Notas finais

1. Ár. Sunnah: Caminho, Trilha, Tradição, Exemplo. Veja An Introduction to the Sunnah, de Suhaib Hasan (Understanding Islam Series no. 5, publicado pela Al-Quran Society), para as provas corânicas da revelação além do Alcorão, a importância da Sunnah e uma breve história das coletâneas de Hadith. Veja também al-Risalah, do Imam al-Shafi'i, para a posição autoritativa da Sunnah (trad. ing., pp. 109-116).

1. Ar. Sunnah: Way, Path, Tradition, Example. See An Introduction to the Sunnah by Suhaib Hasan (Understanding Islam Series no. 5, published by Al-Quran Society), for Qur'anic proofs of revelation besides the Qur'an, the importance of the Sunnah, and a brief history of the collections of Hadith. See also Imam al- Shafi'i's al-Risalah for the authoritative position of the Sunnah (Eng. trans., pp. 109- 116).

2. relatado pelo Imam Muslim na Introdução ao seu Sahih - veja Sahih Muslim (ed. M.F. 'Abdul Baqi, 5 vols., Cairo, 1374/1955), 1:15 e Sahih Muslim bi Sharh an-Nawawi (18 vols. em 6, Cairo, 1349), 1:87. A tradução inglesa existente de Sahih Muslim, de Abdul Hamid Siddiqi, não contém esta Introdução extremamente valiosa.

2. related by Imam Muslim in the Introduction to his Sahih - see Sahih Muslim (ed. M.F. 'Abdul Baqi, 5 vols., Cairo, 1374/1955), 1:15 & Sahih Muslim bi Sharh an-Nawawi (18 vols. in 6, Cairo, 1349), 1:87. The existing English translation of Sahih Muslim, by Abdul Hamid Siddiqi, does not contain this extremely valuable Introduction.

3. Ibn Abi Hatim al-Razi, Al-Jarh wa l-Ta'dil (8 vols., Hyderabad, 1360-1373), 1:20.

4. Sahih Muslim, 1:15. Veja Suhaib Hasan, Criticism of Hadith among Muslims with reference to Sunan Ibn Maja (Ta Ha publishers / Al-Quran Society, London, 1407/1986), pp. 15-17 para a discussão desta declaração de Ibn Sirin.

4. Sahih Muslim, 1:15. See Suhaib Hasan, Criticism of Hadith among Muslims with reference to Sunan Ibn Maja (Ta Ha publishers / Al-Quran Society, London, 1407/1986), pp. 15-17 for discussion of this statement of Ibn Sirin.

5. Observações como estas são exceções à proibição islâmica básica da difamação (ghibah) de outro muçulmano, mesmo que a afirmação seja verdadeira. Tais exceções são permitidas, e até obrigatórias em alguns casos, quando está em jogo o benefício geral da comunidade muçulmana, como no caso de saber quais ahadith são autênticos. Veja, por exemplo, Riyad al-Salihin de al-Nawawi, capítulo sobre a Difamação, para a justificação de certos tipos de difamação a partir do Alcorão e da Sunnah.

5. Remarks like these are exceptions from the basic Islamic prohibition of backbiting (ghibah) another Muslim, even if the statement is true. Such exceptions are allowed, even obligatory in some cases, where general benefit to the Muslim public is at stake, such as knowing which ahadith are authentic. See e.g. Riyad al- Salihin of al-Nawawi, Chapter on Backbiting, for the justification for certain types of backbiting from the Qur'an and Sunnah.

6. Muhammad Adib Salih, Lamahat fi Usul al-Hadith (2ª ed., al-Maktab al-Islami, Beirute, 1389), p. 143.

6. Muhammad Adib Salih, Lamahat fi Usul al-Hadith (2nd ed., al-Maktab al-Islami, Beirut, 1389), p. 143.

7. Tahir b. Ahmad al-Jaza'iri, Taujih al-Nazar ila Usul al-Nazar (Maktaba 'Ilmiyyah, Madinah, s.d.), p. 68.

7. Tahir b. Ahmad al-Jaza'iri, Taujih al-Nazar ila Usul al-Nazar (Maktaba 'Ilmiyyah, Madinah, N.D.), p. 68.

8. Muhammad b. 'Abdullah al-Hakim, Ma'rifah 'Ulum al-Hadith (ed. Mu'azzam Husain, Cairo, 1937), p. 17.

9. ibid.

10. Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, Tadrib al-Rawi (ed. A.A. Latif, 1ª ed., Cairo, 1379/1959), 1:197.

10. Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, Tadrib al-Rawi (ed. A.A. Latif, 1st ed., Cairo, 1379/1959), 1:197.

1. Al-Dhahabi, Talkhis al-Mustadrak (publicado com o Mustadrak al-Hakim, 4 volumes, Hyderabad), 3:176.

11. Al-Dhahabi, Talkhis al-Mustadrak (printed with Mustadrak al-Hakim, 4 vols., Hyderabad), 3:176.

12. Abu 'l-Fida' 'Imad al-Din Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim (4 vols., Cairo, N.D.), 1:80.

13. Yusuf b. 'Abdullah Ibn 'Abdul Barr, Tajrid al-Tamhid lima fi l-Muwatta' min al-Asanid (Cairo, 1350), 1:2.

13. Yusuf b. 'Abdullah Ibn 'Abdul Barr, Tajrid al- Tamhid lima fi l-Muwatta' min al-Asanid (Cairo, 1350), 1:2.

14. ibid.

15. al-Suyuti, 1:198.

16. Para a discussão detalhada, veja al-Shafi'i, al-Risalah (ed. Ahmad Shakir, Cairo, 1358/1940, pp.

16. For the discussion in detail, see al-Shafi'i, al-Risalah (ed. Ahmad Shakir, Cairo, 1358/1940, pp.

461-470; tradução inglesa: M. Khadduri, 2ª ed., Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge, 1987, pp. 279-284, onde o hadith mursal foi traduzido como "tradição interrompida").

461-470; English translation: M. Khadduri, 2nd ed., Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge, 1987, pp. 279-284, where the mursal hadith has been translated as "interrupted tradition").

17. al-Suyuti, 1:199; Muhammad b. Mustafa al-Ghadamsi, Al-Mursal min al-Hadith (Darif Ltd., London, N.D.), p.71.

17. al-Suyuti, 1:199; Muhammad b. Mustafa al- Ghadamsi, Al-Mursal min al-Hadith (Darif Ltd., London, N.D.), p.71.

18. Ibn al-Qayyim, I'lam al-Muwaqqi'in (2ª ed., 4 vols. em 2, Dar al-Fikr, Beirute, 1397/1977), 1:31.

18. Ibn al-Qayyim, I'lam al-Muwaqqi'in (2nd ed., 4 vols. in 2, Dar al-Fikr, Beirut, 1397/1977), 1:31.

19. Ibn Hazm, Al-Ihkam fi Usul al-Ahkam (Matba'ah al-Sa'adah, Cairo, 1345), 2:135.

20. Al-Hazimi, Shurut al-A'immah al-Khamsah (ed. M.Z. al-Kauthari, Cairo, N.D.), p. 45.

21. De acordo com as diferentes interpretações deste versículo, "eles" aqui poderiam referir-se àqueles que ficam para trás, ou àqueles que saem.

21. According to the different interpretations of this verse, "they" here could refer to those who stay behind, or those who go forth.

22. al-Hakim, p. 26.

23. ibid.

24. Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Al-Kifayah fi 'Ilm al-Riwayah (Hyderabad, 1357), p. 387.

24. Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Al-Kifayah fi 'Ilm al- Riwayah (Hyderabad, 1357), p. 387.

25. Ibid., pp. 411-413.

25. ibid., pp. 411-413.

26. Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi, Al-Taqyid wa 'l-Idah Sharh Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah (al-Maktabah al-Salafiyyahh, Madinah, 1389/1969), p. 72.

27. Ibn Taymiyyah, Minhaj al-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah fi Naqd Kalam al-Shi'ah wa 'l-Qadariyyah (al-Maktabah al-Amiriyyah, Bulaq, 1322), 4:117.

