ibn Hisham: Lukham Ibn 'Adyi Ibn 'Amr Ibn Gharib Ibn Saba'. Ibn Ishaq said: the reason behind his moving from Yemen as I was told by Abu Zaid Al-Ansari that he saw a mouse or rat digging beneath the dam of Ma'rab which was used to keep the water behind, so he realized that the dam would not stand so long, so he intended to move from the Yemen. However, he tricked his people by ordering his youngest son to slap him on the face before the people. The son did what he was ordered to and 'Amr said: I would never live in a place where my youngest son slapped me on the face. And he offered his property to be sold. The noblemen of the Yemen said:
趁着阿慕尔的愤怒，抓住机会买下了他的全部财产。于是，他带着子女及其后代迁走了。阿兹德人说：我们绝不离开阿慕尔·伊本·阿米尔，于是他们变卖了自己的财产，跟随他一同逃亡（并不知道他的真实意图）。他们抵达了阿克人的土地，阿克人与他们交战，战事有过顺境也有过逆境。
seize the opportunity of 'Amr's rage and buy all his property. Hence, he moved along with his children and their offspring. The Azd said: we never leave 'Amr Ibn 'Amir, so they sold their properties and accompanied him in his fleeing (without knowing his real intentions). They arrived at the land of `Ak who fought against them and their war had its ups and downs.
最后,他们离开了'Ak之地,分散到各地。Ibn Jafnah Ibn 'Amr Ibn 'Amir前往沙姆(叙利亚),Al-Aus和Al-Khazraj前往Yathrib(Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah,即光明之城麦地那),Khuza'ah前往Marran,Azd As-Sarah前往As-Sarah,Azd 'Amman前往'Amman,随后,全能的真主降下洪水冲击水坝,水坝彻底崩塌。《古兰经》见证了这一事件。
Finally, they departed from the land of 'Ak and dispersed in the lands. Ibn Jafnah Ibn 'Amr Ibn 'Amir went to Sham (Syria), Al-Aus and Al-Khazraj went to Yathrib (Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah), Khuza'ah went to Marran, Azd As-Sarah went to As-Sarah, and Azd 'Amman went to 'Amman, then Allah the Almighty sent the flood against the dam and it was totally collapsed. The Glorious Qur'an bears witness to this incident.
据As-Sadi所传，类似的说法亦见于此。穆罕默德·本·伊斯哈格说，阿慕尔·本·阿米尔是一名祭司。另有人说，他的妻子是哈米尔人的塔里法·宾特·阿尔-海尔，她是一名女祭司。她预言了他们国家的毁灭，仿佛从那只老鼠或田鼠身上看到了某种征兆，于是他们做了他们所做的事，真主至知！关于他的完整故事，已在经注中依据伊克里迈通过伊本·艾布·哈提姆所传而提及。
As-Sadi narrated the like and Muhammad Ibn Ishaq said that 'Amr Ibn `Amir was a priest. Others said that his wife was Tarifah Bint Al-Khair Al-Himyariyah and that she was a priestess. She foretold the destruction of their country as if they saw an indication in that rat or mouse, so they did what they did, and Allah knows best! His whole story was mentioned in the Exegesis on the authority of `Ikriamh after Ibn Abu Hatim.
然而,并非所有赛伯人在水坝崩溃后都迁离了也门,大多数人仍留在了那里。只有马利卜水坝的居民离开并散居于各地。这一点在前面提到的、由阿卜杜拉·伊本·阿拔斯传述的圣训中有所说明:也门人中的大多数并未离开也门,只有四个部族离开,六个部族留了下来。他们继续在那里生活,统治权仍由他们和土伯尔人掌握,直到他们被尼古斯派遣、由阿布拉哈和阿里雅特率领的军队剥夺了自治权,时间约七十年。之后,在先知穆罕默德ﷺ诞生前不久,赛records·伊本·Dhi·雅赞·阿尔-希姆叶里夺回了统治权。然后,安拉的先知ﷺ……
However, not all the people of Saba' moved from the Yemen after the collapsing of the dam, but the majority thereof stayed there. Only the people of the Dam (Ma'rab) went away and dispersed in the land. This is expressed in the Hadith mentioned earlier that was narrated by `Abdullah Ibn `Abbas, that the majority of the Yemenites did not movem from the Yemen. Only four tribes quitted and six tribes stayed. They continued to live there and the ruling was kept by them and the Tababi`ah till they were deprived of their own self-ruling - for about seventy years -by the army sent by the Negus under the command of Abraha and Aryat. Then, it was regained by Saif Ibn Dhi Yazan AI-Himyari shortly before Prophet Muhammad's birth. Then, Allah's Prophet (Peace be upon him)
先知ﷺ派遣阿里·伊本·阿比·塔利卜和哈立德·伊本·瓦利德前往也门，随后又派遣艾卜·穆萨·艾什尔里和穆阿兹·伊本·哲白勒，去邀请人们信奉伊斯兰教。之后，艾斯瓦德·阿安西占据了也门，并驱逐了安拉的使者ﷺ的代理人。在艾卜·伯克尔·single-siddeeq时期，艾斯瓦德·阿安西被杀，穆斯林在也门重新占据了上风。
sent to the Yemen `Ali Ibn Abu Talib and Khalid Ibn Al-Walid, then Abu Musa Al- Ash`ari and Mu`adh Ibn Jabal to invite the people to embrace Islam. Then, Al- Aswad Al-`Ansi seized the Yemen and drove out the deputies of Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him). During the era of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, Al-Aswad Al-`Ansi was killed and the Muslims had the upper hand in the Yemen.