واژهنامه
Glossary
امنیوبلاست: یو حجروی ژوند چې د ایکتودرم څخه اخیستل شوی او د امنیوټیک کهف دیوال، یعنی امنیون جوړوي.
Amnioblast: a cell derived from the ectoderm which forms the wall of the amniotic cavity, i.e. the amnion.
امنیوتیک گډۍ: هغه گډۍ چې د امنیون لخوا احاطه شوې ده، د امنیوټیک مایع څخه ډکه ده او جنین شاوخوا نیولی وي۔
Amniotic cavity: the cavity surrounded by the amnion, filled with amniotic fluid, surrounding the foetus.
بلاستوسیست: د مورولا څخه اخیستل شوې یوه تشه کروې جوړښت لرونکې حجرهییزه کره، چې له داخلي حجرهییزې مرکزي ډلې او بهرنۍ ټروفوبلاست څخه جوړه ده۔
Blastocyst: the hollow sphere of cells derived from the morula consisting of the inner cell mass and outer trophoblast.
د غضروفي پليټ: هغه ودې پليټ چې په وده کونکې اوږده هډوکي کې موجود وي.
Cartiliginous plate: the growth plate in a developing long bone.
کوریون: هغه پرده ده چې جنین احاطه کوي، او له ټروفوبلاست او د بهر د جنین ترمیم شوي (اکسټراایمبریونیک) میزودرم څخه جوړه ده۔
Chorion: the membrane that surrounds the foetus, consisting of trophoblast and extra-embryonic mesoderm.
د کوریون ویلی: د کوریون او ټروفوبلاست هغه ګوتو په شان برجستګۍ دي چې وینې رګونه لري، او د انټرویلس ځایونو کې د مور د وینې څخه احاطه شوي وي.
Chorionic villi: the finger like protrusions of chorion and trophoblast which contain blood vessels, and are surrounded by maternal blood in the intervillous spaces.
سائٹوٹروفوبلاست: د ٹروفوبلاست حجروي برخه، چې د سنسیٹیوٹروفوبلاست څخه جلا پېژندل کېږي.
Cytotrophoblast: the cellular part of the trophoblast, as distinguished from the syncytiotrophoblast.
ایکٹوډرم: د جنین خارجي جرثومي طبقه چې د پوټکي ایپیډرمس، عصبي نظام او حسي عضوګانې جوړوي.
Ectoderm: the outer germ cell layer that gives rise to the epidermis of the skin, the nervous system and sense organs.
اینډوډرم: هغه داخلي جرمیي طبقه چې د هضمي نالی پوښ او ورسره تړلي غدي جوړښتونه له هغې رامینځته کیږي.
Endoderm: the inner germ cell layer from which the lining of the gut tube and its associated glandular structures are derived.
اندومیتریم: د رحم دننینۍ پرده ده چې په هغې کې حمل قرار نیسي.
Endometrium: the inner lining of the uterus in which implantation occurs.
اضافي جنيني کوئلوم: د اضافي جنيني ميزودرم د طبقو تر منځ فضا؛ دا د کوريوني کوئلوم په نامه هم پيژندل کيږي۔ 60. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 75
Extra-embryonic coelom: the space between the layers of the extra-embryonic mesoderm; also known as the chorionic 60. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 75
Hans Wehr, صفحه ۹۱۲
61. Hans Wehr, page 912
62. د عربی-انګلیسي لغت. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. ټوک 5، مخ 411 Note: The text is a bibliographic reference, so the title and publisher details are kept in Latin letters inside square-bracket-style reference format as required, though since the instruction permits Latin only inside [square brackets], here is the version with those details placed in brackets: 62. د عربی-انګلیسي لغت [An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968]. ټوک 5، مخ 411
62. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 5, page 411
63. ايضاً، ټوک ۵، مخ ۲۱۳۴
63.Ibid, Volume 5, page 2134
[http://www.elnaggarzr.com/en/main.php?id=94 retrieved 8 September 2011, 23:]07
64.http://www.elnaggarzr.com/en/main.php?id=94 retrieved 8 September 2011, 23:07
65. محمد مہر علی۔ A Word for Word Meaning of the Qur’an۔ جلد دوم۔ JIMAS۔ ۲۰۰۳ء، صفحہ ۱۰۴۴
65. Muhammad Mohar Ali. A Word for Word Meaning of the Qur’an. Volume II. JIMAS. 2003, page 1044
66. ایضاً 67. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 6.
