Ta haka mataki na biyu ya ƙare da kafuwar gwamnati ta biyu ta ƙasar a Ankara, wadda ta zama mai riƙe da madafun iko da ikon zartarwa na gaske. A lokaci guda, gwamnatin Istanbul ta koma hukuma marar ƙarfi kuma mai rauni. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan gwamnati ta biyu ta kafu kuma ta karɓi ikon ƙasar, Birtaniya ta kira, sakamakon waɗannan al'amura, taron London, wanda wakilai da yawa daga Girka da Turkiyya za su halarta. Birtaniya ta ce: Manufar gudanar da wannan taro ita ce neman mafita ga rikicin Gabas. Wannan ba zai iya nufin komai ba face sake duba sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya na Yarjejeniyar Sèvres da aka sanya hannu a kanta a Paris, domin gudanar da taro don duba Batun Gabas, wanda aka warware a wani taron zaman lafiya na hukuma, ba zai iya nufin komai ba face cewa Yarjejeniyar Sèvres da aka amince da ita a Paris za ta sake zama abin tattaunawa da nazari kafin ta iya aiki, ko kafin a aiwatar da ita gaba ɗaya. Hakika, ba a yi amfani da Yarjejeniyar ba, kuma babu ko ɗaya daga cikin sassanta da aka aiwatar.

This is how the second phase ended with the settlement of the second government of the country in Ankara, making it the holder of the reins of power and the effective authority. Meanwhile, the Istanbul government turned into a powerless and deficient authority. No sooner than this second government had settled and took control of the country, Britain called in the wake of these events for the conference of London, to be attended by a host of deputies from Greece and Turkey. Britain said: “The purpose of holding this conference is to seek a solution for the Eastern crisis.” This could only mean a review of the peace terms of the Sèvres Treaty signed in Paris because the holding of a conference to look into the Eastern Issue, which had been settled at an official peace conference, could only mean that the Sèvres Treaty which had been ratified in Paris would again be the object of discussion and study before it could have any effect, or before it could be implemented altogether. Indeed the Treaty had not been applied and not one single article of it was implemented.

Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa Birtaniya ta kulla Yarjejeniyar ne domin ta yi barazana ga Turkiyya da amfani da ita a matsayin hanyar cimma burinta, ba domin aiwatar da ita ba. Hujjar hakan ita ce, an kulla ta tsawon kimanin shekara guda a lokacin da aka boye ta; an bayyana ta ne kawai lokacin da Mustafa Kemal ya kewaye kansa kuma kusan an hallaka shi, kuma tawayensa ya kusa murkushewa.

This confirms that Britain concluded the Treaty in order to threaten Turkey and use it as a means to carry out her aims, not to implement it. The proof for this is that it had been concluded for about a year during which time it was kept secret; it was only broadcast when Mustafa Kemal was surrounded and was nearly destroyed and his rebellion almost crushed.

Har dai kasancewar Birtaniya ta nemi a sake duba yarjejeniyar Sèvres a taron London an ɗauki hakan a matsayin abin mamaki, domin yarjejeniyar tana cikin amfanin Birtaniya. Duk da cewa Faransa ba ta gamsu da yarjejeniyar Sèvres ko kaɗan ba, kuma an tilasta mata ta amince da ita, ta ɗauki cewa gadon Daular Usmaniyya ya zama mallakin abokiyar gwamnatinta Birtaniya, wadda ta samu mafi yawan riba daga gare shi. Don haka Faransa ta wajaba ta gamsu da Siriya da Cilicia. Duk da haka, ga Faransa, Siriya da Cilicia kyauta ce da za a iya muhawara a kanta. Italiya ma ta yi fushi da yarjejeniyar, domin ba ta yarda da mulkin Girka a Bahar Rum ba, musamman saboda faɗaɗan Girka a Asiya Ƙarama ya kasance a kan yankunan tasirin Italiya da ƙawaye suka tsara a lokacin yaƙi. Saboda haka, sakamakon haɗamar waɗannan ƙasashe biyu, Faransa da Italiya, wajen neman ƙarin ganima ne suka sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar cikin rashin yarda.

