[Ḥarmalah ibn Yaḥyā:] I heard al-Shāfiʿī say: “I left behind me in Baghdad no one more scrupulous, more God-fearing,76 or more insightful in matters of law”—and I think he added “or more learned”—“than Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal.” 13.1

[Al-Shāfiʿī:] Three men of learning never cease to amaze me. One is Abū Thawr:

even though he’s an Arab, he never uses grammatical inflections. The second is al- Ḥasan al-Zaʿfarānī: even though Arabic is not his first language, he never makes a mistake. The third is Ibn Ḥanbal: whatever he says, his elders believe. 13.2

[Al-Shāfiʿī:] No one I met back in Iraq was like Ibn Ḥanbal. 13.3

[Al-Shāfiʿī:] I have never seen anyone more self-restrained than Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal and Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd al-Hāshimī. 13.4

[Al-Ḥumaydī:] So long as I’m in the Hijaz, Aḥmad’s in Iraq, and Isḥāq’s in Khurasan, we will never be defeated. 13.5

[Al-Baladī:] Once at Ibn Abī Uways’s house I heard him reply to a Hadith scholar who had remarked that there were no Hadith scholars left. 13.6

“As long as God spares Ibn Ḥanbal,” he said, “there will still be Hadith scholars.”

[ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī:] I have taken Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal as a guide in all my dealings with God. Who else is strong enough to do what he does? 13.7

[ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal is our leader. 13.8

[Ibrāhīm ibn Ismāʿīl:] ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī came to us and we gathered around him and asked him to teach us some Hadith. 13.9

“My master,” he said, “is Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, and he told me never to recite Hadith except from a written text.”77

[Muḥammad ibn ʿAbduwayh:] I heard ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī say, at the mention of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal: “I think he is greater than Saʿīd ibn Jubayr was in his time, since Saʿīd had peers but Aḥmad doesn’t,” or words to that effect. 13.10

[ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī:] No one I know has a better memory than Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, but I’ve heard that even he won’t recite Hadith without a written text, and that’s the good example I intend to follow. 13.11

[ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī:] When I have a question, I’d rather ask Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal than Abū ʿĀṣim or ʿAbd Allāh ibn Dāwūd. Age doesn’t always make a man more learned. 13.12

[Muḥammad ibn al-ʿAbbās ibn Khālid:] I heard ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī say, when someone mentioned Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, “May God protect Aḥmad! He’s God’s living proof to His creatures of the truth of Islam.” 13.13

[ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī:] God, mighty and glorious, has exalted this religion of ours through two men who have no equal: Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, for what he did during the Apostasy, and Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, for what he did during the Inquisition.78 13.14

[Al-Maymūnī:] I heard ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī say, “No one after God’s Emissary, God bless and keep him, has done for Islam what Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal did.” 13.15

“What about Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq?” I asked.

“No,” he answered. “Abū Bakr had friends and allies, but Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal didn’t.” [Abū Yaʿlā l-Mawṣilī:] I heard ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī say, “God, mighty and glorious, has exalted this religion of ours through two men who will have no equal until Judgment Day: Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, for what he did during the Apostasy, and Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, for what he did during the Inquisition.” According to another report of his words, he added, “Abū Bakr had friends and allies, but Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal didn’t.” 13.16

[Al-Madīni:] I’ve known Aḥmad for fifty years and he keeps getting better. 13.17

[Yaḥyā ibn Saʿīd:] “How can you reproach me for admiring ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī when he’s my teacher?”79 13.18

[Yaḥyā ibn Saʿīd:] “People reproach me for sitting with ʿAlī [ibn al-Madīnī], but I learn more from him than he does from me.” 13.19

[Al-Qāsim ibn Sallām:] Knowledge of Hadith has come down to four men: Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, who understood it best; Ibn Abī Shaybah, who had the most retentive memory; ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī, who knew the most; and Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn, who wrote down more of it than the others. 13.20

[Al-Qāsim ibn Sallām:] Knowledge of Hadith has come down to four men: Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī, Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn, and Abū Bakr ibn Abī Shaybah. Of the four, Aḥmad understood it best. 13.21

[Al-Qāsim ibn Sallām:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal is our guide; it’s an honor for me to speak of him. 13.22

[Abū Bakr al-Athram:] We were at Abū ʿUbayd’s and I was debating with someone there. At one point the man asked me to name my authority for a report. 13.23

“The one who has no equal, east or west,” I replied.

