Kapitalizmning asl nazariyasi millatlar boyligini oshirish uchun ishlab chiqarishni ko'paytirishni talab qiladi. U yanada ilgari surib, ishlab chiqarishning ko'payishi talab va taklif dinamikasi hamda narx mexanizmi bilan birga yaratilgan boylikni jamiyat a'zolari o'rtasida eng yaxshi taqsimlanishini kafolatlaydi, deb da'vo qiladi. Kapitalizm sharoitida boylik ishlab chiqarish so'nggi yuz yil davomida, jahon urushlari davridagi bir necha istisnolardan tashqari, uzluksiz o'sib bordi. Shu bilan birga, mahalliy, milliy va xalqaro standartlarga ko'ra kambag'al hisoblangan odamlar soni boylikning o'sishiga befarq bo'lib qoldi. Bu hodisa butun dunyoda kuzatiladi: bu AQSh kabi juda boy mamlakatlarni ham, Gaiti va Saharadan janubiy Afrika kabi juda kambag'al mintaqalarni ham qamrab oladi.

The original theory of capitalism calls for the increase in production and consequently the increase in the wealth of nations. It further claims that the increased production coupled with the dynamics of supply and demand and the price mechanism will guarantee the best distribution of the produced wealth to the members of the society. Production of wealth under capitalism has continuously risen over the past one hundred years, with few exceptions during world wars. In the meantime, the number of people who are classified as poor based on local national and international standards continued to be indifferent to the wealth growth. This phenomenon is a worldwide phenomenon which includes extremely rich nations such as the USA as well as extremely poor nations such as Haiti and the sub-Saharan Africa.

Oziq-ovqat va qishloq xo‘jaligi tashkiloti (FAO)ning Jahon oziq-ovqat sammitlaridan birida davlat va hukumat rahbarlari qabul qilgan bayonotda ochlikning davom etayotgani chuqur tashvish bilan qayd etilgan, chunki u milliy jamiyatlar uchun ham, xalqaro hamjamiyatning barqarorligi uchun ham tahdid hisoblanadi51. Bayonotga ko‘ra, “dunyoda, ayniqsa rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda 800 milliondan ortiq odamning asosiy oziqlanish ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun yetarli oziq-ovqatga ega emasligi chidab bo‘lmas holdir”. Rahbarlar oziq-ovqat ta’minoti sezilarli darajada oshganini tasdiqlaydi, biroq qashshoqlik va ochlik davom etmoqda. Oziq-ovqat ta’minotining ochlikni kamaytirmasdan oshgani e’tirof etilgan bo‘lsa-da, ular yechim sifatida yana shuning o‘zi – “oziq-ovqat ishlab chiqarishning oshirilishi”ni ko‘proq qilish kerakligini ta’kidladilar.

In a statement made by the heads of state and government at one of the World Food Summits of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), they expressed their deep concern over the persistence of hunger which constitutes a threat both to national societies and to the stability of the international community itself51. According to the statement, “it is intolerable that more than 800 million people throughout the world, and particularly in developing countries, do not have enough food to meet their basic nutritional needs.” The leaders confirm that food supplies have increased substantially, but poverty and hunger continue to persist. Despite their recognition that food supply has increased without reducing hunger, they insisted that the solution will be more of the same “increased food production.”.

Ushbu deklaratsiyada dunyo rahbarlari qashshoqlik va ochlikdagi jiddiy muammo mavjudligini tasdiqlaydilar. Shu bilan birga, ular yechim resurslar va mahsulotlarni ko‘paytirishda ekanligini takrorlashda davom etadilar. Ular shuni qayd etishlari kerak edi: kamchilik oziq-ovqat ishlab chiqarishning unumdorligida emas, balki uni taqsimlash mexanizmida bo‘lib, bu mexanizm har bir insonning oziq-ovqat, tovarlar va xizmatlardan to‘g‘ri foydalanishini ta’minlay olmayapti. Resurslarni taqsimlash mexanizmi o‘zgarishsiz qolmoqda. Oxir-oqibat natija avvalgidek davom etadi. Resurslar ishlab chiqarilishi allaqachon boy bo‘lganlarning boyligini oshiradi, ammo ularga eng ko‘p muhtoj bo‘lganlarga foyda keltirmaydi.