The mere fact that the British called for the London conference to review the Sèvres Treaty was seen as bizarre because the Treaty was in favour of the British. Even though France was not satisfied with the Sèvres Treaty in the slightest and she had been coerced into agreeing to that Treaty; she deemed that the Ottoman legacy had become the property of her ally Britain, who had gained from it the lion’s share. Thus France had to be content with Syria and Cilicia. Still, Syria and Cilicia were, as far as France was concerned, a gift that was open to debate. Italy was also angry about the Treaty, for she was averse to the Greek sovereignty in the Mediterranean, especially because the Greek expansion in Asia Minor was in fact at the expense of the Italian areas of influence which had been drawn up between the allies during the war. Therefore, it was due to the greed of these two states, France and Italy, in gaining more spoils that they had signed the Treaty reluctantly.

Bisa haka, lokacin da Biritaniya ta zaɓi kada ta aiwatar da komai daga Yarjejeniyar, duk da cewa hakan zai ba ta mafi girman ganima idan aka kwatanta da abokan kawancenta, wannan ya jawo hankali kuma aka ɗauka cewa abu ne da ba na halitta ba. Daga baya da ta nemi a sake duba wannan Yarjejeniya, sai hakan ya zama abin mamaki kuma aka ɗauki lamarin a matsayin mafi ban mamaki. Abin da ya fi wannan ba da mamaki ba shi ne wakilan gwamnatin Ankara ta sabuwa su halarci taron tare da tawagar da aka wakilta domin wakiltar gwamnatin Usmaniyya, wanda a bayyane yake babu wata hukuma, ko ta Turkawa ko ta Usmaniyya, da take da haƙƙin shiga cikinsa sai ita, domin gwamnatin Usmaniyya ita ce halastacciyar gwamnati da ta shiga yaƙin kuma aka ci ta. Bayan haka, ita ce gwamnatin da ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Sèvres wadda aka kira wannan taron domin sake duba ta. Saboda haka, ya zama wajibi a tambaya menene matsayin sabuwar gwamnatin Ankara wadda babu wanda ya amince da ita tukuna, kuma me ya sa take halartar wannan taron ƙasa da ƙasa da aka kira domin sake duba sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya? Shin wannan kaɗai bai isa shaida ba cewa kafa wannan gwamnati a Ankara an shirya ta ne da Biritaniya, domin a sa ta fara shiga tattaunawar zaman lafiya sannan a ba ta damar zama mai tattaunawa kaɗai kan sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya na ƙarshe?

Accordingly, when Britain chose not to implement anything from the Treaty, despite that fact the it would have yielded for her the largest spoils in comparison with her allies, this attracted attention and was deemed unnatural. When she afterwards demanded a review of this Treaty, it came as a surprise and was deemed most odd. What was more surprising than this was for a delegation representing the new Ankara government to attend the conference alongside the delegation which came to represent the Ottoman government, which clearly no other institution whether Turkish or Ottoman alike had the right to take part in apart from it, because the Ottoman government was the legitimate government that had entered the war and had been defeated. After all, it was that government that had signed the Treaty of Sèvres which this conference was held in order to review. Hence, it is to be asked what was the position of the new Ankara government which no one had yet recognised, and why was it attending this international conference held to review the terms of peace? Was this alone not ample proof that the establishment of this government in Ankara was staged by the British in order to make it first take part in the peace negotiations and then allow it to become the sole negotiator over the final terms of peace?