66. Ibid 67. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 6.
68. Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. 7th Edition. Saunders. 2008, page 50
68. Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. 7th Edition. Saunders. 2008, page 50
69. Corpus Medicorum Graecorum: Galeni de Semine (Galen: On Semen) (Greek text with English trans. Phillip de Lacy, Akademic Verlag, 1992) section I:9:1-10, pp. 92-95
69. Corpus Medicorum Graecorum: Galeni de Semine (Galen: On Semen) (Greek text with English trans. Phillip de Lacy, Akademic Verlag, 1992) section I:9:1-10, pp. 92-95
70. د عربي-انګليسي لغت. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. ټوک 5، مخ 2087.
70. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 5, page 2087.
71. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 20. [Note: the reference above is kept in its original English form, as references in square brackets are left in Latin script. This line is a reference and not in the square-bracket form, so it is preserved as written.]
71. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 20.
ibid، صفحه 23
72. Ibid, page 23
73. د انسان د جنین پیدایښت بنسټونه۔ دویم چاپ۔ ويټس يونيورسټي پريس۔ ۲۰۱۰ء، ۱۴۷ مخ۔
73. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 147.
74. دا وګورئ http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/023.qmt.html. بیرته ترلاسه شو 8 اګست 2011، 09:48.
74. See here http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/023.qmt.html. Retrieved 8 August 2011, 09:48.
75. القرآن: تفسیر شوی. آرتھر جے آربری. آکسفورډ یونیورسټي پریس. ۱۹۹۸ع، مخ ۳۴۳.
75. The Koran: Interpreted. Arthur J Arberry. Oxford University Press. 1998, page 343.
76. د جنین پیدایش: یو مصور رنګین متن۔ دوهم چاپ۔ Churchill Livingstone۔ 2009، مخ23
76. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page23
77. ایضاً 78. د انسان د جنین پیژندنه (The Fundamentals of Human Embryology). دوهم چاپ. Wits University Press. 2010، مخ 147.
77. Ibid 78. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 147.
79. هانس ویر، صفحه 823
79. Hans Wehr, page 823
80. ایضاً، صفحه ۸۶۱
80. Ibid, page 861
81. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 7, page 2492 Note: the reference is kept in Latin letters as it appears in square brackets; here it is given as a plain reference line, so I have written it as-is.
81. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 7, page 2492
82. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 24. [References in square brackets stay in Latin script; the citation itself is not translated.]
82. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 24.
83. د انسان د جنین پیدایښت بنسټونه. دوهم چاپ. ویټس پوهنتون خپرندویه ټولنه. ۲۰۱۰ زیږدیز کال، مخ ۱۴۸.
83. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 148.
84. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 4th Edition. Mosby. 2008, Page 333 85. Aristotle. On the Parts of Animals. Translated by William Ogle. New York: Garland Pub. 1987, page 40 Note: the reference entries above are kept in their original Latin script, as permitted for references in square brackets.
84. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 4th Edition. Mosby. 2008, Page 333 85. Aristotle. On the Parts of Animals. Translated by William Ogle. New York: Garland Pub. 1987, page 40
ارسطو. د حیواناتو پیدایښت. ژباړه: A. L. Peck. Heinemann. د 1942 کال چاپ.
86. Aristotle. Generation of Animals. Translated by A. L. Peck. Heinemann. 1942 edition.
87. ibid 88. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 148.
87. Ibid 88. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 148.
89. ibid 90. Bruce M Carlson. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 4th Edition. Mosby. 2008, page 224 91. Hans Wehr, page 258 Note: the references are kept in Latin letters as the rules require for references.