In this declaration, the leaders of the world confirm the existence of a serious problem in poverty and hunger. In the meantime, they continue to declare that the solution is to increase the resources and products. They should have noted that the defect is not in the productivity of food; rather it is the mechanism of its distribution that fails to enable each and every person to have the proper access to food, commodities, and services. The mechanism of distribution of the resources remains unchanged. The end result will continue to be the same. The production of resources will increase the wealth of the already wealthy, but will not benefit those who need these resources the most.

Aslida, butun dunyo, shuningdek alohida millatlarning yalpi milliy mahsuloti yoki yalpi ichki mahsuloti o'nlab yillar davomida o'sib kelmoqda. 3-rasmda 1929 yildan beri Qo'shma Shtatlarning YaMM ko'rsatkichlari o'sishi aks ettirilgan. Qisqa muddatli davrlardan tashqari, YaMM doimo o'sib borgan. 1970 yildan keyin YaMM eksponensial sur'atlarda o'sa boshladi; aynan shu davrda Qo'shma Shtatlar oltin standartidan voz kechdi; bu haqda keyinroq batafsil to'xtalamiz. Hozirgi kunda Qo'shma Shtatlarning YaMM o'n to'rt trillion dollardan oshib ketgan.

In fact, the gross national or domestic product of individual nations as well as of the world at large has been on the rise for decades. Figure 3 shows the increase in GNP figures for the United States since 1929. Except for a short period of time, the GNP has always increased. After 1970, the GNP began to increase at exponential rates; this is the time when the United States departed away from the gold standard; more on this later. The current GNP in the United States exceeds fourteen trillion dollars.

AQSh’dagi kambag‘allik ko‘rsatkichlari va foizlari 4-rasmda ko‘rsatilgan. Shuni e’tiborga olish kerakki, mamlakatdagi umumiy boylik eksponensial sur’atda o‘sgan bo‘lsa-da, 1970 yildan keyin kambag‘al odamlar soni ortishda davom etgan. Kambag‘allik darajasi ulkan boylik o‘sishiga qaramay (1970 yildagi 1 trillion dollardan 2008 yildagi 14,5 trillion dollargacha) o‘rtacha 12,5% atrofida qolmoqda.

The poverty numbers and rates in the United States are shown in figure 4. Note that the number of poor people continued to increase after 1970 despite the fact that the total wealth in the country was increasing at an exponential rate. The poverty rates continue to average around 12.5% despite the tremendous wealth increase (from $1 trillion in 1970 to $14.5 trillion in 2008).

Rasm 5 Qo'shma Shtatlardagi boylik o'sishini kambag'allik darajasi bilan solishtiradi. Boylik o'sishda davom etayotgani, kambag'al odamlar soni esa o'rtacha o'ttiz million kishi atrofida qolayotganiga e'tibor bering. Bu raqamlar dunyodagi eng boy davlat va kapitalizmning yetakchisi bo'lgan Qo'shma Shtatlarga tegishli.

Figure 5 contrasts the wealth increase in the United States with the poverty rates. Note how the wealth continues to increase while the number of poor people remains averaged around thirty million people. These figures pertain to the United States, the richest country in the world and the leader of capitalism.

Kapitalizmning butun dunyoga ta'siri yanada halokatlidir. Qashshoqlik ko'rsatkichlari va darajalari ko'ngilsizlantiruvchidir. Bu haqiqatni dunyo rahbarlari, Jahon banki, BMTning Oziq-ovqat va qishloq xo'jaligi tashkiloti (FAO) kabi dunyo institutlari va tashkilotlari ham tan olmoqda.

The impact of capitalism on the world at large is more devastating. The poverty numbers and rates are disheartening. This fact is recognized by world leaders, world institutions and organizations such as the World Bank, the FAO, and others.

Kambag'allik shunday holat deb aytiladiki, bunda inson asosiy ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun zarur bo'lgan pul miqdoridan kamroq daromad topadi. Ushbu ta'rif kapitalistik qarashga mos keladi: unda narx va uning kimning ehtiyojlarini qondira olishi va kimning qondira olmasligini belgilashdagi roli nazarda tutiladi. O'z ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun zarur bo'lgan mahsulotlar narxidan kamroq pul (o'z mehnati yoki savdosi uchun narx) topadigan inson kambag'al hisoblanadi.