Gwamnatin Usmaniyya, wato gwamnatin Khilafah, ya kamata ta ƙi amincewa da halartar gwamnatin Ankara tare da ita a tattaunawar, domin karɓar hakan zai nufi amincewa da ita a hukumance a gaban sauran ƙasashe, kuma kasancewar gwamnatoci biyu a ƙasa ɗaya, suna fuskantar abokan gaba suna tattaunawa a kan sharuddan zaman lafiya, yana nuna matuƙar rauni da lalacewa. Saboda haka, da ya zama abin da ya dace gwamnatin Khilafah ta ƙi halartar wakilan gwamnatin Ankara, amma a zahiri ta karɓe shi. Raunin da take da shi ya ma kai ta ga amfani da gayyatar da Mustafa Kemal ya samu zuwa taron a matsayin hanya ta ƙoƙarin jawo shi da sasantawa da shi. A wannan batun, Tawfiq Pasha ya tunkari Mustafa Kemal da gayyatar da ƙasashen Turai suka yi masa zuwa taron London, ya ce: Da sunan ƙasar Turkiyya, da kuma saboda Daular Usmaniyya, ya kamata wakilan Turkawa da ke halartar taron su nuna haɗin kai mai ƙarfi, kuma ajandar da Turkawa ke gabatarwa ta zama ɗaya, don nuna haɗin kai da hadin kan Ummah baki ɗaya, ba rikici da rarrabuwarta ba. Amma Mustafa Kemal ya ƙi hakan, ya ce: Majalisar Ƙasa ta Ankara ce kaɗai ke da ikon mulki bisa tsarin mulki, kuma ita ce ke da ikon mulki da iko kaɗai a ƙasar. Ya kamata ƙasashen Turai su aika da gayyatar ta wannan Majalisa. A wancan lokaci, Majalisar Ƙasa ta mayar da kanta majalisa ta dindindin. Ta kuma shirya sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda shirya shi ya ɗauki watanni tara cikakku. Babban cikas da ya fuskanci shirya kundin tsarin mulkin, kuma wanda ya haifar da muhawara da tattaunawa mai yawa, shi ne batun Sarautar Sarki da Khilafah. Mustafa Kemal dan matsin lamba na yarjejeniya mai ƙarfi da kuma yanayin da ya mamaye Majalisar Ƙasa - wadda aka ɗauka cewa majalisar Ata Turk ce, domin dukkan mambobinta daga cikin magoya bayansa suke - an tilasta masa ya bayyana a sarari cikin kundin tsarin mulki cewa za a kiyaye Sarautar Sultan da Khilafah. Saboda haka, Mustafa Kemal ya ce wa Firayim Minista Tawfiq Pasha lokacin da ya gayyace shi kuma ya roƙe shi ya bar tawagar Turkiyya ta nuna haɗin kai da jituwa: Majalisar Ƙasa ta shimfiɗa a cikin fasali na farko na kundin tsarin mulkinta cewa ba za a cutar da Sarautar Sultan ba, kuma ba za a rage darajar tsarkin Khilafah ba; Sultan ya kamata ya amince da Majalisar Ƙasa domin gwamnatin Ankara ta iya shiga da tawagarta tare da tawagar gwamnatin Sultan. Sai dai Sultan ya ƙi amincewa da Majalisar Ƙasa da kundin tsarin mulkin da ta tsara, domin amincewa da ita zai nuna cewa an cire Khilafah, koda kuwa kundin tsarin mulkin ya ambaci kariyar Khilafah a suna kawai. Bugu da ƙari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya shimfiɗa cewa iko gaba ɗaya, ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba, ya koma ga al'umma gaba ɗaya, kuma al'umma ta zama tushen doka; haka kuma Majalisar Ƙasa ta samu keɓaɓɓen kuma cikakken hakkin wakiltar ikon jama'a, kuma Majalisar ce ke yanke hukunci a kan batun yaƙi da zaman lafiya. A bayyane yake cewa ba zai yiwu Sultan ya karɓi wannan ba. Don haka tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatin Khaleefah da gwamnatin Ankara game da kafa tawagar ta katse.