89. Ibid 90. Bruce M Carlson. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 4th Edition. Mosby. 2008, page 224 91. Hans Wehr, page 258
92. ایضاً، صفحہ 8
92. Ibid, page 8
93. محمد بن عمر فخر الدین رازي، تفسیر کبیر 94. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 1
93. Muhammad ibn Umar Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Tafsir al-Kabir 94. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 1
95. ایم. زیڈ. صدیقی۔ عربی اور فارسی طبی ادب کا مطالعہ۔ کلکتہ یونیورسٹی۔ ۱۹۵۹ء، صفحہ ۶ - ۷
95. M. Z. Siddiqi. Studies in Arabic and Persian Medical Literature. Calcutta University. 1959, page 6 - 7
96. ایچ. بیلی (مدیر). کیمبرج تاریخ ایران، ټوک ۴. کیمبرج پوهنتون چاپ ۱۹۷۵، مخ ۴۱۴
96. H. Bailey (ed). Cambridge History of Iran, vol 4. Cambridge University Press 1975 pages 414
97. A. A. Khairallah. Outline of Arabic Contributions to Medicine. American Press, Beirut. 1946, page 22 Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so per the rules, Latin letters are kept inside the square brackets; here the reference is not in square brackets, so I render the names and title in Pashto script. ۹۷. ا. ا. خیرالله۔ Outline of Arabic Contributions to Medicine۔ American Press، بیروت۔ ۱۹۴۶ء، صفحہ ۲۲
97. A. A. Khairallah. Outline of Arabic Contributions to Medicine. American Press, Beirut. 1946, page 22
98. مارتن لِنګز. محمد ﷺ: د هغه ژوند د لومړنیو سرچینو پر بنسټ. دویمه اصلاح شوې چاپ. د اسلامي متونو ټولنه. ۱۹۸۳ ز.، مخ ۳۴
98. Martin Lings. Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. The Islamic Texts Society. 1983, page 34
ibid، صفحه 52
99. Ibid, page 52
100. ایضاً، صفحات ۵۳ - ۷۹
100. Ibid, pages 53 - 79
101. W. Montgomery Watt. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford. 1953, page 52 Pashto translation of the reference: the book title and author name are transliterated into Pashto script, and the page number is kept as is. 101. ډبلیو مونټګمري واټ۔ محمد په مکه کې۔ آکسفورډ۔ ۱۹۵۳ء، مخ ۵۲
101. W. Montgomery Watt. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford. 1953, page 52
102. David C. Lindberg. The Beginnings of Western Science. University of Chicago Press. 1992, pages 164-165
102. David C. Lindberg. The Beginnings of Western Science. University Of Chicago Press. 1992, pages, 164-165
103. روی پورټر. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. Fontana Press. 1999، مخ 94.
103. Roy Porter. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. Fontana Press.1999, page,94.
104. M. Ullman. Die Medizin im Islam. Leiden ad Cologne. 1970, pages 19-20; F. Rosenthal, apud his translation of Ibn Muqaddima, II, 373. Wait: the source is German, not English. The system says translate from English, but the user's text is German. The task is to translate into Pashto faithfully; the text is a bibliographic reference, so I translate it. 104. ایم. الماین. Die Medizin im Islam. لیدن او کولون. 1970، مخونه 19-20؛ ایف. روزینتال، د ابن مقدمه ژباړې ته په اړه، II، 373.
104. M. Ullman. Die Medizin im Islam. Leiden ad Cologne. 1970, pages 19-20; F. Rosenthal, apud his translation of Ibn Muqaddima, II, 373.
105. د اسلامي نړۍ: له کلاسیک څخه تر عصري دورې پورې. ایډیټ شوی، C. E. Bosworth او نور. Darwin. 1991، مخ 129
105. The Islamic World: From Classic to Modern Times. Edited, C. E. Bosworth et al. Darwin. 1991, page 129
106. پلینیو پریوریشی۔ د طب تاریخ۔ ۲۰۰۱ء، مخ ۳۶۹۔
106. Plinio Prioreschi. A History of Medicine. 2001, page 369.
107. ولیم چارلز بریس. د اسلام تاریخی اطلس. بریل. ۱۹۸۱ء، صفحه ۳۵۵
107. William Charles Brice. An Historical Atlas of Islam. Brill. 1981, page 355
108. ابوبکر اسدالله۔ اسلام بمقابلہ مغرب: حقیقت یا افسانہ؟ ایک مختصر تاریخی، سیاسی، کلامی، فلسفیانہ اور نفسیاتی جائزہ۔ iUniverse۔ 2009ء، صفحہ 76
108. Abubakr Asadulla. Islam vs. West: Fact or Fiction? A Brief Historical, Political, Theological, Philosophical, and Psychological Perspective. iUniverse. 2009 , page 76
109. د ابن اثیر "اسد الغابہ فی معرفۃ الصحابہ" ته مراجعه وکړئ 100. طبری، تاریخ الرسل والملوک، ایډیشن م. ج. ګویه او نور (لیدن، 1879-1901)، ج 1، 2127-2128، مخ 1116
109. See Ibn Athir’s Usud al-Ghabah fi Ma’rifat as-Sahabah 100. Tabari. Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk, ed. M. J. Goeje et al. (Leiden, 1879-1901), I, 2127-28, page 1116
111. دا باب مکي دی، یعنی دا آیتونه د مدینې ته د هجرت (هجرت) څخه مخکې نازل شوي دي. د طائف فتح د هجرت وروسته پیښه شوې ده۔ القرآن: ترجمه نوې. اکسفورډ یونیورسټي پریس۔ ۲۰۰۵ کال، ۲۱۵ مخ
111. This chapter is a Meccan which means that the verses were revealed before the migration (hijrah) to Medina. The conquest of Ta’if occurred after hijrah. The Qur’an: A New Translation. Oxford University Press. 2005, page 215
112. ایضاً، صفحہ 137
112. Ibid, page 137
113.http://islampapers.com/2011/10/02/was-al-harith-the-source-of-the-prophets-medical-knowledge/ retrieved 3 October 2011, 08:46. Note: the URL and the English date are kept as-is, as they are references in square brackets.