Poverty is said to exist when a person earns less money than he actually needs to fulfill his basic needs. This definition is consistent with the capitalist view of the price and its role in determining who would be able to satisfy his needs and who would not. A person who earns less money (price for his efforts or trade) than the price of the goods he needs to fulfill his needs is a poor one.

Shunday qilib, qashshoqlikni o'lchashning bir usuli — kuniga bir, ikki yoki undan ko'p dollardan kam daromad oladigan odamlar to'g'risida ma'lumot to'plashdir. Jahon banki ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 1981 yilda kuniga 1 dollardan kam daromadga ega bo'lgan odamlar soni 1,899 milliard edi. 2005 yilga kelib bu raqam 1,374 milliardgacha kamaydi. Qashshoqlik chegarasi kuniga ikki, uch, besh yoki o'n dollarga ko'tarilganda, kapitalizm ostidagi dunyo holati mutlaqo dahshatli bo'lib qoladi.

Hence, one way to measure poverty is to collect data on people who earn less than one, two, or more dollars per day. World Bank figures show that in 1981 there were 1.899 billion people whose income was less than $1 a day. This number was reduced to 1.374 billion in 2005. When the poverty line goes up to two, three, five, or ten dollars per day, the state of the world under capitalism becomes absolutely frightening.

Rasmda bir nechta qashshoqlik chegaralari bo‘yicha qashshoqlik ma’lumotlari keltirilgan53. Shuni e’tiborga olish kerakki, $1 ko‘rsatkichidan tashqari, qashshoqlar soni dunyo aholisining 40 foizidan yuqori bo‘lib qolmoqda.

Figure 6 presents poverty data for several poverty lines53. Note that except for the $1 data, the number of poor people continued to stay above 40% of the world population.

7-rasmda 1981-2005 yillar davomida qashshoqlik darajasining pasayishi ko‘rsatilgan. Eng katta pasayish kuniga 1 dollardan kam daromad oladigan odamlar sonida kuzatilgan: kuniga 1 dollardan kam yashaydiganlar ulushi yigirma besh yil ichida yarmiga kamaygan (50% dan 25% gacha). Kuniga besh yoki o‘n dollar topadiganlar uchun deyarli hech qanday yaxshilanish kuzatilmagan. 1981 yilda Qo‘shma Shtatlar va G‘arbiy Yevropadan tashqari dunyo aholisining 95% kuniga 10 dollardan kam yashagan; yigirma besh yildan keyin bu foiz atigi 93% gacha kamaygan. Shu davr ichida butun dunyo bo‘ylab narxlar va inflyatsiya keskin oshgan.

Figure 7 shows the reduction of poverty rates over the years (1981-2005). The largest reduction is in the number of people who earned less than $1 a day; the rate of people living under $1 a day was reduced by half over twenty-five years (50% to 25%). Very little improvement was observed for people who earned five or ten dollars a day. In 1981, 95% of the world population excluding the United States and Western Europe lived under $10 a day; twenty-five years later, this percentage was reduced only to 93%. Over the same period, prices and inflation have soared worldwide.

Shunday qilib, 1981-yilda kuniga 1 dollar topadigan va 2 dollarlik toifaga o'tgan odamlarning 50% ning hammasi ham yaxshiroq ahvolda emas. Qo'shma Shtatlardagi Mehnat statistikasi byurosi iste'mol narxlari indeksi (CPI) inflyatsiya darajasini hisoblash uchun hisoblash vositasidan foydalanadi54. Ushbu kalkulyatordan foydalanib, 1981-yilda 1 dollar bilan sotib olinadigan narsalar 2005-yilda 2,15 dollarni talab qiladi. Boshqacha aytganda, 1981-yilda kuniga 1 dollardan kam yashagan odamlar 2005-yilda ham xuddi shu kambag'allik holatida qolmoqdalar, garchi ularning yarmi endi kuniga 2 dollarga yashasa ham. 1947–2009-yillar davri uchun iste'mol narxlari indeksi 8-rasmda ko'rsatilgan. Narxlar 1972-yildan keyin qanchalik keskin oshganiga e'tibor bering (bu Qo'shma Shtatlar oltin standartdan voz kechgan davr).