28. Al-Dhahabi, Al-Muqizah (Maktab al-Matbu'at al-Islamiyyah, Halab, 1405), p. 40.

28. Al-Dhahabi, Al-Muqizah (Maktab al-Matbu'at al- Islamiyyah, Halab, 1405), p. 40.

29. al-Jaza'iri, p. 33.

30. ibid.

31. Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, Sharh Nukhbah al-Fikr (ed. M. 'Aud & M.G. Sabbagh, Damasco, 1410/1990), pp. 8-9.

31. Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, Sharh Nukhbah al-Fikr (ed. M. 'Aud & M.G. Sabbagh, Damascus, 1410/1990), pp. 8-9.

32. al-Jaza'iri, p. 49; Muhammad b. Isma'il al-Amir al-San'ani, Taudih al-Afkar (2 vols. ed. M.M. 'Abdul Hamid, Cairo, 1366), 2:405.

32. al-Jaza'iri, p. 49; Muhammad b. Isma'il al- Amir al-San'ani, Taudih al-Afkar (2 vols. ed. M.M. 'Abdul Hamid, Cairo, 1366), 2:405.

33. al-San'ani, 2:409.

34. al-Hakim, pp. 96-102.

35. al-San'ani, 2:455.

36. al-'Iraqi, p. 268.

37. al-San'ani, 2:406.

38. al-'Iraqi, p. 96.

39. ibid.

40. Ibn Hajar, Tabaqat al-Mudallisin (Cairo, 1322), p. 7f.

41. al-'Iraqi, p. 98.

42. al-Hakim, pp. 30-34.

43. ibid., p. 119.

44. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar 'Ulum al-Hadith (ed. Ahmad Shakir, 2ª ed., Cairo, 1951), p. 57.

44. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar 'Ulum al-Hadith (ed. Ahmad Shakir, 2nd imp., Cairo, 1951), p. 57.

45. al-Suyuti, 1:235; M. A. Salih, p. 260.

46. al-San'ani, 2:3.

47. Ibid., 2:6.

47. ibid., 2:6.

48. al-Khatib, p. 431.

49. Ibn Kathir, Tafsir, 4:349.

50. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar, p. 62.

51. al-Suyuti, 1:248.

52. al-Hakim, p. 39.

53. al-'Iraqi, p. 129f.

54. al-Suyuti, 1:274.

55. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar, p. 72.

56. ibid.

57. Ibn 'Abdul Barr, Al-Tamhid, 3:32, citado por Luqman al-Salafi, Ihtimam al-Muhaddithin bi Naqd al-Hadith, p. 381f.

57. Ibn 'Abdul Barr, Al-Tamhid, 3:32, as quoted by Luqman al-Salafi, Ihtimam al-Muhaddithin bi Naqd al-Hadith, p. 381f.

58. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar, p. 88.

59. Ibid., p. 87.

59. ibid., p. 87.

60. Shams al-Din Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sakhawi, Fath al-Mughith Sharh Alfiyyah al-Hadith li 'l-'Iraqi (Lucknow, N.D.), 1:278.

60. Shams al-Din Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al- Sakhawi, Fath al-Mughith Sharh Alfiyyah al-Hadith li 'l-'Iraqi (Lucknow, N.D.), 1:278.

61. 'Uthman b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Dimashqi Ibn al-Salah, 'Ulum al-Hadith (comumente conhecido como Muqaddimah, ed. al-Tabbakh, Halab, 1350), p. 116.

61. 'Uthman b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Dimashqi Ibn al- Salah, 'Ulum al-Hadith (commonly known as Muqaddimah, ed. al-Tabbakh, Halab, 1350), p. 116.

62. 'Ali b. 'Abdullah b. Ja'far Ibn al-Madini, Kitab al-'Ilal, p. 58. Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani menciona que os Imames do Hadith concordaram que al-Hasan al-Basri não ouviu nenhuma palavra de 'Ali.

62. 'Ali b. 'Abdullah b. Ja'far Ibn al-Madini, Kitab al-'Ilal, p. 58. Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani mentions that the Imams of Hadith have agreed that al-Hasan al-Basri did not hear a single word from 'Ali.