The Ottoman government, the Khilafah government, should have rejected the participation of the Ankara government alongside it in the negotiations, for its acceptance would have meant recognising it officially before other states, and because the presence of two governments in one country, facing the enemy and negotiating over peace terms demonstrates extreme weakness and devastation. Hence, it would have been natural for the Khilafah government to reject the attendance of the representatives of the Ankara government, but in fact it accepted it. Its weakness even led it to use Mustafa Kemal’s invitation to attend the conference as a means to try and win him over and reconcile him. In this regard, Tawfiq Pasha approached Mustafa Kemal with the European states invitation to attend the London conference and said: “In the name of the Turkish state and for the sake of the Ottoman Empire, the Turkish delegation attending the conference should present a strong united front, and the agenda which the Turks are proposing should also be one, indicating the co-operation and the unity of the Ummah as a whole, rather than her conflict and division.” However, Mustafa Kemal refused this and said: “It is only the National Assembly in Ankara that enjoys the constitutional sovereignty, and which enjoys the exclusive power and rule in the country. The European countries should have sent the invitation through this Assembly.” During that time, the National Assembly turned itself into a permanent assembly. It also drafted a new constitution whose drafting lasted nine whole months. The main obstacle that faced the drafting of the constitution and which generated a great deal of debate and deliberation was the issue of the “Sultanate and the Khilafah”. Mustafa Kemal was forced under the pressure of the overwhelming consensus and the sweeping trend in the National Assembly - which was considered to be the Assembly of Ata Turk, for its members were all from among his supporters, was forced to state explicitly in the constitution that the Sultanate and the Khilafah would be maintained. Hence, Mustafa Kemal said in reply to the Prime Minister Tawfiq Pasha when he invited him and urged him to let the Turkish delegation show unity and harmony, “The National Assembly has in the first article of its constitution stipulated that there would be no prejudice to the Sultanate and no detriment to the sanctity of the Khilafah; the Sultan should recognise the National Assembly so that the Ankara government could participate with its delegation with the delegation of the Sultan’s government.” However, the Sultan refused to recognise the National Assembly and the constitution that it drafted, because recognising it would imply the removal of the Khilafah even if the constitution mentioned the nominal safeguard of the Khilafah. Additionally, the constitution stipulated that the authority as a whole, without any preconditions, had gone down to the nation as a whole and that the nation had become the source of legislation; also that the National Assembly had acquired the exclusive and absolute right to represent the sovereignty of the people, and it is the Assembly that decides on the issue of war and peace. Clearly, it was impossible for the Sultan to accept this. Thus negotiations between the Khaleefah’s government and the Ankara government about the forming of the delegation were cut off.

Amma lokacin da ƙasashen Turai suka fahimci cewa Mustafa Kemal ya ƙi gayyatar ne saboda ta isa gare shi ta hannun gwamnatin Sarki, sai Birtaniya ta aika masa da gayyata kai tsaye zuwa Ankara a madadin ƙasashen ƙawance. Wannan gayyata an ɗauke ta a matsayin bayyanannen amincewarta da gwamnatin Ankara. Saboda haka, tawagogin biyu sun yi tafiya daban. Tawfiq Pasha ne shugaban tawagar Khalifanci, yayin da Bakir Sami Beik ya zama shugaban tawagar Ankara. Taron London ya gudana ne a watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1921.

However when the European countries realised that Mustafa Kemal had refused the invitation because it had reached him through the Sultan’s government, Britain sent him a direct invitation to Ankara on behalf of the allied states. This invitation was regarded as a clear recognition from her of the Ankara government. Hence, the two delegations travelled separately. Tawfiq Pasha was the head of the Khaleefah’s delegation, while Bakir Sami Beik was the head of the Ankara delegation. The London conference was held in February 1921.

Shugaban wakilan Sarakuna ya mika wa shugaban wakilin Ankara hakkin magana a madadin wakilan biyu Lokacin da wakilan biyu suka zauna a teburin tattaunawa, Firimiya Tawfiq Pasha ya tashi tsaye ya ce a matsayinsa na shugaban wakilin Istanbul, yana mika hakkinsa na magana ga Bakir Sami Beik, wanda zai yi magana a madadin wakilan biyu kuma zai kare burace-buracen kasa na Turawa. Bisa haka Istanbul ta yi shiru, kuma murya ta Ankara kawai ce ta tashi.