In other words, the 50% of those who used to earn $1 in 1981 and moved to the $2 bracket are not necessarily better off. The Bureau of Labor Statistics in the United States uses a calculating tool to compute the consumer price index (CPI) inflation rate54. Using this calculator, what $1 could buy in 1981 requires $2.15 in 2005. In other words, the people who lived under $1 in 1981 continue to be in the same poverty status in 2005 even though half of them now live on $2 a day. The consumer price index for the period 1947-2009 is shown in figure 8. Note how sharply the prices increased after 1972 (this is the time when the United States departed from the gold standard).

Balki, qashshoqlikning eng halokatli oqibati ochlikdir. Ko'pincha odamlar qashshoqlikni shunchaki oldindan belgilangan miqdordan kam pul topadigan kishilar nuqtai nazaridan ta'riflashadi.

Perhaps the most devastating result of poverty is hunger. Quite often people refer to poverty simply in terms of people who earn less than a predetermined amount of money.

Muammo juda jiddiy tus oladi, qachonki kambag'al odam hayotini munosib ushlab turish uchun zarur oziq-ovqatga to'yib ovqat yeya olmaydigan bo'lib qoladi. Kapitalizm, tizim sifatida, ochlik masalasini hal qilmaydi. Aslida kapitalizm tamoyillari shunday imkoniyatni yuzaga keltiradiki, jamiyatdagi ayrim shaxslar o'z ehtiyojlarining ba'zilarini qondira olmaydi; bu ehtiyojlar ochlikni yo'qotish uchun zarur bo'lgan oziq-ovqatga bo'lgan ehtiyoj bo'lishi mumkin. Kapitalizm asossiz ravishda, har bir och qorinni to'yg'azish uchun resurslar (bu holda oziq-ovqat) yetarli emas, deb da'vo qiladi. Kapitalizm sharoitidagi ochlik hodisasiga javoban, ochlikka qarshi kurashish uchun ko'plab tashkilotlar tuzildi. Kapitalizm jamiyatlarida bunday tashkilotlarning mavjudligi kapitalizm tizim sifatida nafaqat ochlik epidemiyasi muammosini hal qila olmasligining, balki aynan shu muammoni keltirib chiqarayotganining oddiy isbotidir. Islom esa, boshqa tomondan (buni keyinroq muhokama qilamiz), ochlikni yo'qotishga chaqiradi va bu chaqiriqni Islomning asosiy tamoyiliga aylantiradi. Payg'ambar Muhammad ﷺ shunday degan deb rivoyat qilinadi: “Alloh va Uning Elchisi ﷺ jamiyatning bir a'zosiga och uxlashga ruxsat beradigan jamoadan voz kechadilar.”

The becomes problem really serious when the poor actually remains unable to fill his stomach with the necessary food to sustain a decent life. Capitalism as a system does not address the issue of hunger. In fact, the principles of capitalism give rise to the possibility that individuals in a society will not be able to satisfy some of their needs; these needs could very well be the need for food, which is necessary to eliminate hunger. Capitalism speciously claims that there is not enough resources (in this case food) to feed each and every hungry stomach. In response to the phenomenon of hunger under capitalism, many institutions were created to fight hunger. The existence of such institutions within the societies of capitalism is a simple proof that capitalism as a system not only fails to resolve the epidemic problem of hunger, but in fact it causes this problem. Islam, on the other hand (as will be discussed later), calls for the elimination of hunger and makes this call a fundamental principle of Islam. Prophet Mohammad is reported to have said, “Allah and his Messenger will disown a community which allows one of its members to sleep hungry.