“Who’s that?” “Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal.” “He’s right,” interjected Abū ʿUbayd. “There’s no one like him, east or west. I never met anyone who knew the sunnah better than he did.” [Al-Maymūnī:] Abū ʿUbayd al-Qāsim ibn Sallām said, “I’ve sat opposite Abū Yūsuf, the judge; Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan”—as best I can remember, he added, “Yaḥyā ibn Saʿīd and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Mahdī”—“but I was never more intimidated when discussing a question than I was with Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal.” 13.24

[Al-Qāsim ibn Sallām:] One day I went to Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal’s. He seated me in the place of honor and took a lower seat for himself. 13.25

“Aḥmad,” I protested, “don’t they say the host should take the best seat?” “What they mean,” he answered, “is that he can seat himself and his guests anywhere he wants.” “That’s worth remembering,” I told myself.

Then I said, “If I were to visit you as much as you deserve, I would come every day.” “Don’t say that,” he warned. “I have close friends I see only once a year, but I trust them more than the people I see every day.” “Another point to remember,” I thought.

When it was time to leave he rose with me. When I protested, he recited, “Al- Shaʿbī said: ‘A perfect host accompanies his guest to the door and holds his stirrups.’” “Another lesson!” I thought.

He walked me all the way to the door and held my stirrups.

[Muḥammad ibn Abī Bishr:] I went to Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal to ask him a question, and he told me, “Go ask Abū ʿUbayd; he has an explanation you won’t hear from anyone else.” 13.26

So I took the question to Abū ʿUbayd, who answered it to my satisfaction. Then I told him what Aḥmad had said about him.

“Cousin,” he replied, “there you see a man doing God’s work. I pray to God to spread the news of his good works far and wide in this world, and reward him with closeness to Him in the next! Have you seen how people are drawn to him? And how he makes them feel welcome and sets them at ease? No one else in Iraq brings together all the fine qualities he does. He is patient, knowledgeable, and perceptive. May God bless him in the use of the virtues He has given him!” Then he said, “The poet who praised him put it well: 13.27

[Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn:] I’ve only seen three men teach Hadith expecting no reward but God’s good pleasure: Yaʿlā ibn ʿUbayd, al-Qaʿnabī, and Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. 13.28

[ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ibrāhīm:] I heard Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn say that there are only four scholars you can trust—or only four true Hadith scholars—namely Wakīʿ, Yaʿlā ibn ʿUbayd, al-Qaʿnabī, and Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. 13.29

[ʿAbbās ibn Muḥammad:] Once when someone mentioned Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, I heard Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn say, “By God, I can’t do what Aḥmad does; I’m not strong enough.” 13.30

[Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn:] People wanted me to be like Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, but that’s impossible: I’ll never be like him. 13.31

[Al-Anmāṭī:] I was once sitting with Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn, Abū Khaythamah, Zuhayr ibn Ḥarb, and other senior men of learning. When they began praising Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal and describing his virtues, someone said, “Enough already! Don’t get carried away,” to which Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn replied, “As if one could go too far in praising Aḥmad! Even if we’d come here to do nothing but speak of his merits, we would still fail to recount them all.” 13.32

[Abū Zurʿah:] I heard Zuhayr ibn Ḥarb say, “I’ve never seen anyone like Ibn Ḥanbal, or anyone tougher—to stand up the way he did, with people being flogged and executed.” He added, “No one stood up the way he did. He was persecuted and hounded all those years, but he stayed the course.” 13.33

[Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yāsīn:] I heard Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm say that he heard Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ḥanẓalī say, at the mention of Ibn Ḥanbal, “No one comes close.” 13.34

[Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq:] I heard my father say, “Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal is God’s sign to His worshippers on earth.” 13.35

[Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq:] I heard my father say, “If Aḥmad hadn’t laid his life on the line the way he did, Islam would have disappeared.” 13.36

[Ibn Khashram:] Someone asked Bishr about Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, and I heard him reply, “Why should you care what someone like me has to say about Aḥmad? He went into the bellows and came out red gold.”80 13.37

[Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal was put into the bellows and came out like a chunk of red gold. 13.38

[Ibn Khashram:] I heard Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith say “Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal was put into the bellows and came out like a chunk of red gold.” When Aḥmad learned of this, he said, “Thank God Bishr approves of what I did!” 13.39

[Al-Tammār:] When Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal was flogged during the Inquisition, Bishr came to see me. “Abū Naṣr,” he said, “today that man has done what everyone else has failed to do. I hope God counts his learning in his favor.” 13.40

[Muḥammad ibn al-Shāh:] After the Inquisition was over, Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith was asked about Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal and said, “He’s one of the exemplary leaders of Islam.” 13.41

[Ibrāhīm ibn al-Ḥārith:] When Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal was flogged, Bishr’s associates said, “If only you had gone out and said, ‘I stand with Ibn Ḥanbal!’” 13.42

“Do you want me to do what the prophets did?”81 replied Bishr. “That’s what Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal’s doing.” [Al-Asadī:] When Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal was taken away to be flogged, people went to Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith and said, “They’ve taken Aḥmad and they’ve brought out the whips. You need to speak out.” 13.43

“Do you want me to do what the prophets did?” said Bishr. “I can’t. May God keep Ibn Ḥanbal safe from every danger!” [ʿAbd Allāh:] Bishr was asked—when they were flogging Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal—to say something, and he replied, “You’re asking me to stand where the prophets stood?

That’s what Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal is doing.” 13.44

[Al-Ṭabbāʿ:] I heard Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Baynūnī, who was a Worshipper, 82 say, “I asked Bishr why he wouldn’t do what Ibn Ḥanbal had done. He said, ‘Do you want me to stand on a level with the prophets?’ or ‘… to lift me up to where the prophets are?

My body’s too weak for that. May God guard Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal from every danger before him or behind, above or below, and from either side.’” 13.45

[Ḥanbal ibn Isḥāq:] Al-Haytham the Worshipper said, “I was at Bishr’s and someone came in saying, ‘Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal’s been struck seventeen lashes so far.’ At that, Bishr stuck out his foot and said, ‘How ugly my leg looks without a fetter on it in defense of that man!’” 13.46

Ḥanbal added: One of my teachers, who was himself a Worshipper, told me, “When they took Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, I went to Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith and said, ‘Come on, let’s go help the man.’ He replied, ‘That’s what a prophet does; I can’t.’” [Ibrāhīm ibn Hāniʾ al-Naysābūrī:] Once when I was praying with Bishr ibn al- Ḥārith, I lifted my hands. After the prayer leader had signaled the end of the ritual prayer, Bishr said, “Abū Isḥāq, I’m surprised that you and your teacher Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal lift your hands. I heard Hushaym report, citing Mughīrah, that Ibrāhīm used to tell people to let their hands drop when they pray.”83 13.47

[ʿAbd Allāh:] Al-Fatḥ ibn Shakhraf wrote to me in his own hand, saying that when someone mentioned Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal in the presence of al-Ḥārith ibn Asad al- Muḥāsibī, he—that is, al-Fatḥ—had cited ʿAbd al-Razzāq, who heard Sufyān ibn ʿUyaynah say that Ibn ʿAbbās was the greatest scholar of his age, al-Shaʿbī of his, and al-Thawrī of his. Then al-Fatḥ added, “And, in his age, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal,” to which al-Ḥārith replied, “He suffered more than al-Thawrī or al-Awzāʿī ever did.” 13.50

[Al-Marrūdhī:] When we were in Samarra,89 I went to see Dhū l-Nūn, who was in prison. He asked me, “How is our master?” meaning Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. 13.51

[Al-Ḥasan ibn al-Layth:] I once heard someone say to Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, “There’s a man called Abū Zurʿah who recites Hadith in Rey. Should we write down what he says?” 13.52

“You’re asking about Abū Zurʿah?” said Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, incredulous. “May God guard Abū Zurʿah, and protect him, and ennoble him! May He grant him victory over his enemies!” He went on to recite a lengthy prayer for him.

