Kapitalizm va uning asosiy tamoyillari o‘z paydo bo‘lganidan beri tanqid, shubha va hujumlar ostida qolib kelmoqda. Eng jiddiy hujumlar orasida Marks, Engels va Lenin kabi sotsialistik va kommunistik faylasuflardan kelganlari bor. Ba’zi islomiy mutafakkirlar esa boshqacha nuqtai nazardan tanqid bildirdilar.

Since its inception, capitalism and its main principles have been under scrutiny, criticism, and attack. Among the most serious attacks are those that came from socialist and communist philosophers such as Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Some Islamic thinkers provided criticism from a different perspective.

Aynan kapitalizmning asosiy tamoyillariga eng chuqur tanqidlardan birini bergan Marks bo‘ldi. Marks kapitalizm haqidagi bayonida “qiymat” ta’rifiga e’tibor qaratdi va kapitalizm nazariyasida jiddiy va asosiy nuqson topdi deb o‘yladi. Marks “qiymat”ni qayta ta’rifladi va kapitalizmning asosiy g‘oyalariga hujum qilish uchun o‘zining “qiymat” ta’rifidan foydalandi. Marks qiymatni “mahsulot ishlab chiqarish jarayoniga sarflangan mehnat miqdori” sifatida ta’rifladi. U har qanday mahsulotning foydasi to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri ishchi tomonidan sarflangan mehnatning natijasi ekanligini da’vo qiladi. Bu dehqonlar tomonidan yerda yetishtirilgan mahsulotlarga ham, ishchilar tomonidan sanoatda ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlarga ham tegishlidir. Marks “ortiqcha qiymat”ni mahsulot iste’mol qilingandan keyin kapitalist tomonidan o‘zida qoldirilgan mehnat miqdori (yoki uning pul ekvivalenti) sifatida ta’rifladi. Marksning ta’kidlashicha, bu ortiqcha qiymat ishlab chiqarish vositalarining (yer yoki fabrika) egalari tomonidan ishchilarning mehnatini to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri o‘g‘irlashdir. Marks, ortiqcha qiymat ishlab chiqarish vositalari egalari qo‘lida, qiymatni dastlab yaratgan mehnatkashlar hisobiga, boylikning ulkan to‘planishiga olib kelishini bashorat qildi. Oxir-oqibat, bu jarayon qiymatni yaratuvchi mehnatkashlar sinfi bilan uni o‘zida saqlab qoluvchi kapitalistlar sinfi o‘rtasida to‘qnashuvga olib kelishi kerak edi.

But it was Marx who provided one of the most thorough criticisms of the basic principles of capitalism. Marx, in his account of capitalism, focused on the definition of “value” and thought to have found a major and fundamental defect in the theory of capitalism. Marx redefined the “value” and used his own definition of “value” to attack the core ideas of capitalism. Marx defined value as “the amount of labor invested in the process of producing a product.” He claims that whatever benefit a product has is a direct result of the labor invested by a laborer. This applies to products of lands made by farmers as well as products of industry made by workers. Marx defined the “surplus value” to be the amount of labor (or its monetary equivalent) retained by the capitalist after the consumption of the product. This surplus value, Marx maintains, is a direct theft of the labor of workers by the ones who own the means of production (the land or factory). Marx predicted that the surplus value will result in a massive accumulation of wealth in the hands of the owners of the means of production at the expense of those who exert their labors to produce the value in the first place. Eventually, this process should lead to a clash between the class of laborers who produce the value and the class of capitalists who retain the value to themselves32.

