8.4 Nau'o'in Mujtahid
8.4 Types of Mujtahid
Mujtahid Mutlaq (Mujtahid Cikakke)
A. Mujtahid Mutlaq (Absolute Mujtahid)
Malaman da suka kafa mazhabobin fiqhu na Musulunci daban-daban, kamar Abu Hanifah, Shafi'i, Ahmad bin Hanbal, Malik, Ja'far da sauransu, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin Mujtahidun Mutlaq. Wannan rukunin mujtahidai sun kafa nasu Usul al-Fiqh domin fitar da Ahkam (hukunce-hukunce), kuma ba a takura su da wani ba, watau su masu cin gashin kai ne.
The founders of various schools of Islamic Fiqh such as Abu Hanifah, Shafi‟i, Ahmad bin Hanbal, Malik, Jafar and others are considered Mujtahideen Mutlaq. This category of Mujtahideen set up their own Usul al-Fiqh to extract the Ahkam (rules) and are not restricted by others i.e. they are independent.
B. Mujtahid a cikin Mazhaba
B. Mujtahid within a Madhab
Waɗannan Mujtahidai suna bin Usul al-Fiqh da Mujtahid Mutlaq ya kafa don fitar da Ahkam (hukunce-hukunce); misali, Imam Abu Yusuf ya bi hanyar Imam Abu Hanifah.
These Mujtahideen follow the Usul al-Fiqh set up by the Mujtahid Mutlaq to extract the Ahkam (rules); e.g. Imam Abu Yusuf adhered to Imam Abu Hanifah‟s methodology.
Waɗannan Mujtahidai, a cikin Mazhaba, galibi suna bin ƙa'idodin makarantunsu wajen fitar da hukunce-hukunce. Duk da haka, ba su ɗauki kansu a matsayin waɗanda dole ne su bi Imamansu ba wajen aiwatar da takamaiman al'amura. Wannan ya tabbata ta yadda suka riƙe ra'ayoyin da suka saɓa wa na manyan Imamansu. Ma'ana, wasu Mujtahidai kamar Imam Abu Yusuf sun kai matakin Mujtahid Mutlaq, amma bai kafa nasa mazhabar ba saboda girmamawa ga Imam Abu Hanifah.
These Mujtahideen, within a Madhab, generally followed the guidelines of their respective schools to extract rulings. Nevertheless, they did not consider themselves bound to follow their Imams in the implementation of particular issues. This is borne out by the fact that they have held opinions that were opposed to those of their leading Imams. As a matter of fact, some Mujtahideen such as Imam Abu Yusuf reached to the level of Mujtahid Mutlaq, but didn‟t form his own Madhab out of respect for Imam Abu Hanifah.
C. Mujtahid a cikin al'amura na musamman kawai (Mujtahid Mas'ala)
C. Mujtahid in particular issues only (Mujtahid Mas‟ala)
Wannan Mujtahid zai iya tafiya da mas'ala ɗaya, amma ba zai iya tafiya da wata ba. Wato, Mujtahid zai iya nazarin ra'ayoyin sauran malaman fiqhu da bin diddigin hujjojinsu (Adilla), amma ba zai iya kafa sababbin ra'ayoyi ga sababbin mas'aloli ba.
This Mujtahid would be able to handle one single issue while he may be unable to handle another. In other words, the Mujtahid would be able to study the opinion of other jurists and trace their Adilla (evidences) but may be unable to establish new opinions for new issues.
Malamai irin su Abu'l-Hasan al-Karkhi da Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi a mazhabar Hanafi, Abu al-Fadl al-Marwazi da Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi a mazhabar Shafi'i, Abu Bakr al-Abhari a mazhabar Maliki, da 'Amr b. Husayn al-Khiraqi a mazhabar Hanbali, an sanya su a wannan rukuni.
Scholars like Abu'l-Hasan al-Karkhi and Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi in the Hanafi school, Abu al-Fadl al-Marwazi and Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi in the Shafi'i, Abu Bakr al-Abhari in the Maliki and 'Amr b. Husayn al-Khiraqi in the Hanbali schools have been placed it this category.