Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, God be pleased with him, strove to emulate the practices of the early Muslims to the point that—as we learned from al-Ḥusayn ibn al-Munādī—he asked his wife’s permission to have a concubine in emulation of them. With his wife’s consent, he bought a woman for a trifling price and named her Rayḥānah, following the example set by the Prophet, God bless and keep him. 21.1

[Al-Baghdādī:] Someone once greeted Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal by saying, “May you live long in Islam!” 21.2

“And in the sunnah,” he replied.

[Al-Maymūnī:] Never have I laid eyes on anyone with more merit than Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, nor any latter-day Muslim146 more wary of transgressing God’s law, or more devoted to the sunnah of the Prophet, God bless and keep him. If a report proved reliable, no one was more rigorous than he in living by it. 21.3

[Al-Athram:] I heard Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal say, “It’s nothing more than knowing the sunnah and following it. Reasoning by analogy works only if you have a place to start from. But you can’t work your way to the starting point, demolish it, and then call what you’ve done ‘reasoning by analogy.’ Analogy based on what?” 21.4

Someone once said to Aḥmad: “No one should attempt to reason by analogy unless he’s very learned and knows how to compare things properly.” “Right,” he replied.

In dealing with legal problems, Aḥmad, in my experience, would follow Hadith reports citing the Prophet, if there were any, and ignore divergent opinions attributed to the Companions or members of later generations. If the Companions had disagreed among themselves, he would choose among their opinions; he would not consult later opinions. If there was no Prophetic Hadith and no Companion reports to draw on, he would go to the Successors. Sometimes there would be a problem with the transmission of a Prophetic Hadith, but he would accept the report so long as no stronger contrary report existed. This was the case, for example, with the Hadith narrated by ʿAmr ibn Shuʿayb and Ibrāhīm al-Hajarī. Sometimes he would cite a report with a link missing at the Companion level if there was nothing to contradict it. 21.5

[Muḥammad ibn Dāwūd:] Abū Bakr al-Marrūdhī told us, “I once went to the mosque with Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. After we went in he got up to pray, and I saw him extend his hand out of his sleeve and go like this.” Here al-Marrūdhī made a gesture by waving two fingers. “When the prayer was over, I asked him why he had gestured with his fingers while praying. He said, ‘Satan came to me and said that I hadn’t washed my feet, and I was showing him that I had two witnesses to the contrary.’” 21.6

[Al-Maymūnī:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal once said to me, “Abū l-Ḥasan! Make sure never to speak on a question unless you have an exemplar to cite.” 21.7

[ʿAbd al-Raḥmān the physician:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal and Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith both fell ill. Whenever I went to see Bishr, I would ask how he was feeling, and he would praise God and then tell me, saying “Praise God! I feel such-and-such.” But whenever I went to see Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal and ask him how he was feeling, he would say “Fine.” 21.8

One day I said to Aḥmad, “Your brother Bishr is ill too, and whenever I ask him how he is, he begins by praising God.” “Ask him who he got that from.” “I’m afraid to ask him that.” “Tell him that his brother Abū ʿAbd Allāh wants to know.” The next time I saw Bishr, I told him what Aḥmad had said. He replied, “Aḥmad won’t take anything without a list of transmitters! It’s Abū ʿAwn citing Ibn Sīrīn, ‘If you praise God before complaining, then it’s not a complaint.’ So I’m telling you that I feel such-and-such, to acknowledge God’s power over me.” I left Bishr’s house and went to Aḥmad to report what he had said. After that, every time I went to see Aḥmad he would say, “Praise God” and then tell me what was wrong.

[Al-Marrūdhī:] Aḥmad told me, “I have never written down a Hadith of the Prophet, God bless and keep him, without putting it into practice. So when I came across a report that the Prophet paid Abū Ṭaybah a dinar to perform a cupping on him, when I next had myself cupped I gave the cupper a dinar.”147 21.9

[Al-Aʿmash:] I heard someone ask Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal about obsessive and distracting thoughts. He said, “Neither the Companions nor the Successors had anything to say about them.” 21.10