5.6 Kuhesabu Mafanikio na Kushindwa - Mgogoro wa Kifedha Duniani | Quran Course

5.6 Kuhesabu Mafanikio na Kushindwa - Mgogoro wa Kifedha Duniani | Quran Course

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5.6 Kuhesabu Mafanikio na Kushindwa

5.6 Accounting For Success And Failure

by Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain1 min readViewed 84 times

Pamoja na ongezeko la mikopo katika kipindi hiki, tumeshuhudia pia kudorora kwa viwango vya uhasibu ambavyo vimechangia kutokuwa na uhakika na kupungua kwa imani katika mfumo kwa ujumla. Sambamba na ukuaji wa mikopo kumekuwa na ongezeko la uwekaji wa mali na madeni "nje ya mizania" (off-balance sheet), mengi yakiwa ni bidhaa zinazotokana na mikataba ya kifedha (derivatives). Hali hii imewezesha kushikilia mali na madeni hatarishi bila kuonekana na wawekezaji na wasimamizi wa sekta. Ukubwa wa jambo hili unaonekana katika benki ya Citigroup, iliyosaidiwa hivi karibuni kifedha na ambayo ndiyo benki kubwa zaidi duniani. Ilipofika Juni 2008, Citigroup ilikuwa na mali na madeni nje ya mizania yenye thamani ya dola trilioni 1.2. Pauline Wallace, mshirika wa kampuni ya PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP, alieleza kwa usahihi uhasibu huu wa nje ya mizania alipokuwa akisema: "Wachawi huja kwenye karamu, nao hufanya vitu vionekane vinapotea. Hatari ipo mahali fulani, lakini haujui kamwe ilipo28".

Along with the run up in credit over this past period we have seen a deterioration in accounting standards that have contributed to uncertainty and a lack of confidence in the system in general. Mirroring the growth in credit has been a growth in “off-balance sheet” recording of assets and liabilities, many of which are derivatives. This has enabled the holding of risky assets and liabilities beyond the gaze of investors and regulators alike. The extent of this could be seen in the recently bailed out Citigroup, the largest bank in the world, which as of June 2008 had 1.2 Trillion dollars of off-balance sheet holdings. Pauline Wallace, a partner at PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP accurately portrayed this off-balance sheet accounting when she said: “Magicians come to parties, and they make things seem to disappear. The risk is somewhere, but you never knew where28”.

Miamala ya nje ya mizania (off-balance sheet) inajumuisha mikataba ya futures, forwards na baadhi ya ahadi za mikopo. Ingawa sheria ya Kiislamu inakataza kabisa kuingia katika mikataba mingi kati ya hii, kuificha ni tatizo mara mbili kwa kuwa kunakwenda kinyume na hitaji la uwazi katika kuhesabu mali na madeni yote. Kama masoko ya Magharibi, jamii ya Kiislamu inaweka umuhimu mkubwa katika kutoa taarifa za kifedha kwa wakati na kwa usahihi, kwa ajili ya kudhibiti mwenendo wa kampuni na kuripoti mapato na hali ya kifedha. Sheria ya Kiislamu inaagiza kwamba hesabu za kampuni ziandaliwe mara kwa mara, na mgawanyo wa faida miongoni mwa wawekezaji unategemea utoaji sahihi wa hesabu hizo. Kutorekodi mali au madeni yoyote katika taarifa za kifedha hakuruhusiwi kabisa. Mbali na misaada ya serikali, wakopeshaji wa Marekani waliopata hasara sasa wanatazama pia kusimamishwa kwa kanuni za uhasibu za "mark to market" kama njia ya kujiokoa. Kanuni hizi zinawataka taasisi kuthamini mali zao za rehani kulingana na bei ya mwisho iliyouzwa sokoni. Hata hivyo, kulegezwa kwa kanuni hizi hivi karibuni hakutaondoa hasara hizo. Badala yake, kutaruhusu wakopeshaji kujifanya kwamba hasara hizo hazipo, kwa gharama ya yeyote anayewekeza katika kampuni hizo na kwa kuaminika kwa mfumo mzima. Benki sasa zinaweza kujifanya kwamba mali zao za rehani, kwa mfano, zina thamani kubwa zaidi, na kwamba mizania zao zina mtaji wa kutosha. Hazitahitaji kukusanya mtaji zaidi ili kufadhili mikopo mipya. Lakini, kama vile mtu asiyehisi maumivu anavyokabiliwa na hatari ya jeraha kubwa, hatua kama hii kwa kweli inazihimiza taasisi za kifedha kuchukua hatari kubwa zaidi, jambo ambalo mwishowe litazaa kufilisika zaidi na hasara kubwa zaidi.

Off-balance sheet holdings include futures, forwards and certain loan commitments – whilst Islamic law forbids outright the entering into many of these contracts, the effective hiding of them is doubly a problem as it runs counter to the requirement for transparency of accounting for all assets and liabilities. Like western markets Islamic society places enormous importance on the provision of timely and accurate financial statements for the regulation of company practice and reporting of earnings and financial position. Islamic law mandates that company accounts be prepared regularly and the distribution of earnings amongst investors is based upon the accurate provision of same. The non recording of any assets or liabilities in the financial statements is simply not allowed. In addition to the government bailouts, distressed US lenders are also now looking to the suspension of “mark to market” accounting rules as a means of salvation. These rules require institutions to value their mortgage assets according to the most recently traded price. However, the recent relaxing of these rules will not make the losses go away. Rather it will simply allow lenders to pretend that the losses do not exist to the expense of anyone investing in these companies and confidence in the system. Banks can now pretend that their mortgage assets for example have greater value, and that their balance sheets are well capitalised. They would not need to raise more capital in order to fund new loans. But, just as a person with no sensitivity to pain runs the risk of catastrophic injury, such a move actually encourages financial institutions to take greater risks, which, in the end, will produce more bankruptcies and greater losses.