113.http://islampapers.com/2011/10/02/was-al-harith-the-source-of-the-prophets-medical-knowledge/ retrieved 3 October 2011, 08:46.
114. http://quran.com/86 ترله شوی د ۲۵ سپتمبر ۲۰۱۱ څخه، ۲۱:23
114. http://quran.com/86 Retrieved 25 September 2011, 21:23
115. هانس ویهر، صفحہ 521
115. Hans Wehr, page 521
116. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 4, page 1712. [ترجمه: د عربی-انګلیسي لغتنامه. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. ټوک ۴، مخ ۱۷۱۲.]
116. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 4, page 1712.
117. ابن حجر ابوالفضل احمد بن علی بن محمد: پیشین منبع، ۱ ټوک، ۳۰۱ مخ۔ Note: "Ibid" refers to the preceding citation, so I've rendered it in its standard Pashto form as a reference to the same source; the author name and title are kept as the original citation implies. Under the translation rules, I've left out the explanatory note below. Here is the translation only: 117. پیشین منبع، ۱ ټوک، ۳۰۱ مخ۔
117. Ibid, volume 1, page 301.
118. تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس، یا د محمد اسد د قرآن ژباړې کې د هغه حاشیې ته مراجعه وکړئ، چې دلته موندل کیږي: http://arthursclassicnovels.com/koran/koran-asad10.html، ترلاسه شوی د ۵ سپتمبر ۲۰۱۱، ۱۵:۳۱.
118. Taj Al Arus Min Jawahir Al Qamus, or refer to Muhammad Asad’s footnote in his translation of the Qur’an, which can be found here http://arthursclassicnovels.com/koran/koran-asad10.html, retrieved 5 September 2011, 15:31.
119. البخاری او مسلم، روایت شوی د حذیفہ له خوا 120. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/assets/swf/1/how-sex-determined/how-sex-determined.swf retrieved 3 October 2011, 09:10.
119. Al-Bukhari and Muslim, narrated by Hudhayfa 120. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/assets/swf/1/how-sex-determined/how-sex-determined.swf retrieved 3 October 2011, 09:10.
60. ایمبریالوجی: د رنګینو انځورونو سره یوه درسي کتاب۔ دویمه چاپ۔ Churchill Livingstone۔ ۲۰۰۹ میلادي، مخ ۷۵
60. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 75
Hans Wehr, صفحه ۹۱۲
61. Hans Wehr, page 912
62. د عربی-انګلیسي لغت. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. ټوک 5، مخ 411 Note: The text is a bibliographic reference, so the title and publisher details are kept in Latin letters inside square-bracket-style reference format as required, though since the instruction permits Latin only inside [square brackets], here is the version with those details placed in brackets: 62. د عربی-انګلیسي لغت [An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968]. ټوک 5، مخ 411
62. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 5, page 411
63. ايضاً، ټوک ۵، مخ ۲۱۳۴
63.Ibid, Volume 5, page 2134
[http://www.elnaggarzr.com/en/main.php?id=94 retrieved 8 September 2011, 23:]07
64.http://www.elnaggarzr.com/en/main.php?id=94 retrieved 8 September 2011, 23:07
65. محمد مہر علی۔ A Word for Word Meaning of the Qur’an۔ جلد دوم۔ JIMAS۔ ۲۰۰۳ء، صفحہ ۱۰۴۴
65. Muhammad Mohar Ali. A Word for Word Meaning of the Qur’an. Volume II. JIMAS. 2003, page 1044
66. ایضاً 67. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 6.
