Iqtisodiy tizimning muvaffaqiyati yoki muvaffaqiyatsizligi, shu iqtisodiy tizim ostida yashovchi odamlarning hayotiga u ko'rsatadigan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ta'sir bilan o'lchanishi kerak. Iqtisodiy o'sish, boylikning kengayishi va moliyaviy barqarorlik ko'rsatkichlari jamiyatdagi odamlarning ahvoli bilan bog'liq bo'lishi kerak. Bu holda, kapitalizm kabi iqtisodiy tizimning ta'siri odamlarga ta'minlangan xavfsizlik va qoniqish darajasi bilan o'lchanishi kerak. Xavfsizlik va qoniqish esa yana oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi, ta'lim xavfsizligi, sog'liqni saqlash xavfsizligi va jismoniy xavfsizlik bo'yicha o'lchanadi. Tizim barqarorligining yana bir o'lchovi — iqtisodiy asosga bo'lgan axloqiy, ma'naviy va mafkuraviy ishonch hamda ishonchdir.

The success or failure of an economic system should be measured by the direct impact it has on the life of the people who live under that economic system. Measures of economic growth, wealth expansion, and financial stability should be correlated to the plights of people in the society. The impact of the economic system, in this case capitalism, should be measured by the level of security and satisfaction provided to the people. The security and satisfaction are further measured in terms of food security, education security, health security, and physical security. Another measure of the stability of the system is the moral, ethical, and ideological conviction and trust in the economic foundation.

So'nggi yuz yil ichida dunyo arenasida ikki asosiy tizim hukmron bo'lib keldi, ya'ni kapitalizm va sotsializm. Sotsializm yigirmanchi asr oxiriga kelib to'liq muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchrab barham topdi va shuning uchun bu kitobda tushunchani aniqlashtirish zarur bo'lgan hollardan tashqari muhokama qilinmaydi.

Two major systems have dominated the world arena in the last one hundred years, namely, capitalism and socialism. Socialism collapsed before the end of the twentieth century with a complete failure and hence will not be discussed in this book except where it is needed to clarify a concept.

Sotsializm qulaganidan so'ng kapitalizm butun dunyoda hukmronlik qila boshladi; kapitalizmning turli shakllari dunyoning turli qismlarida mavjud. Hatto sotsialistik Xitoy ham o'ziga xos sotsialistik kapitalizm yo'lini tanlagan. Sovet leninchi sotsializmi qulagandan so'ng kapitalizm global iqtisodiyot davriga kirdi, rasmiyroq aytganda globallashuv davriga. Globallashuv kapitalizmning ta'siri va nufuzini deyarli dunyoning har bir burchagiga yetkazdi. Qo'shma Shtatlarda boshlangan so'nggi moliyaviy inqiroz Yevropa, Yaponiya, Xitoy, Yaqin Sharq va Afrikaga ham ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Kapitalizm ta'sirini o'rganish biror bir millat bilan cheklanmaydi; aksincha, uning ta'siri global miqyosda kuzatiladi.

After the collapse of socialism, capitalism proceeded to dominate the entire globe; different flavors of capitalism exist in different parts of the world. Even socialist China has adopted a cocialist brand of capitalism. After the collapse of Soviet Leninist socialism, capitalism had entered the era of global economy, more officially known as globalization. Globalization extended the impact and influence of capitalism to almost every corner of the world. The most recent financial crisis, which started in the United States, rippled through Europe, Japan, China, the Middle East, and Africa. The study of the impact of capitalism is not constrained to a particular nation; rather its impact is observed globally.

Kapitalizmning butun dunyo iqtisodiy vaziyatidagi mas'uliyati e'tirof etilgan haqiqatdir. Globallashuv dunyo kapitalizmini dunyoning de-fakto iqtisodiy tizimiga aylantirdi. Kapitalistik dunyoning ikki asosiy vositasi bo'lgan Jahon banki va Xalqaro valyuta jamg'armasi (XVJ) faoliyati rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlardagi iqtisodiy sharoitlar uchun bevosita va bilvosita javobgardir.

The responsibility of capitalism to the economic situation of the world at large is an acknowledged fact. Globalization has made world capitalism the de facto economic system of the world. The activities of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the two main instruments of the capitalist world, are directly and indirectly responsible for the economic conditions in the developing world.

Dunyo miqyosidagi qashshoqlik bilan kapitalistik vosita bo'lgan XVF o'rtasidagi bog'liqlik ko'plab holatlar va hikoyalarda o'z aksini topadi. Shunday holatlardan biri yaqinda Gaitidagi guruch inqirozida aniq ko'zga tashlanadi. Gaitidagi guruch inqirozi rivojlanish va globallashuvga e'tibor qaratadigan janubiy mamlakatlar kommunikatsiya institutı bo'lgan Inter Press Service (IPS) tomonidan nashr etilgan ta'sirchan maqolada hikoya qilingan62.