The head of the Sultan’s delegation abdicates to the head of the Ankara delegation the right to speak on behalf of the two delegations When the two delegations sat at the negotiating table, Premier Tawfiq Pasha stood up and said that in his capacity as head of the Istanbul delegation, he was abdicating his right to speak to Bakir Sami Beik, who would speak on behalf of the two delegations and would defend the national aspirations of the Turks. Upon this Istanbul remained silent and only the voice of Ankara was raised.

Sai Lloyd George na Biritaniya, Brian na Faransa da Count Sforza na Italiya suka fara bayyana manufar taron, suna cewa yana nufin ne kawai daidaita dangantaka tsakanin al'ummomin da suka yi yaƙi a juna, kuma ƙawayen sun shirya yin wasu gyare-gyare ga sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya, musamman waɗanda suka shafi gatanci da aka bai wa Girka. Suka yanke shawarar kafa wani kwamiti na musamman tare da ba shi aikin duba halin da mazauna yankin Izmir ke ciki, suna cewa matsayar da wannan kwamiti zai cimma za ta zama ta wajibi ga ɓangarorin biyu. Shugaban wakilan, Bakir Sami, ya amince da ra'ayin aika kwamitin, amma Girkawa sun ƙi amincewa da shi gabaɗaya. Bisa haka, wakilin Ankara da shugaban wakilan, suna magana a madadin wakilan biyu, sun ba da shawara a yayin taron cewa za a iya mayar da Izmir Wilaya mai cin gashin kanta a cikin gida ƙarƙashin wani sarki Kirista. Sai dai Biritaniya ta ƙi wannan shawara, haka ma Girka, da Faransa da Italiya. Wakilan Faransa sun amince su janye daga Cilicia su mayar wa Turkawa ita, tare da ba da tabbacin cika wannan alkawari. Bakir Sami kuwa ya amince ya ba Faransa gatan kasuwanci wanda zai ba ta fifiko a kan sauran ƙasashen da Turkiyya ke ciniki da su, saboda haka Turkiyya da Faransa suka kulla yarjejeniya.

Then Lloyd George of Britain, Brian of France and Count Sforza of Italy set about explaining the purpose of the conference, stating that it merely aimed at harmonising relations between the nations which had clashed in the war, and that the allies were prepared to introduce certain modifications to the terms of peace, especially those pertaining the privileges offered to Greece. They decided to establish a special committee and assign to it the task of reviewing the situation of the local residents in the region of Izmir, stating that the decisions reached by this committee would be binding upon the two parties. The head of the delegation Bakir Sami agreed to the idea of the sending of the committee but the Greeks categorically rejected it. Upon this the Ankara representative and the head of the delegation, speaking on behalf of the two delegations, suggested during the conference that Izmir could be turned into a domestically independent Wilaya under a Christian ruler. However, the British rejected this proposal and so did the Greeks, the French and the Italians. The French delegation agreed to evacuate Cilicia and hand it back to the Turks, giving their assurances to honour this promise. Bakir Sami for his part agreed to grant France a commercial privilege which would give her preference over the other states which Turkey traded with, to which effect Turkey and France concluded a treaty.

Sai dai taron London ya gaza, aka rushe shi ba tare da an cimma komai ba, sai dai abin da wakilan Faransa da na Turkiyya suka amince da shi. Ba a jima ba bayan wakilan biyu sun dawo, sai Mustafa Kemal ya ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar da Bakir Sami ya sanya wa hannu da Faransa. Daga nan aka tilasta wa Bakir Sami ya yi murabus daga muƙamin ministan harkokin waje, sai ya nan take ya shiga cikin waɗanda ke adawa da Mustafa Kemal.

However, the London conference failed and was wound up without achieving anything apart from what the French and the Turkish delegations had agreed upon. No sooner had the two delegations returned, than Mustafa Kemal rejected the treaty which Bakir Sami had signed with France. Bakir Sami was then forced to resign his post as foreign minister and he immediately joined those who opposed Mustafa Kemal.