Marksning kapitalizm asosiy tamoyillari, ya'ni tovarlarning qiymati va narxiga o'z tanqidini qaratgani uning asosiy hissasidir. Marksning tahlili o'z-o'zidan kamchilikka ega. Uning asosiy xatosi shundaki, u o'z muhokamasi va tahlilini qiymatning o'ziga xos ta'rifiga asoslagan. "Qo'shimcha qiymat" tushunchasi Marksning kapitalizmga qarshi nazariyasida ham kuchli tomoni, ham zaif nuqtasidir; bu jihatdan u Axilles tovoniga o'xshaydi. Shuni ta'kidlash kifoyaki, dehqon bir-biriga tutash ikki yer uchastkasini bir xil turdagi ekinlar bilan, bir xil asboblar yordamida ekib-parvarish qilishi mumkin, ammo mahsulotlari uchun ikki xil natija olishi mumkin. Ravshanki, miqdori va sifati turlicha bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan mahsulotlarning qiymati ikki holatda ham bir xil bo'lgan dehqon mehnatiga teng bo'la olmaydi. Qo'shimcha qiymat tushunchasining noaniqligi va kamchiligini ko'rsatish uchun shunga o'xshash ko'plab misollar keltirish mumkin.

The main contribution of Marx is the fact that he directed his criticism to the core principles of capitalism, namely, the value and the price of goods. Marx’s analysis is inherently flawed. His major error is that he based his discussion and analysis on his own definition of the value. The “surplus value” concept is at once the point of strength and the point of weakness in Marx’s theory of anti-capitalism; in this respect it resembles the Achilles’ heel. It is sufficient to point out that the farmer may cultivate and farm two pieces of adjacent lands with the same type of crops, using the same tools, and still receive two different results for his products. Obviously, the value of the products, which may be different in quantity and quality, cannot be equal to the labor of the farmer which is the same in both cases. Many examples of the like can be cited to show the inaccuracy and flaw of the surplus value concept.

So yaqinda Sorin Cucerai o'zining "Kapitalizmdan qo'rqish va uning manbalaridan biri" nomli maqolasida kapitalizm haqida quyidagi fikrlarni bildiradi39:

More recently, Sorin Cucerai makes the following comments on capitalism in his article “The Fear of Capitalism and One of Its Sources”39:

Paradoksal ravishda, kapitalizmning "erkinligi va farovonligi" faqat odamlarning oziq-ovqat va boshpanaga bevosita kirishini inkor etish orqali mumkin. Bu kapitalistik erkinlikka ega bo'lish uchun biz o'z tabiatimizdan begonalashishimiz kerak. Kapitalistik tartibda yashaydigan har bir inson mohiyatan beqaror mavjudotdir, ildizidan zaif.

Paradoxically, the “freedom and prosperity of capitalism” are possible only by denying people direct access to food and shelter. In order to have this capitalist freedom, we must be alienated from our own nature. Any individual that lives in the capitalist order is a fundamentally precarious being, of a radical frailty.

Kapitalizm doirasidagi olimlar tomonidan bildirilgan asosiy tanqidlar jamiyat iqtisodiy ishlariga davlatning aralashish darajasiga qaratilgan edi. Kapitalizmning eng sof shakli davlatning eng kam aralashuvini talab qiladi, bunda muvozanat narx mexanizmi orqali erishiladi; bu laissez-faire kapitalizmi (“uni o‘z holiga qoldirish” degan ma’noni anglatadi). Laissez-faire kapitalizmi moliyaviy va iqtisodiy inqirozlar, tanazzullar va depressiyalar paytida qattiq hujum va tanqidga uchraydi. Forbes.com onlayn jurnali 2009-yil 19-fevralda “Laissez-Faire Capitalism Has Failed” (“Laissez-faire kapitalizmi muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi”) sarlavhali maqolani e’lon qildi, muallifi Nouriel Roubini bo‘lib, u shunday yozadi: “Hozir bu inqirozning yanada og‘irroq, ko‘p yillik, L shaklidagi, Yaponiya uslubidagi stag-deflyatsiyaga (turg‘unlik, tanazzul va deflyatsiyaning halokatli uyg‘unligi) aylanish xavfi ortib bormoqda.” Kapitalizmning asosiy tamoyillariga nisbatan jiddiy va muhim tanqidlar taniqli islomiy mutafakkirlar, xususan, Taqiyuddin an-Nabhoniy va Muhammad Boqir as-Sadr tomonidan bildirilgan. An-Nabhoniy kapitalizmga bo‘lgan tanqidini “Islomdagi iqtisodiy tizim” (The Economic System in Islam) kitobida batafsil bayon qilgan. As-Sadr esa kapitalizmning xatolari haqidagi batafsil fikrlarini “Iqtisodimiz — Iqtisaduna” kitobida keltirgan. An-Nabhoniy kapitalizmning uch tamoyiliga (nisbiy kamyob, qiymat va narx mexanizmi) e’tibor qaratgan. As-Sadrning asosiy e’tibori esa xususiy mulk va mulkdorlikka qaratilgan edi.