63. Sahih Muslim, 4:2149 (tradução em inglês, IV:1462, Sharh Nawawi, 17:133).

63. Sahih Muslim, 4:2149 (English transl., IV:1462, Sharh Nawawi, 17:133).

64. Ibn Taimiyyah, Majmu' Fatawa (37 volumes, ed. 'Abd al-Rahman b. Qasim e seu filho Muhammad, Riyad, 1398), 18:18s. Ibn Taimiyyah menciona que a autenticação deste hadith por Imam Muslim é apoiada por Abu Bakr al-Anbari e Ibn al-Jauzi, enquanto al-Baihaqi apoia aqueles que o desqualificaram. Al-Albani diz que foi Ibn al-Madini quem criticou o hadith, enquanto Ibn Ma'in não o fez (este último era conhecido por ser muito rigoroso; ambos foram shaikhs de al-Bukhari). Ele afirma ainda que o hadith é sahih e não contradiz o Alcorão, ao contrário do provável ponto de vista dos estudiosos que criticaram o hadith, pois o que é mencionado no Alcorão é a criação dos céus e da terra em seis dias, cada um dos quais pode ser como mil anos, enquanto o hadith se refere apenas à criação da terra, em dias mais curtos do que os referidos no Alcorão (Silsilah al-Ahadith as-Sahihah, n.º 1833).

64. Ibn Taimiyyah, Majmu' Fatawa (37 vols., ed. 'Abd al-Rahman b. Qasim & his son Muhammad, Riyad, 1398), 18:18f. Ibn Taimiyyah mentions that Imam Muslim's authentication of this hadith is supported by Abu Bakr al-Anbari & Ibn al- Jauzi, whereas al-Baihaqi supports those who disparaged it. Al-Albani says that it was Ibn al-Madini who criticised it, whereas Ibn Ma'in did not (the latter was known to be very strict, both of them were shaikhs of al-Bukhari). He further says that the hadith is sahih, and does not contradict the Qur'an, contrary to the probable view of the scholars who criticised the hadith, since what is mentioned in the Qur'an is the creation of the heavens and the earth in six days, each of which may be like a thousand years, whereas the hadith refers to the creation of the earth only, in days which are shorter than those referred to in the Qur'an (Silsilah al-Ahadith as-Sahihah, no. 1833).

65. al-Dhahabi, p. 27.

66. al-Shafi'i, p. 370f (trad. ing., pp. 239-240).

66. al-Shafi'i, p. 370f (Eng. trans., pp. 239- 240).

67. al-Dhahabi, p. 24.

68. al-Nawawi, Muqaddimah, p. 14.

69. al-Tibi, al-Husain b. 'Abdullah, al-Khulasah fi Usul al-Hadith (ed. Subhi al-Samarra'i, Baghdad, 1391), p. 36.

70. Ibid., p. 38.

70. ibid., p. 38.

71. al-Nawawi, Muqaddimah, p. 43.

72. al-Dhahabi, p. 26.

73. Ibid., pp. 32-33.

73. ibid., pp. 32-33.

74. al-Albani, Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Sahihah, n.º 62.

74. al-Albani, Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Sahihah, no. 62.

75. al-Jaza'iri, p. 149.

76. al-Sakhawi, 1:99.

77. al-Dhahabi, pp. 33-34.

78. Ibid., p. 36.

78. ibid., p. 36.

79. al-Sakhawi, 1:264.

80. ibid., 1:275.

81. al-Nawawi, Taqrib, 1:275.

82. Veja Ibn al-Qayyim, al-Manar al-Munif fi 'l-Sahih wa 'l-Da'if (ed. A.F. Abu Ghuddah, Lahore, 1402/1982), pp. 102-105, para uma discussão mais completa. Ibn al-Qayyim menciona mais de dez indícios claros da falsificação do documento, que os judeus tentaram repetidamente usar para enganar os muçulmanos ao longo dos séculos; mas, em cada ocasião, um estudioso do Hadith interveio para apontar a falsificação. Tais episódios ocorreram com Ibn Jarir al-Tabari (m. 310), al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (m. 463) e Ibn Taimiyyah (m. 728), que cuspiu sobre o documento quando este foi desdobrado de debaixo de suas capas de seda.