AQSh iqtisodiyoti va boyligi ulkan o'sishiga qaramay, Amerikadagi ochlik bo'yicha shifokorlar guruhi (1984 yil boshida tashkil etilgan) xulosaga keldi: ochlik butun mamlakat miqyosida epidemiya darajasidagi muammo bo'lib, u yaxshilanish o'rniga yomonlashmoqda. Ular yana shuni xulosa qildilar: hozirgi siyosat Amerikadagi ochlikni yengillashtirmayapti56. Ko'pchilik bu haqiqatni qabul qilishi qiyin, deb ta'kidlaydi Ardis Armstrong Young57. U shunday savol beradi: "Agar amerikaliklar dunyoni boqish uchun yetarli oziq-ovqat yetishtira olsalar va och odamlar yeya oladiganidan ko'proq oziq-ovqatni isrof qilsalar, nega ular odamlarning ochlikdan azob chekishiga yo'l qo'yadilar?" Milliy ochlik va qashshoqlik markazi direktori Larri Braun o'zining "Amerikadagi ochlik: o'sib borayotgan epidemiya" kitobida AQShdagi ochlik muammosini qisqacha bayon qilib, shunday yozadi:

Agar ochlik Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida, dunyodagi eng boy mamlakatda, epidemiya darajasidagi muammo bo'lsa, unda ochlik Haiti, Bangladesh, Keniya va rivojlanayotgan hamda rivojlanmagan dunyoning qolgan qismida qanday ko'lamga ega? Dunyo ochligi bo'yicha statistik ma'lumotlar hayratlanarli, dahshatli va qo'rqinchlidir. Muammoning miqyosi shundan ko'rinadiki, dunyodagi isrof qilinayotgan resurslar va oziq-ovqat ochlarni to'yg'azish uchun etarlidir. Ko'p marta aniq bo'lganidek, muammo resurslarning yetishmasligida emas, balki taqsimlash mexanizmining ishlamayotganidadir.

If hunger is a problem with epidemic proportions in the United States, the richest country in the world, then what proportions does hunger have in Haiti, Bangladesh, Kenya, and the rest of the developing and underdeveloped world? The statistics on world hunger are shocking, startling, and terrifying. The magnitude of the problem is signified when we know that the wasted resources and food in the world are more than sufficient to feed the hungry. Time and again, it is clear that the mechanism of distribution that is failing; it is not the insufficiency of the resources.

Jahon banki va boshqa tashkilotlarning ochlik bo‘yicha nashr etilgan ma’lumotlari va statistikasiga ko‘ra, har ikki soniyada bir kishi ochlik va yetarli ovqatlanmaslik sababli vafot etadi, ularning 85 foizi bolalardir. Osiyo, Afrika va Lotin Amerikasi mamlakatlarida Jahon banki “mutlaq qashshoqlik” deb atagan holatda (kuniga 1 dollardan kam daromad bilan) hali ham 1,3 milliarddan ortiq odam yashaydi, bu esa turli kasalliklar, yetarli ovqatlanmaslik va ehtimoliy o‘limga olib keladi. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh kotibi Pan Gi Mun 2009-yilgi Ming yillik rivojlanish maqsadlari hisobotiga bildirgan bayonotida shunday deydi:

According to published data and statistics on hunger by World Bank and other organizations, one person every other second dies out of hunger and malnutrition, 85% of these are children. In the Asian, African, and Latin American countries, well over 1.3 billion people are still living in what the World Bank has called absolute poverty (below $1 a day)53, which results in various types of illnesses, malnutrition, and potential death. In a statement made by the secretary general of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon to the Millennium Development Goals report 200959, he says,

Biz maqsadlarimizga erishish uchun juda sekin harakat qildik. Bugun esa, to‘liq oqibatlari hali sezilmagan global iqtisodiy inqiroz bilan yuzma-yuzmiz.

We have been moving too slowly to meet our goals. And today, we face a global economic crisis whose full repercussions have yet to be felt.

Eng kamida, bu bizni bir qator muhim sohalarda yo‘ldan chetga chiqaradi, ayniqsa rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda. Eng yomon holatda esa, bu bizning va'damizni bajarishimizga to‘sqinlik qilishi, millionlab odamlarni yana qashshoqlikka mahkum etishi hamda ijtimoiy va siyosiy beqarorlik xavfini tug‘dirishi mumkin.

Sahroi Afrikaning janubiy qismi bunday sharoitlarning eng og'irini boshidan kechiradi: uning aholisining 30 foizi har kuni ochlik, yetarli ovqatlanmaslik va hayotning xavf ostida qolish xavfiga duch keladi. Jahon sog'liqni saqlash tashkilotining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, har kuni ellik mingdan ortiq odam kambag'allik bilan bog'liq sabablarga ko'ra vafot etadi. Ochlikdan eng ko'p zarar ko'radigan qatlam bolalardir: BMTning Bolalar jamg'armasi (UNICEF) hisobotiga muvofiq, ular orasida kuniga o'ttiz mingta o'lim holati qayd etiladi.