Daga baya Mustafa Kemal ya rubuta wa gwamnatin Faransa wasika yana cewa tawagar da ya aika zuwa taron ta yi aiki fiye da ikon da aka ba ta, saboda haka dukkan ƙudurorin da ta amince da su ba su da inganci, kuma ƙasar ba za ta karɓe su ba, haka kuma ba za ta wajaba ta girmama su ba.

Mustafa Kemal then wrote to the French government stating that the delegation he had dispatched to the conference had acted in a manner which exceeded the powers with which it was delegated, thus all the resolutions it had adopted were null and void and the country would not accept them nor would she be liable to honour them.

Daga nan sai aka yi tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatin Ankara da Faransa, wanda a karshensa gwamnatin Ankara ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1921 da Faransa, wadda a karkashinta Turkiyya ta dauki alkawarin mika Siriya ga Faransa. Haka kuma sun amince su tsara iyakokin da ke tsakanin Turkiyya da Siriya. Bisa wannan yarjejeniya, Faransa ta kuma janye sojojinta daga Cilicia. Saboda haka, Mustafa Kemal ya fara tuntubar wasu kasashe, su ma kasashen suka tuntube shi suka yi mu'amala da shi, suna rattaba hannu kan yarjeniyoyi da shi duk da kasancewar gwamnatin Khilafah.

Negotiations then took place between the Ankara government and France at the end of which the Ankara government signed an agreement on 20th October 1921 with France, under which Turkey undertook to surrender Syria to France. They also agreed to determine the borders between Turkey and Syria. Pursuant to this agreement, France also evacuated her troops from Cilicia. Hence, Mustafa Kemal assumed contacts with other states and other states in turn contacted him and dealt with him, signing treaties with him despite the presence of the Khilafah government.

Daga nan sai ƙasashen Turai suka fara nuna sha'awarsu a gare shi. Faransa da Italiya suka fara ƙoƙarin jawo shi zuwa gare su da kusantar da kansu gare shi, yayin da Birtaniya ta fara goyon bayansa a fili a al'amuran ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma ta bayyana kamar ta yi watsi da Girka, ta fara nuna ƙiyayya a gare ta.

The European states thereafter started to display their inclination towards him. France and Italy started attempting to win him over and get closer to him, while Britain started to openly support him in international issues and seemed to have snubbed Greece and started to show resentment towards her.

Mustafa Kemal kuma ya tuntuɓi Rasha, wadda ta janye daga yaƙin kuma inda gwamnatin gurguzu ta kafu, ya nemi taimakonta. Ya miƙa mata Batum, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar abota da shi a madadin Turkiyya, domin ya ɗauki hakan a matsayin amincewa ta hukuma da gwamnatinsa. Rasha ta amince da hakan, domin ba ta rasa komai ba, kuma saboda tana adawa da Musulunci da kuma wanzuwar Khilafah ta Musulunci. Don haka ta goyi bayan Mustafa Kemal a kan Ingila da kan Khilafah, sannan ta karɓi Batum ba tare da ta rasa komai ba, kuma hakan ya kasance a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1921. Kafin wannan, Italiya ta bar Altalia da son ranta, ta fice daga cikinta a watan Janairu, 1921. Saboda haka, Faransa, Italiya da Rasha suka haɗa kai da gwamnatin Ankara, lamarin da ya ƙara wa Mustafa Kemal ƙarfi.

Mustafa Kemal also contacted Russia, which had withdrawn from the war and where the communist government had been established, and sought her help. He surrendered Batum to her and endeavoured to make her sign a treaty of friendship with him on behalf of Turkey, so as to consider it as an official recognition of his government. Russia agreed to this, as she did not loose anything by it and because she was against Islam and against the existence of an Islamic Khilafah. Hence, she supported Mustafa Kemal against the British and against the Khilafah, then she took Batum without loosing anything, and this was on 16th March 1921. Prior to this, Italy had relinquished Altalia out of her own free will and evacuated it in January 1921. Hence, France, Italy and Russia sided with the Ankara government and this strengthened the hand of Mustafa Kemal.