28 宪法:教育政策
28 Constitution: EDUCATION POLICY
第165条,
Article 165,
伊斯兰信仰是教育政策所建立的基础。教学大纲与教学方法的设计,旨在防止偏离这一基础。
The Islamic creed constitutes the basis upon which the education policy is built. The syllabi and methods of teaching are designed to prevent a departure from this basis.
第166条
Article 166,
教育的目的在于塑造穆斯林在思想和行为上的伊斯兰人格。因此,课程中的所有科目都必须以此为基础来选择。
The purpose of education is to form the Islamic personality in thought and behaviour. Therefore, all subjects in the curriculum must be chosen on this basis.
第167条,
Article 167,
教育的目标是培养伊斯兰人格,并为人们提供与生活事务相关的知识。教学方法是为实现这一目标而确立的;任何导向此目标以外的方法都应被禁止。
The goal of education is to produce the Islamic personality and to provide people with the knowledge connected with life's affairs. Teaching methods are established to achieve this goal; any method that leads to other than this goal is prevented.
第一百六十八条,
Article 168,
应当区分经验科学(如数学)与文化科学两类。经验科学及其相关内容,依据需要进行教学,不受教育任何阶段的限制。至于文化科学,则在小学和中学阶段依据一项特定的方针进行教学,该方针不与伊斯兰的思想和规定相抵触。在高等教育中,这些文化科学与其他学科一样进行研习,但前提是不致偏离既定的教育方针与目标。
A distinction should be drawn between the empirical sciences such as mathematics, on the one hand, and the cultural sciences, on the other. The empirical sciences, and all that is related to them, are taught according to the need and are not restricted to any stage of education. As for the cultural sciences, they are taught at the primary and secondary levels according to a specific policy which does not contradict Islamic thoughts and rules. In higher education, these cultural sciences are studied like other sciences provided they do not lead to a departure from the stated policy and goal of the education.
第169条,
Article 169,
伊斯兰文化必须在各个教育阶段传授。在高等教育中,应当像设立医学、工程学、物理学等学科的院系一样,为各个伊斯兰学科设立相应的院系。
The Islamic culture must be taught at all levels of education. In higher education, departments should be assigned to the various Islamic disciplines as will be done with medicine, engineering, physics etc.
第170条
Article 170,
艺术与手工艺可能与科学相关,例如商业、航海和农业。在这些情况下,它们可以不受限制、不附条件地加以学习。然而,有时艺术与手工艺与文化相联系,并受某种人生观的影响,例如绘画和雕塑。如果这种人生观与伊斯兰的人生观相抵触,这些艺术与手工艺便不予采纳。
Arts and crafts may be related to science, such as commerce, navigation and agriculture. In such cases, they are studied without restriction or conditions. Sometimes, however, arts and crafts are connected to culture and influenced by a particular viewpoint of life, such as painting and sculpting. If this viewpoint of life contradicts the Islamic viewpoint of life, these arts and crafts are not taken.
第172条,
Article 172,
国家的课程只有一套,不允许教授国家课程之外的任何课程。私立学校在不是外国学校的前提下是被允许的,但前提是它们采用国家课程,以国家的教育政策为基础,并实现国家所设定的教育目标。此类学校的教学不应男女混合,无论是学生还是教师;并且它们不应专属于某一宗教、教派、种族或肤色。
The state's curriculum is only one, and no curriculum other than that of the state is allowed to be taught. Private schools, provided they are not foreign, are allowed as long as they adopt the state's curriculum and establish themselves on the State's educational policy and accomplish the goal of education set by the State. Teaching in such schools should not be mixed between males and females, whether the students or the teachers; and they should not be specific for certain deen, madhab, race or colour.
第173条,
Article 173,
国家有义务教导每一位个人,无论男女,使其掌握日常生活所必需的知识。这种教育应当是强制性的,并在小学和中学阶段免费提供。国家应尽其所能,为每个人提供免费继续接受高等教育的机会。
It is an obligation upon the State to teach every individual, male or female, those things which are necessary for the mainstream of life. This should be obligatory and provided freely in the primary and secondary levels of education. The State should, to the best of its ability, provide the opportunity for everyone to continue higher education free of charge.
第174条,
Article 174,
国家应当提供发展知识的条件,例如图书馆和实验室,此外还应设立学校和大学,使那些想要在各个知识领域继续研究的人能够如愿,这些领域包括教法学(fiqh)、圣训学和古兰经注释学、思想、医学、工程学和化学、发明与发现等。这样做是为了培养大量的穆ജ谔希德(mujtahideen)、杰出的科学家和发明家。
The State ought to provide the means of developing knowledge, such as libraries and laboratories, in addition to schools and universities, to enable those who want to continue their research in the various fields of knowledge, like fiqh, Hadith and tafseer of Qur'an, thought, medicine, engineering and chemistry, inventions and discoveries etc. This is done to create an abundance of mujtahideen, outstanding scientists and inventors.
第175条,
Article 175,
对于出于教育目的而利用著作的行为,例如版权保护,无论以何种形式,都是严格禁止的。一旦书籍已经印刷出版,任何人都无权保留其出版和印刷权利,包括作者本人。然而,如果书籍尚未印刷出版,仍只是一种思想,那么作者有权收取费用,以将这些思想传播给公众,正如他可以因传授这些知识而收取费用一样。
The exploitation of writing for educational purposes, such as copyrighting, at whatever level is strictly forbidden. Once a book has been printed and published, nobody has the right to reserve the publishing and printing rights, including the author. However, if the book has not been printed and published, and thus is still an idea, the owner has the right to take payment for transferring these ideas to the public, the same way he can take payment for teaching them.