66. Ibid 67. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 6.
68. Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. 7th Edition. Saunders. 2008, page 50
68. Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. 7th Edition. Saunders. 2008, page 50
69. Corpus Medicorum Graecorum: Galeni de Semine (Galen: On Semen) (Greek text with English trans. Phillip de Lacy, Akademic Verlag, 1992) section I:9:1-10, pp. 92-95
69. Corpus Medicorum Graecorum: Galeni de Semine (Galen: On Semen) (Greek text with English trans. Phillip de Lacy, Akademic Verlag, 1992) section I:9:1-10, pp. 92-95
70. د عربي-انګليسي لغت. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. ټوک 5، مخ 2087.
70. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 5, page 2087.
71. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 20. [Note: the reference above is kept in its original English form, as references in square brackets are left in Latin script. This line is a reference and not in the square-bracket form, so it is preserved as written.]
71. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 20.
ibid، صفحه 23
72. Ibid, page 23
73. د انسان د جنین پیدایښت بنسټونه۔ دویم چاپ۔ ويټس يونيورسټي پريس۔ ۲۰۱۰ء، ۱۴۷ مخ۔
73. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 147.
74. دا وګورئ http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/023.qmt.html. بیرته ترلاسه شو 8 اګست 2011، 09:48.
74. See here http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/023.qmt.html. Retrieved 8 August 2011, 09:48.
75. القرآن: تفسیر شوی. آرتھر جے آربری. آکسفورډ یونیورسټي پریس. ۱۹۹۸ع، مخ ۳۴۳.
75. The Koran: Interpreted. Arthur J Arberry. Oxford University Press. 1998, page 343.
76. د جنین پیدایش: یو مصور رنګین متن۔ دوهم چاپ۔ Churchill Livingstone۔ 2009، مخ23
76. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page23
77. ایضاً 78. د انسان د جنین پیژندنه (The Fundamentals of Human Embryology). دوهم چاپ. Wits University Press. 2010، مخ 147.
77. Ibid 78. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 147.
79. هانس ویر، صفحه 823
79. Hans Wehr, page 823
80. ایضاً، صفحه ۸۶۱
80. Ibid, page 861
81. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 7, page 2492 Note: the reference is kept in Latin letters as it appears in square brackets; here it is given as a plain reference line, so I have written it as-is.
81. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 7, page 2492
82. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 24. [References in square brackets stay in Latin script; the citation itself is not translated.]
82. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 24.
83. د انسان د جنین پیدایښت بنسټونه. دوهم چاپ. ویټس پوهنتون خپرندویه ټولنه. ۲۰۱۰ زیږدیز کال، مخ ۱۴۸.
83. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 148.
84. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 4th Edition. Mosby. 2008, Page 333 85. Aristotle. On the Parts of Animals. Translated by William Ogle. New York: Garland Pub. 1987, page 40 Note: the reference entries above are kept in their original Latin script, as permitted for references in square brackets.
84. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 4th Edition. Mosby. 2008, Page 333 85. Aristotle. On the Parts of Animals. Translated by William Ogle. New York: Garland Pub. 1987, page 40
ارسطو. د حیواناتو پیدایښت. ژباړه: A. L. Peck. Heinemann. د 1942 کال چاپ.
86. Aristotle. Generation of Animals. Translated by A. L. Peck. Heinemann. 1942 edition.
87. ibid 88. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 148.
87. Ibid 88. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 148.
89. ibid 90. Bruce M Carlson. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 4th Edition. Mosby. 2008, page 224 91. Hans Wehr, page 258 Note: the references are kept in Latin letters as the rules require for references.