The main criticism that came from scholars within the framework of capitalism focused on the level of government intervention in the economics affairs of a society. The purest form of capitalism calls for the least government involvement where equilibrium is achieved through the price mechanism; this is the laissez-faire capitalism (translated to “leave it to be”). Laissez-faire capitalism comes under severe attack and criticism during financial and economic crisis, recessions, and depressions. The Forbes.com online magazine published an article on Feb 19, 2009, under the title “Laissez-Faire capitalism Has Failed” authored by Nouriel Roubini, where he writes, “There is now a rising risk that this crisis will turn into an uglier, multiyear, L-shaped, Japanese-style stag-deflation (a deadly combination of stagnation, recession and deflation.” Serious and significant criticisms of the fundamental principles of capitalism were made by prominent Islamic thinkers, namely, Taqiuddin al-Nabhani and Mohammad Baqir Al-Sadr. Al-Nabhani detailed his critique of capitalism in his book The Economic System in Islam41. Al-Sadr provided a detailed account of the errors of capitalism in his book Our Economy—Iqtisaduna42. Al-Nabhani focused on the three principles of capitalism (relative scarcity, value, and price mechanism). Al-Sadr’s main focus was on the private property and ownership.

Quyidagi bo‘limlarda biz kapitalizmning ayrim asosiy kamchiliklarini tekshiramiz va bu kamchiliklar kapitalizmni qo‘llash yillari davomida qanday noto‘g‘ri xatti-harakatlarga olib kelganini ko‘rsatamiz. Bu kamchiliklar yashirin nuqsonlar sifatida qolib kelgan va vaqti-vaqti bilan jiddiy xatolarga sabab bo‘lgan. Hukumat aralashuvi bu kamchilik va xatolarning ta’sirini cheklash hamda tizimlarning to‘liq ishdan chiqishining oldini olish uchun qo‘llanilgan. 2008-yil 3-aprelda kongress qo‘mitasiga bergan bayonotida Federal zaxira tizimi rahbari Bernanke shunday degan: “Agar Bear Stearns bankrot bo‘lishiga ruxsat berilganida, defoltning salbiy ta’siri faqat moliya tizimi bilan cheklanib qolmas edi, balki aktivlar qiymati va kredit olish imkoniyatlari orqali real iqtisodiyotda keng miqyosda sezilgan bo‘lar edi”47.

In the following sections, we will investigate some of the major flaws within capitalism and then show how these flaws have led to the creation of erroneous behavior over the years of capitalism application. These flaws have remained as dormant faults and have caused serious errors time and time again. Government intervention had been utilized to contain the impact of these flaws and errors and have attempted to prevent a complete failure of the systems. In a statement made to a congressional committee on April 3, 2008, the Fed Reserve chief Bernanke said that “if Bear Stearns had been allowed to fail, the adverse impact of a default would not have been confined to the financial system but would have been felt broadly in the real economy through its effects on asset values and credit availability”47.

Kapitalizmning asosiy kamchiliklari va nuqsonlari uning asosiy tamoyillariga singib ketgan bo‘lib, ular Adam Smit va Devid Rikardo tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan (34, 35). Bu tamoyillar “nisbiy kamyoblik”, “mahsulot qiymati” va “narx mexanizmi”dir. Quyidagi bo‘limlarda ularning har birini va ulardagi kamchiliklarni muhokama qilamiz.

The main flaws and defects within capitalism are embedded within its main principles, which were developed by Adam Smith and David Ricardo (34, 35). These principles are the “relative scarcity,” the “value of a product,” and the “price mechanism.” We will discuss each one of these principles and the flaws within them in the following sections.