5. 伊斯兰的视角
5. The Islamic Perspective
戈登·布朗指出经济繁荣与萧条交替出现的周期问题,并认为这种周期既频繁又极具破坏性,这一点是正确的。人们所追求的,是持续增长,或者至少是一种不会出现失控扩张和令人衰弱的收缩的稳定环境。在货币与财政环境方面,稳定同样至关重要。当企业无法确定其所用货币(无论是国内还是国际交易)的价值、将要承担的税负,以及物价在通货膨胀面前是否稳定时,要维持持续盈利的经营和充分就业就变得格外困难。 除了货币与财政环境以及通货膨胀带来的伤害之外,资本主义社会还不断在监管环境问题上争执不休。人们被告知,所谓的“自由市场”会起到稳定作用。保守派和自由派政府也都力求将政府干预降到最低,并把立法减少到最低限度。然而,法规典籍却日益臃肿,并且不断通过修订来加入反应式立法,以弥补这一制度内在缺陷的漏洞,而这一制度正未能提供人们殷切期盼的稳定。社会所需要的,不是为应对每一次新危机而拼凑出的杂乱而令人困惑的规章镶嵌体,而是一些原则,以及清晰、稳定的法律,使人们能够自信地规划自己的未来。 此次金融危机的特征,可以概括为在一个失控的金融体系之上出现了无节制的信贷创造。这一体系不仅允许凭空创造货币和利息,还允许规模惊人的投机赌博。财富以前所未有的数额从体系中被抽离,而且难以轻易弥补。从伊斯兰的视角来看,这一切是完全可以预料并且可以避免的。然而,解决之道在于在哈里发国家所确立的治理结构中全面施行伊斯兰教。 一种统治体系,其经济以满足民众的需要为导向,而非为无面孔的银行企业服务。以下关于伊斯兰经济的原则,并非作为对危机与有缺陷应对之拼凑体系中的反应性争论点而提出,而是作为一种意识形态上的替代方案,它在数百年间为穆斯林和非穆斯林都带来了成功。
Gordon Brown was right to highlight the problem of the boom and bust cycle so regular and so damaging to society. To have consistent growth or at least a consistent environment devoid of out of control expansions and debilitating contractions is what all seek. Consistency is also essential in terms of the monetary and fiscal environment. When business does not know the value of the currency it is forced to trade in, whether domestically or internationally, the tax it will be subject to and the stability of prices vis-à-vis inflation, it becomes doubly hard to maintain a consistently profitable business and full employment. In addition to the monetary and fiscal environment and attendant damage of inflation, capitalist society constantly fights over the regulatory environment. The supposed “free market” we are told will provide a steadying hand. And conservative liberal governments aim to minimise the interventions of government and reduce legislation to a minimum. Yet, the statute books are full and are constantly being amended with reactionary legislation which patches over the inherent flaws of a system which is failing to provide the stability so dearly expected. Rather than a constant and confusing mosaic of patchwork regulation to deal with the latest crisis, society is requiring of principles, and clear, stable laws that enable people to plan their futures with confidence. The Financial crisis can be characterised by unrestrained credit creation on the back of an out of control financial system that not only allows the creation of money and interest from nothing, but gambling on a mind-boggling scale. Wealth has been extracted out of the system in never before seen amounts, and will not be easily replaced. From an Islamic perspective this is entirely predictable and preventable. Yet the cure is requiring of the complete application of Islam within the governance structures set down within the Caliphate ruling system. A ruling system in which the economy is geared towards meeting the needs of the people, not faceless banking corporations. The following principles of economy in Islam are presented, not as reactionary points of debate to be part of the patchwork of crisis and flawed response, but as an ideological alternative which has enjoyed many centuries of success for Muslims and non-Muslims alike.