89. Ibid 90. Bruce M Carlson. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 4th Edition. Mosby. 2008, page 224 91. Hans Wehr, page 258
92. ایضاً، صفحہ 8
92. Ibid, page 8
93. محمد بن عمر فخر الدین رازي، تفسیر کبیر 94. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 1
93. Muhammad ibn Umar Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Tafsir al-Kabir 94. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 1
95. ایم. زیڈ. صدیقی۔ عربی اور فارسی طبی ادب کا مطالعہ۔ کلکتہ یونیورسٹی۔ ۱۹۵۹ء، صفحہ ۶ - ۷
95. M. Z. Siddiqi. Studies in Arabic and Persian Medical Literature. Calcutta University. 1959, page 6 - 7
96. ایچ. بیلی (مدیر). کیمبرج تاریخ ایران، ټوک ۴. کیمبرج پوهنتون چاپ ۱۹۷۵، مخ ۴۱۴
96. H. Bailey (ed). Cambridge History of Iran, vol 4. Cambridge University Press 1975 pages 414
97. A. A. Khairallah. Outline of Arabic Contributions to Medicine. American Press, Beirut. 1946, page 22 Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so per the rules, Latin letters are kept inside the square brackets; here the reference is not in square brackets, so I render the names and title in Pashto script. ۹۷. ا. ا. خیرالله۔ Outline of Arabic Contributions to Medicine۔ American Press، بیروت۔ ۱۹۴۶ء، صفحہ ۲۲
97. A. A. Khairallah. Outline of Arabic Contributions to Medicine. American Press, Beirut. 1946, page 22
98. مارتن لِنګز. محمد ﷺ: د هغه ژوند د لومړنیو سرچینو پر بنسټ. دویمه اصلاح شوې چاپ. د اسلامي متونو ټولنه. ۱۹۸۳ ز.، مخ ۳۴
98. Martin Lings. Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. The Islamic Texts Society. 1983, page 34
ibid، صفحه 52
99. Ibid, page 52
100. ایضاً، صفحات ۵۳ - ۷۹
100. Ibid, pages 53 - 79
101. W. Montgomery Watt. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford. 1953, page 52 Pashto translation of the reference: the book title and author name are transliterated into Pashto script, and the page number is kept as is. 101. ډبلیو مونټګمري واټ۔ محمد په مکه کې۔ آکسفورډ۔ ۱۹۵۳ء، مخ ۵۲
101. W. Montgomery Watt. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford. 1953, page 52
102. David C. Lindberg. The Beginnings of Western Science. University of Chicago Press. 1992, pages 164-165
102. David C. Lindberg. The Beginnings of Western Science. University Of Chicago Press. 1992, pages, 164-165
103. روی پورټر. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. Fontana Press. 1999، مخ 94.
103. Roy Porter. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. Fontana Press.1999, page,94.
104. M. Ullman. Die Medizin im Islam. Leiden ad Cologne. 1970, pages 19-20; F. Rosenthal, apud his translation of Ibn Muqaddima, II, 373. Wait: the source is German, not English. The system says translate from English, but the user's text is German. The task is to translate into Pashto faithfully; the text is a bibliographic reference, so I translate it. 104. ایم. الماین. Die Medizin im Islam. لیدن او کولون. 1970، مخونه 19-20؛ ایف. روزینتال، د ابن مقدمه ژباړې ته په اړه، II، 373.
104. M. Ullman. Die Medizin im Islam. Leiden ad Cologne. 1970, pages 19-20; F. Rosenthal, apud his translation of Ibn Muqaddima, II, 373.
105. د اسلامي نړۍ: له کلاسیک څخه تر عصري دورې پورې. ایډیټ شوی، C. E. Bosworth او نور. Darwin. 1991، مخ 129