Sub-Saharan Africa experiences the worst of such conditions, where 30% of its population faces the danger of hunger, undernutrition and potential death on a daily basis. According to the World Health Organization60, more than fifty thousand people die every day from poverty-related causes. The children are the largest segment hit by hunger with thirty thousand deaths daily according to UNICEF report61.

Ochlik insonlardan, ayniqsa bolalardan, o‘sish uchun zarur bo‘lgan oziqlanishni olish imkoniyatini mahrum qiladi. Ochlikning katta aholi guruhlariga ta’siri besh yoshgacha bo‘lgan vazni yetarli bo‘lmagan bolalar foizida ko‘rinadi. 1990-yilda Osiyo, Afrika va Lotin Amerikasidagi besh yoshgacha bo‘lgan bolalarning o‘ttiz bir foizi (ya’ni har uch bolaning biri) vazni yetarli bo‘lmagan edi. O‘shandan beri bolalarning ahvoli ko‘p yaxshilanmadi; 2007-yilda ushbu mintaqadagi bolalarning 26%dan ko‘pi hanuzgacha vazni yetarli bo‘lmagan edi va bu ko‘rsatkichning hozirgi moliyaviy inqiroz tufayli yanada oshishi kutilmoqda.

Hunger deprives people, especially children, from receiving the necessary nutrition for growth. The impact of hunger on large populations is visible on the percentage of children under age five who are underweight. Thirty-one percent of children under five (that is, one out of every three children) in Asia, Africa, and Latin America were underweight in 1990. The status of children has not improved a lot since then; in 2007 more than 26% of the children in this region were still underweight and this rate is expected to rise even more due to the current financial crisis.

Yoshsizlik va ochlikning izlari insonning hayotidagi ko'plab jabhalarda ko'zga tashlanadi. Ayniqsa, 9-rasmda ko'rsatilgan ona va yangi tug'ilgan chaqaloqlar (yigirma sakkiz kundan kichik bo'lgan go'daklar) o'limi ko'rsatkichlari muhim ahamiyatga ega. Jahon sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, har yili besh yuz mingdan ortiq ayol bola tug'ish jarayonida vafot etadi. Eng ko'p o'lim holatlari Sahroi Kabirdan janubdagi Afrikada (jami o'limning 50 foizi) yuz beradi, bu yerda esa dunyodagi eng yuqori kambag'allik darajasi kuzatiladi.

Footprints of poverty and hunger are visible in many aspects of the human life. Of particular significance is the maternal and neonatal (newborn babies less than twenty-eight days old) death rates shown in figure 9. The World Health Organization estimates more than five hundred thousand women die every year in the process of delivering children. The largest number of deaths occur in the sub-Saharan Africa (50% of the total), where the poverty rate is highest in the world.

Sanoat dunyosi va rivojlanayotgan dunyo onalarining salomatligidagi tafovut resurslarning notekis taqsimlanganini ko'rsatadi. Masalan, onalar o'limi xavfi eng yuqori bo'lgan davlat Nigerda har 7 tug'ilishdan 1 tasi onaning o'limiga olib keladi, Irlandiya kabi davlatda esa bu ko'rsatkich 47 600 tug'ilishdan 1 tasidir.

The disparity between the well-being of mothers in industrial world and the developing world speaks for an out-of-balance distribution of resources. In Niger, for example, the country with the highest risk of maternal death, 1 out of 7 births will result in the death of the mother compared to 1 out of 47,600 in a country like Ireland.

Xuddi shunday, neonatal o'lim darajasi (tug'ilgandan keyin yigirma sakkiz kun ichida chaqaloqning vafot etish ehtimoli) aşırı kambag'allik va ochlik tufayli juda yuqori bo'lishi kutilmoqda. JSST ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 2004 yilda tug'ilgandan keyin taxminan 3,7 million chaqaloq vafot etgan. 10-rasmda kambag'al va boy dunyo o'rtasidagi katta tafovut aks ettirilgan. Kam daromadli hududlarda har 1000 ta yangi tug'ilgan chaqaloqdan 40 tasi vafot etadi, sanoat rivojlangan dunyoda esa bu ko'rsatkich atigi 1000 tadan 3 tani tashkil etadi.