Some time later, after I had joined Abū Zurʿah, I mentioned this incident to him.

“Every time I’m in trouble,” he said, “I remember that prayer and I say, ‘God, now that Aḥmad has prayed for me, keep me safe, and keep those people from harming me!’”90

[Abū Zurʿah:] I’ve never seen anyone match Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal in the different branches of Hadith-learning, nor seen anyone stand up the way he did. 13.53

[ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm:] I heard Abū Zurʿah say, “I never saw anyone like Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal.” 13.54

“You mean you never saw anyone who knew more?” “Not just that. I’m talking about learning, and renouncing the world, and understanding the law, and having real knowledge, and every other good thing you can think of.”91

[Ibn Abī Ḥātim:] I heard Abū Zurʿah say, “People still talk about Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. They say he’s better than Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn, ʿAlī l-Madīnī, and Abū Khaythamah. And it’s true: I can’t think of anyone his age who has more insight into the law, or anyone who knows more different things than he does.” 13.55

“What about Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh?” “Aḥmad knows more and understands it better. I knew the scholars of old, and none of them brought together all the qualities he has—self-denial, learning, insight, and so many other things—as fully as he does.”

[ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Abī Ḥātim:] I asked my father whether ʿAlī l-Madīnī or Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal had memorized more Hadith. 13.56

“They had memorized more or less the same number of reports,” he said, “but Aḥmad understood them better.” I also heard my father say, “If a man loves Ibn Ḥanbal, you can be sure that he knows the sunnah.” I also heard him say, “I used to see Qutaybah ibn Saʿīd going about his business in Mecca with no one writing down his reports. So I said to the Hadith-men, ‘How can you ignore Qutaybah after Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal sat in his circle?’ “When they heard that, they made a beeline for him and copied down his reports.” [Abū Ḥātim al-Rāzī:] “If a man loves Ibn Ḥanbal, you can be sure that he knows the sunnah. He’s the test that marks us off from the purveyors of reprehensible innovations.” 13.57

[Al-Muzanī:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal was like92 Abū Bakr during the Apostasy; ʿUmar, on the day of the Porch; ʿUthmān, on the day they attacked his house; and ʿAlī at the Battle of Ṣiffīn.93 13.58

[Al-Rabīʿ ibn Sulaymān:] In a letter al-Buwayṭī wrote to me from prison in Baghdad, he said, “Instead of rewarding all of us who defied the Inquisition, I sorely wish God would transfer our rewards to Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, our leader in Baghdad.” 13.59

[Al-Marrūdhī:] I was present when someone asked Abū Thawr about something and he answered, “Our teacher and authority, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, has addressed that question as follows …” 13.60

[Abū Thawr:] “Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal is more learned and more understanding of the law than al-Thawrī.” 13.61

[Abū Thawr:] If you were to say that Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal is among the saved, no one would rebuke you. Why not? If you go to Khurasan and the regions around, you’ll hear people saying that Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal is a good man. If you go to Syria and those parts, or Iraq, you’ll hear the same thing. So this is a matter of consensus, which wouldn’t be the case if even one person were to take issue with it. 13.62

[Abū Thawr:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal always looked as if he could see the Law written on a tablet in front of him. 13.63

[Al-Dhuhlī:] I have chosen Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal as my exemplar in all my dealings with God. 13.64

[Al-Dhuhlī:] My exemplar is Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. 13.65

[Ibn Wakīʿ:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal is the test: as far as we’re concerned, anyone who says anything against him is a sinner.94 13.66

[Aḥmad ibn Ṣāliḥ:] Nowhere in Iraq did I meet anyone to compare with Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal in Baghdad, or with Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Numayr in Kufa. Both of them brought together more virtues than anyone else I saw. 13.67

[Abū Bakr ibn Zanjuwayh:] When I went to Egypt, I met Aḥmad ibn Ṣāliḥ, who asked me where I was from. I told him I was from Baghdad. 13.68

“Do you live anywhere near Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal?” he asked.