The relation between poverty in the world at large and the capitalist instrument, the IMF is reflected in numerous cases and stories. One of such cases stands clear in the recent Haiti rice crisis. The Haiti rice crisis is narrated in a moving article, published by Inter Press Service (IPS), a communication institution with focus on development and globalization in the south62.

Maqola uch bolali bir ayol haqida xabar beradi, u bir paytlar dunyodagi eng yirik guruch yetishtiruvchi davlatlardan biri bo‘lgan mamlakatda uch farzandini boqish uchun guruch sotib olishga endi qurbi yetmayotganini aytadi. Uch farzand onasi bu ikkilanishni tushuntiradi: bir kichik banka guruch o‘zi oltmish besh sent turadi, yog‘ yigirma besh sent, ko‘mir esa yigirma besh sent. Bir dollar yigirma besh sent bilan (BMT belgilagan mutlaq qashshoqlik chegarasi) hatto bitta bola uchun guruchli taom ham tayyorlab bo‘lmaydi. Gaiti, yarim sharning eng kambag‘al mamlakati, iste’mol qiladigan oziq-ovqatning ko‘pchilik qismini import qiladi; bu milliy ishlab chiqarishni zaiflashtirgan erkin bozor siyosatining natijasidir. Gaiti prezidenti Rene Preval “arzon import qilingan guruch milliy yetishtirilgan guruchni yo‘q qildi” deb tan olgan62. O‘ttiz yil oldin Gaiti iste’mol qiladigan deyarli barcha guruchni o‘zi ishlab chiqarardi. Ammo 1980-yillarning oxirida, harbiy hunta Xalqaro valyuta fondi (XVF) ko‘magida iqtisodiyotni liberallashtira boshlagach, mamlakatni arzon import qilingan AQSh guruchi to‘ldirib yubordi.

The article reports on a woman with three children who says that she can no longer afford to purchase rice to feed her three children in a country which once was one of the largest rice producers in the world. The mother of three explains the dilemma: a little can of rice alone costs sixty-five cents, oil is twenty-five cents, and charcoal is twenty-five cents. With dollar twenty-five cents (the absolute poverty line set by the UN), you can’t even make a rice meal for one child. Haiti, the hemisphere’s poorest country, imports most of the food it consumes; this is the result of free-market policies that have undermined national production. The president of Haiti René Préval recognized that “cheap imported rice destroyed nationally grown rice”62. Thirty years ago, Haiti produced nearly all the rice it consumed. But in the late 1980s, cheap imported US rice flooded the country after a military junta began liberalizing the economy with support from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Import qilingan guruchning dastlabki partiyalari qurolli konvoylar tomonidan kuzatib borilgan. Guruch etishtiruvchi dehqonlar AQShdan keltirilgan guruchni o'z mahsulotlari va turmush manbalari uchun xavf deb bilishgan. Keyinchalik ma'lum bo'lishicha, ularning xavotirlari asossiz emas edi. 1994 yilda XVF homiyligidagi reja import qilinadigan guruchga solinadigan bojni 35% dan 3% gacha tushirdi, bu mintaqadagi eng past ko'rsatkich edi. Bir yil ichida guruch importi hajmi ikki baravar oshdi.

The first batches of imported rice were escorted by armed convoys. Rice farmers regarded the imported US rice as a threat to their production and livelihoods. As it turned out, their concerns were justified. In 1994, an IMF-sponsored plan cut tariffs on imported rice from 35% to 3%, the lowest in the region. In one year, the amount of rice imports doubled.

AQSh hukumati o'z guruch dehqonlariga subsidiya beradi, Gaitidagi hamkasblari esa Xalqaro valyuta fondi bilan tuzilgan kelishuv shartlariga ko'ra buni qilishdan man etilgan. So'nggi yigirma yil ichida Gaitida guruch ishlab chiqarish ikki baravarga qisqardi, bozorda esa importdagi mahsulot ustunlik qilmoqda. Gaitining ko'plab aholisi uchun esa yetarli ovqatlanmaslik va ochlik qolgan yagona yo'l bo'lib qoldi.

While the US government subsidizes its own rice farmers, its Haitian counterpart was prohibited from doing so under the terms of their agreement with the IMF. Over the last twenty years, rice production in Haiti has been cut in half, while imports now dominate the market. For many people in Haiti, undernutrition and starvation is the only remaining option.

Yigirmanchi asrning oxiriga kelib, savdoni erkinlashtirish va eksportga yo‘naltirilgan qishloq xo‘jaligi ta’siri ostida dunyo bo‘ylab yigirma-o‘ttiz million kishi yerlaridan mahrum bo‘lgan, deb taxmin qilinadi63. 1954 yilda 480-sonli Ommaviy qonun sifatida rasmiylashtirilgan AQSh xalqaro oziq-ovqat yordam dasturi keyingi ikki o‘n yillikda oziq-ovqat savdosi manzarasida hukmronlik qildi. AQSh boshqaruvidagi oziq-ovqat ortiqchalari kelajakdagi xaridorlar deb hisoblangan davlatlarga taqsimlandi. Bu oziq-ovqat eksporti tizimi haqiqatan ham arzon asosiy oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari bilan mahalliy fermerlarni zaiflashtirdi64.