By the same token, neonatal mortality (probability of newborn dying within twenty-eight days of birth) is expected to be very high due to extreme poverty and hunger. WHO estimates that around 3.7 million babies died after birth in 2004. Figure 10 illustrates the wide disparity between the poor and the rich worlds. Forty out of every 1,000 newborn babies die in the low-income regions compared to only 3 out of 1,000 in the industrial world.

Tug'ruqqa olib keladigan ayollar va yangi tug'ilgan chaqaloqlarning hayotiga bevosita ta'sir qilishdan tashqari, qashshoqlik va ochlik ta'limga to'sqinlik qilib, millatlarning taraqqiyotiga to'siq bo'ladi. Haddan tashqari qashshoqlik yomon ovqatlanish, sog'liqning yomonligi, kitoblarning yetishmasligi, yetarli yoritishning yo'qligi va uy vazifasini bajarish uchun joyning yo'qligi hamda ota-onaning kam ma'lumotliligi orqali o'qishga to'sqinlik qiladi. Qashshoqlik maktablardan chetlashish darajasini oshiradi. Ta'limning yetishmasligi hayot sifatini yaxshilash uchun zarur vositalarni qo'lga kiritishga to'sqinlik qiluvchi to'siqdir.

Besides the direct impact on the life of women who give birth to children and the newborn babies, poverty and hunger impede the progress of nations by inhibiting education. Extreme poverty obstructs learning through poor nutrition, bad health, lack of books, insufficient lighting and places to do homework and parental poor education. Poverty increases the rate of dropout of schools. Lack of education constitutes an obstacle which prevents the acquisition of the necessary means for improving life quality.

Bu esa buzilmas doiraga olib keladi: qashshoqlik ta’limga to‘sqinlik qiladi, ta’limning yetishmasligi esa qashshoqlikni saqlab turadi. Juda kambag‘al odamlarning yaxshi ta’lim olish imkoniyati kamroq bo‘ladi, holbuki ko‘proq ma’lumotli kishilar bilan ish o‘rinlari uchun raqobatlashish uchun ana shu ta’lim zarur; munosib ish bo‘lmasa, qashshoqlik botqog‘idan chiqish deyarli mumkin emas. Kapitalizm hukmronligi ostida aholining kambag‘al qatlamlari eng kam ma’lumotli bo‘ladi; eng kam ma’lumotga ega bo‘lganlar esa eng kambag‘al bo‘ladi. Qashshoqlik va ocharchilik maktablardagi bolalarning aqliy qobiliyatiga ta’sir qiladi. YuNESKO hisobotlari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, yomon ovqatlanish tufayli vazni kam va bo‘yi past bo‘lib o‘sgan bolalar darsga e’tibor qarata olmaydi va maktabni tashlab ketish ehtimoli yuqori bo‘ladi61.

This leads to a cycle which proves to be too difficult to break: poverty impedes education, while lack of education sustains poverty. Extremely poor people have lesser chance of getting proper education, which is necessary to compete for jobs with more educated people; without proper employment, it is almost impossible to get out of the poverty plunge. Under the dominance of capitalism, the poor segments of the population are the least educated; and those with the least education are the poorest. Poverty and hunger affect the cognitive ability of children in schools. UNESCO reports show that underweight and stunted children due to poor nutrition cannot concentrate in school and are likely to drop out61.

Kapitalizm tizimining hukmronligi ostidagi joriy siyosatlar bu doirani buzishda muvaffaq bo'lmadi. So'nggi bir necha o'n yil ichida kambag'allar ta'lim sohasida orqada qolishda davom etdi va qashshoqlik darajalari saqlanib qoldi. 2007 yilda rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlardagi boshlang'ich maktab yoshidagi yetmish etti million bola maktabda o'qimas edi, ularning 57 foizi qizlar edi61. Yigirma birinchi asrga deyarli bir milliard kishi kitob o'qiy olmasdan yoki imzosini qo'ya olmasdan kirib keldi.