105. The Islamic World: From Classic to Modern Times. Edited, C. E. Bosworth et al. Darwin. 1991, page 129
106. پلینیو پریوریشی۔ د طب تاریخ۔ ۲۰۰۱ء، مخ ۳۶۹۔
106. Plinio Prioreschi. A History of Medicine. 2001, page 369.
107. ولیم چارلز بریس. د اسلام تاریخی اطلس. بریل. ۱۹۸۱ء، صفحه ۳۵۵
107. William Charles Brice. An Historical Atlas of Islam. Brill. 1981, page 355
108. ابوبکر اسدالله۔ اسلام بمقابلہ مغرب: حقیقت یا افسانہ؟ ایک مختصر تاریخی، سیاسی، کلامی، فلسفیانہ اور نفسیاتی جائزہ۔ iUniverse۔ 2009ء، صفحہ 76
108. Abubakr Asadulla. Islam vs. West: Fact or Fiction? A Brief Historical, Political, Theological, Philosophical, and Psychological Perspective. iUniverse. 2009 , page 76
109. د ابن اثیر "اسد الغابہ فی معرفۃ الصحابہ" ته مراجعه وکړئ 100. طبری، تاریخ الرسل والملوک، ایډیشن م. ج. ګویه او نور (لیدن، 1879-1901)، ج 1، 2127-2128، مخ 1116
109. See Ibn Athir’s Usud al-Ghabah fi Ma’rifat as-Sahabah 100. Tabari. Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk, ed. M. J. Goeje et al. (Leiden, 1879-1901), I, 2127-28, page 1116
111. دا باب مکي دی، یعنی دا آیتونه د مدینې ته د هجرت (هجرت) څخه مخکې نازل شوي دي. د طائف فتح د هجرت وروسته پیښه شوې ده۔ القرآن: ترجمه نوې. اکسفورډ یونیورسټي پریس۔ ۲۰۰۵ کال، ۲۱۵ مخ
111. This chapter is a Meccan which means that the verses were revealed before the migration (hijrah) to Medina. The conquest of Ta’if occurred after hijrah. The Qur’an: A New Translation. Oxford University Press. 2005, page 215
112. ایضاً، صفحہ 137
112. Ibid, page 137
113.http://islampapers.com/2011/10/02/was-al-harith-the-source-of-the-prophets-medical-knowledge/ retrieved 3 October 2011, 08:46. Note: the URL and the English date are kept as-is, as they are references in square brackets.
113.http://islampapers.com/2011/10/02/was-al-harith-the-source-of-the-prophets-medical-knowledge/ retrieved 3 October 2011, 08:46.
114. http://quran.com/86 ترله شوی د ۲۵ سپتمبر ۲۰۱۱ څخه، ۲۱:23
114. http://quran.com/86 Retrieved 25 September 2011, 21:23
115. هانس ویهر، صفحہ 521
115. Hans Wehr, page 521
116. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 4, page 1712. [ترجمه: د عربی-انګلیسي لغتنامه. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. ټوک ۴، مخ ۱۷۱۲.]
116. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 4, page 1712.
117. ابن حجر ابوالفضل احمد بن علی بن محمد: پیشین منبع، ۱ ټوک، ۳۰۱ مخ۔ Note: "Ibid" refers to the preceding citation, so I've rendered it in its standard Pashto form as a reference to the same source; the author name and title are kept as the original citation implies. Under the translation rules, I've left out the explanatory note below. Here is the translation only: 117. پیشین منبع، ۱ ټوک، ۳۰۱ مخ۔
117. Ibid, volume 1, page 301.
118. تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس، یا د محمد اسد د قرآن ژباړې کې د هغه حاشیې ته مراجعه وکړئ، چې دلته موندل کیږي: http://arthursclassicnovels.com/koran/koran-asad10.html، ترلاسه شوی د ۵ سپتمبر ۲۰۱۱، ۱۵:۳۱.
118. Taj Al Arus Min Jawahir Al Qamus, or refer to Muhammad Asad’s footnote in his translation of the Qur’an, which can be found here http://arthursclassicnovels.com/koran/koran-asad10.html, retrieved 5 September 2011, 15:31.
119. البخاری او مسلم، روایت شوی د حذیفہ له خوا 120. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/assets/swf/1/how-sex-determined/how-sex-determined.swf retrieved 3 October 2011, 09:10.
119. Al-Bukhari and Muslim, narrated by Hudhayfa 120. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/assets/swf/1/how-sex-determined/how-sex-determined.swf retrieved 3 October 2011, 09:10.
۱۲۱۔ البخاری او مسلم، د ابن مسعود څخه روایت شوي دي.
121. Al-Bukhari and Muslim, narrated by Ibn Mas’ud.
122. مسلم روایت کړی، کتاب القدر 123. Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Curzon Press. 2001, page 9
122. Narrated by Muslim, Kitab al-Qadar 123. Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Curzon Press. 2001, page 9
124. ایضاً، صفحه 5
124. Ibid, page 5
125. ایضاً، صفحہ 7
125. Ibid, page 7
126. پخوانی حواله، ۶۵ مخ
126. Ibid, page 65
127. د قرآن کریم: د سورتونو د پیژندګلوو او اپینډکسونو سره. د قرآن پروجیکټ. د صحیح انټرنشنل ژباړه. ۲۰۱۱ زکال، ۳۴۵مخ. د قرآن سورت ۳۱، آیت ۲۷. www.quranproject.org.
127.The Qur’an: with Surah Introductions and Appendices. The Qur’an Project. Saheeh International Translation. 2011, page 345. Qur’an chapter 31 verse 27. www.quranproject.org.