By the end of the twentieth century, twenty to thirty million people around the world were estimated to have lost their land under the impact of trade liberalization and export agriculture63. The US international food aid program, formalized in 1954 as Public Law 480, dominated the food trade landscape over the next two decades. US-managed food surpluses were distributed to states regarded as future customers. This food export regime indeed undermined local farmers with low-priced staple foods64.

Mahalliy iqtisodiyotlarga ta'sir ko'rsatishning asosiy vositalari butun dunyo bo'ylab Jahon banki va Xalqaro valyuta fondi bo'lib kelgan, ular tuzilmaviy moslashuv dasturlari (SAPs) deb nomlanuvchi yo'l orqali. Kredit shartlari sifatida shakllantirilgan SAPs qabul qiluvchi davlatlarni savdo va investitsiya siyosatini liberallashtirishga majbur qiluvchi makroiqtisodiy siyosat o'zgarishlarini talab qilgan. Natijada hukumatlar import qilinadigan tovarlarga bojlarni kamaytirdi, mahalliy mahsulotlar, ayniqsa oziq-ovqat uchun subsidiyalarni bekor qildi, keng yer maydonlarini dehqonchilikdan konchilik va neft qidiruviga o'tkazdi hamda davlatlarni kreditlarni to'lashda qiyinchiliklarga duchor qildi. Oxir-oqibatda bu gigant kapitalistik korporatsiyalarga oziq-ovqat va ta'minot uchun import qilinadigan mahsulotlarga bog'liqlikka olib keldi.

The main instruments of influencing the local economies worldwide have been the World Bank and the IMF through what is known as the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). Formulated as loan conditions, SAPs mandated macroeconomic policy changes that obligate recipient nations to liberalize their trade and investment policies. As a result, governments reduced tariffs on imported goods, lifted subsidies on local products, particularly food, moved large acreage land from farming into mining and oil exploration, and plunged the nations into difficulty to repay loans. The end result is dependence on imported foods and supplies by giant capitalist corporations.

Dunyoda kapitalizmning ustunligi va uning jahon iqtisodiy sharoitlariga ta'siri keng tarqalgan qashshoqlik, ochlik, sog'liqni saqlash epidemiyalari va boshqa ko'plab holatlarda kuzatilmoqda.

The dominance of capitalism in the world and its impact on world economic conditions are observed in prevalent poverty, hunger, health epidemics, and much more.

Kapitalizmning asosiy tamoyillari va uning siyosiy iqtisodiyotini muhokama qilish tizimning o‘zagida bir qancha nuqson va kamchiliklarni ochib berdi, xususan kamyoblik, qiymat, narx va xususiy mulk tamoyillarida. Jiddiy kamchiliklarga ega bo‘lgan tizimni amalga oshirish vaqt o‘tishi bilan bunday tizim ostida yashayotgan odamlarning hayotida bir qator g‘ayritabiiy holatlar, inqirozlar va xavf-xatarlarni keltirib chiqarishi kutiladi. Bu xulosa 2-bo‘limda muhokama qilingan nuqson-xato-muvaffaqiyatsizlik modelidan kelib chiqadi. U, shuningdek, kuzatuvlar hamda real hayotdagi statistik ma’lumotlar va raqamlar bilan ham tasdiqlanadi.

The discussion of the basic principles of capitalism and its political economy revealed several defects and flaws at the core of the system, particularly the principles of scarcity, value, price, and private ownership. The implementation of a system with major flaws is expected to produce over time several anomalies, crises, and pitfalls in the life of people living under such system. This conclusion follows from the fault-error-failure model discussed in section.2. It is also supported by observations and real-life statistics and data.

Keyingi bo'limlarda kapitalistik iqtisodiy tizim sharoitida hozirgi zamon dunyosining haqiqiy ma'lumotlarini ko'rib chiqamiz. Ma'lumotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, asosiy iqtisodiy tamoyillardagi nazariy kamchiliklar aholining juda katta qismiga ulkan falokatli oqibatlar keltirayotgan jiddiy xatolarga olib kelgan. Inqirozning ta'sirini yumshatish, butun kapitalizm tizimining to'liq qulashi va barbod bo'lishining oldini olish umidida, qulab tushayotgan iqtisodiy subyektlarni qutqarish va davlat tomonidan sotib olish orqali doimiy urinishlar va majburiy aralashuvlar amalga oshirilmoqda.

In the next sections, we will examine actual data from the contemporary world conditions under capitalist economic system. The data shows that the theoretical flaws of the major economic principles have led to serious errors that continue to cause huge catastrophic effects on very large segment of the population in the world. Continuous attempts and forced intervention through bailouts and government buyout of failing economic entities are sought to contain the impact of the crisis, hoping to prevent a complete collapse and failure of the entire system of capitalism.