Current policies under the dominance of the system of capitalism have failed to break this cycle. Over the last few decades, the poor continued to lag behind in education, and the poverty rates continued to persist. Seventy-seven million children of primary school age in the developing world were not in school in 2007, 57% of them were girls61. Nearly a billion people entered the twenty-first century unable to read a book or sign their names.

UNESCO ning "Barcha uchun ta'lim" (EFA) Global monitoring hisobotida61 shunday ko'rsatilgan: "Eng ko'p ehtiyoji bor, shu bilan birga eng ko'p foyda oladigan kichik yoshdagi bolalar ta'lim sifatini oshirish dasturlariga kirish imkoniga ega bo'lishlari ehtimoli kam." Rivojlanayotgan dunyoning aksariyat qismida bunday qamrov juda past, uch yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar uchun esa dasturlar kam. Ta'lim olishdagi asosiy to'siq qashshoqlik va ochlikdir.

Rasmlar (11-14) UNESCO hisobotiga asoslangan holda 125 ta mamlakatdagi ta'lim ko'rsatkichlarini ko'rsatadi. Barcha ko'rsatkichlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, eng kambag'al mamlakatlar kattalar savodxonligi, sof maktabga qatnash darajasi va o'quvchilarning 5-sinfgacha yetib borish ko'rsatkichi bo'yicha orqada qolmoqda; natijada dunyo mamlakatlarining uchdan bir qismi uchun ta'lim rivojlanish ko'rsatkichi (EDI) 80% dan past bo'lib, Chad, Niger, Burkina-Faso, Mali, Gvineya va Mozambik kabi mamlakatlarda ta'lim indeksi 60% dan past. Chad va Nigerda savodxonlik darajasi aholining umumiy sonining 30% dan kamini tashkil etadi. Qashshoqlik va ta'lim o'rtasidagi kuchli bog'liqlikni hisobga olsak, dunyoda pul mablag'larini taqsimlash usuli va uslubida jiddiy o'zgarish yuz bermasa, bu afrika davlatlarida odamlar hayotining farovonligi yaxshilanishini ko'rish juda qiyin.

Figures (11-14) show education indicators in 125 countries based on UNESCO report61. All of the indicators show that the poorest countries lag behind in adult literacy, net enrolment ratios, and survival rate of students to grade 5; as a result, the education development indicator (EDI) for one-third of the nations of the world is below 80%, with countries like Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Guinea, and Mozambique having lower than 60% education index. The literacy rate in Chad and Niger is less than 30% of the total population. Given the strong correlation between poverty and education, it is very difficult to see an improvement in the well-being of Figures (11-14) show education indicators in 125 countries based on UNESCO report. All of the indicators show that the poorest countries lag behind in adult literacy, net enrolment ratios, and survival rate of students to grade 5; as a result, the education development indicator (EDI) for one-third of the nations of the world is below 80%, with countries like Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Guinea, and Mozambique having lower than 60% education index. The literacy rate in Chad and Niger is less than 30% of the total population. Given the strong correlation between poverty and education, it is very difficult to see an improvement in the well-being of the life of people in these African nations unless a serious change occurs in the method and style of wealth distribution in the world.

Qo'shma Shtatlarda, dunyodagi eng yirik va eng boy kapitalistik davlatda, savodsizlik darajasi hanuz 14% ni tashkil etadi, ya'ni har yetti kishidan bir kishi o'qish uchun zarur asosiy ko'nikmalarga ega emas. Statistik ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, maktablarni tark etish eng yuqori darajasi Qo'shma Shtatlardagi eng kambag'al jamoalarda, ya'ni ispan tilli va qora tanli aholi orasida kuzatilmoqda. Oq tanlilar, qora tanlilar va ispan tilli o'quvchilar orasidagi maktabni tashlab ketish nisbati so'nggi o'ttiz besh yil davomida o'zgarmay qolgan: ispaniyaliklarda bu ko'rsatkich oq tanlilarnikidan o'rtacha 3,6 baravar, qora tanlilarniki esa 1,5 baravar yuqori (15-rasm). Buni yana bir fakt tasdiqlaydi: Qo'shma Shtatlarda ijtimoiy nafaqa oluvchi odamlarning 75% i o'qiy olmaydi.