82. see Ibn al-Qayyim, al-Manar al-Munif fi 'l- Sahih wa 'l-Da'if (ed. A.F. Abu Ghuddah, Lahore, 1402/1982), pp. 102-105 for a fuller discussion. Ibn al-Qayyim mentions more than ten clear indications of the forgery of the document, which the Jews repeatedly attempted to use to deceive the Muslims over the centuries, but each time a scholar of Hadith intervened to point out the forgery - such incidents occurred with Ibn Jarir al-Tabari (d. 310), al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 463) and Ibn Taimiyyah (d. 728), who spat on the document as it was unfolded from beneath its silken covers.

83. Suhaib Hasan, Criticism of Hadith, pp. 35-44.

84. O Profeta ﷺ permitiu tais narrações, mas elas não devem ser confirmadas nem negadas, exceto aquilo que for confirmado ou negado pelo Alcorão e pela Sunnah. Veja, por exemplo, An Introduction to the Principles of Tafseer of Ibn Taimiyyah (trad. M.A.H. Ansari, Al-Hidaayah, Birmingham, 1414/1993), pp. 56-58.

84. The Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) allowed such narrations, but they are not to be confirmed nor denied, except for what is confirmed or denied by the Qur'an and Sunnah. See e.g. An Introduction to the Principles of Tafseer of Ibn Taimiyyah (trans. M.A.H. Ansari, Al- Hidaayah, Birmingham, 1414/1993), pp. 56-58.

85. ibid., p. 156.

86. Veja o Muqaddimah de Ibn al-Salah.

86. see Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah.

87. Fatawa Ibn Taimiyyah, 6:379-382.

88. Isma'il b. Muhammad al-'Ijlouni, Kashf al-Khafa' (2 vols. in 1, Cairo/Aleppo, N.D.), no. 2016.

88. Isma'il b. Muhammad al-'Ijlouni, Kashf al- Khafa' (2 vols. in 1, Cairo/Aleppo, N.D.), no. 2016.

89. Al-Albani, Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da'ifah, nº 282.

89. Al-Albani, Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da'ifah, no. 282.

90. Kashf al-Khafa', nº 2256.

90. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 2256.

91. Sahih al-Jami' al-Saghir, n.º 2163; Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Sahihah, n.º 1691.

91. Sahih al-Jami' al-Saghir, no. 2163; Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Sahihah, no. 1691.

92. Kashf al-Khafa', nº 2532; Al-Da'ifah, nº 66.

92. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 2532; Al-Da'ifah, no. 66.

93. Al-Da'ifah, nº 58.

93. Al-Da'ifah, no. 58.

94. Kashf al-Khafa', nº 1102; Al-Da'ifah, nº 36.

94. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 1102; Al-Da'ifah, no. 36.

95. Al-Sahihah, nº 1761. 96. Kashf al-Khafa', nº 2130.

95. Al-Sahihah, no. 1761. 96. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 2130.

97. Kashf al-Khafa', nº 618. 98. Da'if al-Jami' al-Saghir, nº 1410, 1416. 99. Kashf al-Khafa', nº 1078; Al-Da'ifah, nº 593. 100. Kashf al-Khafa', nº 1665; Sahih al-Jami' al-Saghir, nº 3913-4.

97. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 618. 98. Da'if al-Jami' al-Saghir, nos. 1410, 1416. 99. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 1078; Al-Da'ifah, no. 593. 100. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 1665; Sahih al-Jami' al- Saghir, nos. 3913-4.

101. Al-Da'ifah, nº 416; Da'if al-Jami' al-Saghir, nºs. 1005-6. 102. Kashf al-Khafa', nº 2276.

101. Al-Da'ifah, no. 416; Da'if al-Jami' al- Saghir, nos. 1005-6. 102. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 2276.

103. Kashf al-Khafa', nº 1362.

103. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 1362.