“I’m with him all the time,” I said.

“Write down for me where your house is,” he said. “I want to come to Iraq so you can introduce me to him.” I wrote down what he asked, and he came and stayed with ʿAffān, and I introduced him to Aḥmad. The two of them exchanged Hadith, and Aḥmad recited a report that Ibn Ṣāliḥ insisted on copying down.

“Let me get it from the book,” said Aḥmad. He went inside, came out with the book, and dictated the report.

“If this is all I get out of coming to Iraq, it’ll be more than worth the trip,” said Ibn Ṣāliḥ. With that, he bid Aḥmad farewell and departed.

[Al-Tirmidhī, al-Ṣābbāḥ, and al-Baghdādī:] We heard Hilāl ibn al-ʿAlāʾ al-Raqqī say, “There are four men who deserve to be recognized as blessings from God upon our community: Abū ʿUbayd, for explaining difficult Hadith reports; al-Shāfiʿī, for discerning the law in the Hadith; Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn, for casting out false reports; and Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, for standing firm during the Inquisition.” 13.69

If not for Aḥmad, we’d all be Ingrates. (This remark was added by Ismāʿīl ibn al- ʿAbbās.)

[Al-Nasāʾī:] The four greatest figures of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal’s time were ʿAlī ibn al- Madīnī, Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn, Aḥmad himself, and Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh. The one who knew the most about defects in transmission was ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī. The one who knew the transmitters best, and knew the most reports, was Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn. The one who most readily memorized reports and their legal implications was Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh. In my view, though, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal knew more about defects in transmission than Isḥāq did. Besides his knowledge of Hadith, Aḥmad also had all the virtues of legal insight, scrupulosity, and renunciation, and he could suffer without complaint. 13.70

[Naṣr ibn ʿAlī:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal was the greatest man of his time. 13.71

[Bakr ibn Muḥammad:] It was thirty-four years ago, or even more, that I heard Abū Maʿmar say, “In the last fifty years, I never saw anyone like Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Even as a boy he kept going from strength to strength.” 13.72

[ʿAmr ibn Muḥammad al-Nāqid:] So long as Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal agrees with me on a Hadith report, I don’t care who disagrees. 13.73

[Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥajjāj:] I never met anyone like Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Even if he had lived at the same time as Ibn al-Mubārak, I would still give him precedence. 13.74

[Al-Faḍl ibn Ziyād:] I once heard Muḥammad ibn Mihrān al-Jammāl say, at the mention of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal: “He’s the only one, really. Whenever I cast my mind over the transmitters working in Mecca and Medina, he’s the one who stands out. If I think about Basra and Kufa, I come back to him. If I turn to Syria and northern Mesopotamia, again it’s him; and the same with Khurasan.” 13.75

[Muḥammad ibn Muslim Wārah al-Qūmisī:] The pillars of our religion are Aḥmad ibn Ṣāliḥ in Egypt; in Baghdad, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal; in Ḥarrān, al-Nufaylī; and in Kufa, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Numayr. 13.76

[ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Abī Ḥātim:] I heard someone ask Muḥammad ibn Muslim ibn Wārah whether ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī or Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn had retained more Hadith.

He replied, “ʿAlī could recite more fluently and accurately, while Yaḥyā had a better grasp of what was correct and what was doubtful. But better than both was Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, with his insight, his memory, and his knowledge.” 13.77

[Al-Nufaylī:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal was a waymark of our religion. 13.78

[Muḥammad ibn Muṣʿab:] Any of the lashes that Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal bore for the sake of God is worth all the days of Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith. 13.79

[Abū Muḥammad ibn Abī Ḥātim:] I heard my father say that whenever al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ṣabbāḥ heard that anyone had criticized Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, he would gather the senior men of learning and confront the offender. “He would turn people against him,” he said.95 13.80

[Al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ṣabbāḥ al-Bazzār:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal is our elder and our master. 13.81

[Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Nihāwandī:] I heard Yaʿqūb ibn Sufyān say that he had written down reports recited for him by a thousand different teachers but counted only two as authorities in his dealings with God. 13.82

I asked him who his authorities were, recalling that he had copied reports from prominent authorities, such as al-Anṣārī and Ḥabbān96 ibn Hilāl.

“Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal,” he said, “and Aḥmad ibn Ṣāliḥ al-Miṣrī.”

[Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā l-Azdī:] We stand by the creed of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. He is our exemplar, the last one left to the believers. We accept him as our guide and will not go against him. He is the remnant of the learned men of old. We declare ourselves quit of anyone who opposes him; anyone who opposes him is a misdirected purveyor of reprehensible innovations. 13.83

[Abū Hammām:] I’ve never seen anyone like Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, nor has Aḥmad met anyone like himself. 13.84

[Abū ʿUmayr, at the mention of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal:] May God have mercy on him! How long he suffered in silence, and how greatly did he resemble the first Muslims and approach the pious men of old! The world’s riches came within his reach, and he returned them; he was asked to embrace heresies, but he spurned them. 13.85

[Abū Ḥātim:] Abū ʿUmayr ibn al-Naḥḥās al-Ramlī was a Muslim worshipper. One day I went to see him and he asked if I had anything copied from Ibn Ḥanbal. 13.86

When I said I did, he asked me to dictate it. So I dictated to him the Hadith reports I had memorized after learning them from Aḥmad. Then he asked me to read them for him, and I did.97

[Al-Būshanjī:] I never met anyone so complete in his merits, or as self-restrained, as Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. 13.87

[Al-Būshanjī:] In my view, he was worthier and more discerning than Sufyān al- Thawrī, who never suffered the same trials and hardships, and whose learning, like the learning of the earlier jurists of various regions, could not match Aḥmad’s. His learning was more comprehensive, and he knew more than Sufyān did about which transmitters were accurate and truthful and which ones were sloppy or mendacious. I was told that Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith said, “Aḥmad has done the work of a prophet.” The way I see it, Aḥmad endured two distinct ordeals. Four caliphs took their turn with him, some testing him by tormenting him, and others by tempting him, but he took strength in God, mighty and glorious, and prevailed. Al-Maʾmūn, al-Muʿtaṣim, and al-Wāthiq tried everything from flogging and imprisonment to threats and intimidation, but Aḥmad never wavered from true religion, nor did the lash or the dungeon sway his faith. Then came al-Mutawakkil, who showered him with tokens of esteem, and offered him the world, but he spurned it, remaining as he had always been, unmoved by ambition and unswayed by greed. Sufyān was never subjected to trials like these.

Someone quoted al-Mutawakkil as saying, “Aḥmad won’t even let me send gifts to his sons!” 13.88

[Ḥajjāj ibn al-Shāʿir:] I didn’t want to die in the path of God and I didn’t join the funeral prayer for Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal.98 13.89

[Ḥajjāj ibn al-Shāʿir:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal was God’s blessing to this community:

he stood firm on the Qurʾan. If he hadn’t, all of us would have perished. 13.90

[Ḥajjāj ibn al-Shāʿir:] I once kissed Aḥmad on the forehead and told him that God had put him on a par with Sufyān and Mālik. I don’t think I could have said more, as Aḥmad surely outdid both of them as an exemplar of Islam. 13.91

[Al-Qāsim ibn Naṣr:] Al-Marrūdhī once passed Ḥajjāj ibn al-Shāʿir, who rose respectfully and said, “Peace be upon you, servant of the righteous!” 13.92

[Ḥajjāj ibn al-Shāʿir:] I never saw a living, breathing human being worthier than Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. 13.93

[Abū Bakr ibn al-Muṭṭawwiʿī:] I heard Ḥajjāj ibn al-Shāʿir say, “I used to stay at Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal’s until late at night, and on the way home, I would weep”—or “I would start crying”—“because I couldn’t bear to be parted from him.” 13.94

[Abū Yaḥyā l-Nāqid:] We were at Ibrāhīm ibn ʿArʿarah’s and ʿAlī ibn ʿĀṣim’s name came up. Someone noted that Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal called him a weak transmitter.

Someone else responded, “But if he’s reliable, so what?” 13.95

“By God,” interjected Ibrāhīm ibn ʿArʿarah, “if Aḥmad had criticized ʿAlqamah and al-Aswad, no one would trust them any more.”

[Ismāʿīl ibn Khalīl:] “If Aḥmad had lived among the Children of Israel, they would have taken him for a sign from God.” 13.96

[Al-Ṭūsī:] We think of Ibn Ḥanbal as being like the ones God’s Emissary meant when he said, “In my community are men like those who lived among the Children of Israel.

Nothing, not even the blade of a saw placed on the crown of their heads, could turn them from their religion.” If Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal hadn’t done what he did, then not a single man of those put into the crucible would have emerged from it, and the shame would remain until the Day of Resurrection. 13.97

[Abū l-ʿAbbās ibn ʿUthmān ibn Salm:] I asked Muḥammad ibn Naṣr al-Marwazī whether he had met Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. 13.98

“I went to see him many times,” he answered, “and asked him questions.” “Who knew more Hadith?” someone asked. “Aḥmad or Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh?” “Aḥmad.” “Who was more accurate?” I asked.

“Aḥmad.” Someone asked who had more legal insight.

“Aḥmad.” “Who was more scrupulous?” “What kind of question is that?” cried Muḥammad ibn Naṣr. “Aḥmad was the most scrupulous man of his day.”

[Al-Jaḥḥāf:] I heard Abū ʿUmayr al-Ṭālqānī say, “I used to hear them saying that Ibn Ḥanbal was a balm and a delight to the Muslims and their religion.” 13.99

Aḥmad’s teachers, peers, contemporaries, and followers are all credited with statements praising him. By the grace of God, he was the sort of man whose merits were acknowledged even by his enemies. 13.100

[Idrīs ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Muqriʾ:] More Hadith scholars and jurists than I can count praise and honor Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, speaking of him with reverence and esteem, and seeking him out in order to pay their respects. Among his admirers I recall al-Haytham ibn Khārijah; Muṣʿab al-Zubayrī; Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn; Abū Bakr ibn Abī Shaybah; ʿUthmān ibn Abī Shaybah; ʿAbd al-Aʿlā ibn Ḥammād al-Narsī; Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Abī l-Shawārib; ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī; ʿUbayd Allāh ibn ʿUmar al- Qawārīrī; Abū Khaythamah Zuhayr ibn Ḥarb; Abū Maʿmar al-Qaṭīʿī; Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar al-Warkānī; Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ayyūb, author of the Campaigns; Muḥammad ibn Bakkār ibn al-Rayyān; ʿAmr ibn Muḥammad al-Nāqid; Yaḥyā ibn Ayyūb al-Maqābirī the Worshipper; Shurayḥ ibn Yūnus; Khalaf ibn Hishām al-Bazzāz; and Abū l-Rabīʿ al-Zahrānī.

[ʿAbd ibn Ḥumayd:] I remember one day when the Hadith-men were comparing reports in a mosque. Aḥmad was still a young man at the time, but everyone was already looking to him. 13.101

[Ibn Abī Ḥātim:] We heard Muḥammad ibn Muslim report: “I was leaving al- Haytham ibn Jamīl’s and heading for Muḥammad ibn al-Mubārak al-Ṣūrī’s when I heard that Abū l-Mughīrah ʿAbd al-Qaddūs ibn al-Ḥajjāj had died. They said that Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal had been the one to pray over him.” 13.102

There was no lack of scholars in Homs at the time, but they asked Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal to do the honors because, despite his youth, they all respected him.

[Muḥammad ibn Shaddād:] A group of us, including Aswad ibn Sālim and certain disciples of al-Thawrī, were gathered at Ismāʿīl ibn ʿUlayyah’s door. Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal appeared and greeted us. He was asked a question, and he answered it. After he left, everyone agreed that Ismāʿīl had no visitor more learned than he. 13.103