So'nggi ikki asrda dunyo fan va texnikada misli ko'rilmagan yutuqlarga guvoh bo'ldi: temir yo'llar, samolyotlar, yadro texnologiyasi, Internet, IVF va genetik modifikatsiyalangan oziq-ovqat rivojlandi. Bunday taraqqiyot G'arbning rivojlanishi bilan bir vaqtda yuz berib, tarixda teng keladigan misli yo'q darajalarga yetdi. Texnik va ilmiy ixtirolarning bunday monopoliyalashuvi liberal qadriyatlar taraqqiyotning zaruriy sharti, degan ishonchni shakllantirdi.

For the last two centuries the world has witnessed unprecedented leaps in science and technology, the development of railways, aeroplanes, nuclear technology, the Internet, IVF and genetically modified food. Such developments have taken place in parallel to the development of the West, reaching levels unparalleled in history. This monopolisation of technological and scientific inventions has led to the belief that liberal values are a pre-requisite for development.

Aksariyat mutafakkirlar, olimlar va faylasuflar Islomning bugungi dunyoda o'rni yo'q, deb da'vo qilmoqda. Bu qarash shunga asoslanadiki, musulmon mamlakatlarining hech biri ilmiy tadqiqot yoki texnologik ixtiro sohasida biror narsa yaratmagan. G'arb esa ilm-fan va texnologiyadagi taraqqiyot G'arb cherkov hokimiyatidan xalos bo'lib, dinni hayotdan ajratgandan so'ng yuz bergan, deb ta'kidlaydi. Ularning fikricha, cherkov ilm va aql rivojiga to'siq bo'lgan, chunki din mohiyatan imon va xurofotga asoslangan. Faqat dinni jamoat hayoti doirasidan chiqarib tashlagandan keyingina G'arb sanoat inqilobini amalga oshirib, keyin gullab-yashnagan. Bugun liberallar uchun aynan ular bizga ma'lum bo'lgan ilmni kashf etgan. Ular ilmning poydevorini qo'yganini va uning ko'plab sohalarini yaratganini da'vo qiladi.

Most thinkers, scientists and philosophers claim Islam has no place in the world today. This view is built upon the premise that none of the Muslim countries have produced anything in terms of scientific research or technological invention. The West claims that progress in science and technology occurred when the West rid itself of the authority of the Church and separated religion from life. For them the church stifled the development of science and reason as religion is inherently built upon faith and superstition. Only with its removal from the public sphere did the West manage to launch an industrial revolution and then flourish. Today for liberals it is they who invented science as we know it. They claim they laid its foundations and have created its numerous branches.

Bunday hikoya tarixning ko'plab g'arbiy bo'lmagan rivojlanishlarini e'tibordan chetda qoldiradi va G'arbning o'z tarixini dunyo tarixi sifatida ko'rishda davom etayotganini ko'rsatadi. Shuningdek, bunday hikoya G'arbning oldingi sivilizatsiyalardan, ayniqsa Islom sivilizatsiyasidan nimalarni olganini qulay tarzda yashiradi.

Such a narrative omits a number of historical developments that are not Western and shows how the West continues to view its history as the history of the world. Such a narrative also conveniently omits what the West took from previous civilisations and especially the Islamic civilisation.

Tarixan barcha tsivilizatsiyalar qandaydir texnologik va ilmiy taraqqiyot bilan ajralib turgan. G‘arb rimliklarning bu soha rivojiga qo‘shgan hissasini hujjatlashtirgan, islom olami esa VIII–X asrlarda bu hududdagi yunonlarning asarlarini tarjima qilgan.

Historically all civilisations have been characterised with some form of technological and scientific development. The West has documented the contributions the Romans made to the discipline whilst the Islamic world in the 8th – 10th century translated the works of the Greeks in the area.

Fan mohiyatan olamning kuzatiladigan qismlarini o‘rganish, tadqiq qilish va tajriba o‘tkazishdir.

Science in essence is the study, research, and experimentation into the observable parts of the universe.

Avtomobillarning rivojlanishi, asosan, ichki yonish dvigatelining rivojlanishi tufayli yuz berdi.

The development of automobiles was due primarily to the development of the combustion engine.

Bu yerda dvigatelda yoqilg'ining yonishi porshenlarga ta'sir qilib, qattiq qismlarning harakatlanishiga sabab bo'ladi va oxir-oqibat avtomobilni harakatga keltiradi. Bu imkoniyat avval bug' va keyinchalik ko'mir yordamida porshenlarni harakatga keltirib, so'ngra aylanma (harakat) hosil qilishni dastlab qo'llagan Britaniya imperiyasi tufayli yuzaga keldi.

This is where the burning of fuel in an engine acts on the pistons causing the movement of the solid parts, eventually moving the automobile. This was possible due to the British Empire who originally used steam and then coal to drive pistons and then eventually to generate rotary (motion)

mashinalarni harakatga keltirish uchun. Bunday rivojlanishlar XII asrda Al-Jazariy ishlariga asoslangan edi, u krivoshipni ixtiro qilgan va novda hamda silindrlar yordamida aylanma harakatni yaratgan.

to move machines. Such developments where based upon Al-Jazari’s work in the 12th century where he invented the crankshaft, and created rotary motion through the use of rods and cylinders.

U birinchi bo'lib uni mashinaga joriy etgan.

He was the first to incorporate it into a machine.

Parashyut — atmosfera orqali harakatlanayotgan jismning tezligini qarshilik (drag) hosil qilish orqali sekinlashtirishga xizmat qiladigan moslama. Hozirgi zamon parashyutlari o‘tmishdagi loyihalar va tajribalar asosida ishlab chiqilgan. 9-asrda Ibn Firnas parashyutning dastlabki ko‘rinishini ixtiro qildi. U Kordova shahridagi Mezquita masjidining minorasidan katta qanotsimon plash yordamida sakrab, yiqilishni yumshatdi va yengil jarohatlar bilan yerga tushdi. Keyinchalik parashyutlar ixchamroq qilindi va yog‘och ramkaga tortilgan zig‘ir matodan yasaldi. So‘ngra ipakning kuchliligi va yengilligidan foydalanib, parashyutlar uchun buklanadigan ipak material ishlab chiqildi. Bu va boshqa misollar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, hech bir sivilizatsiya fanni o‘ziga xos mulk deb da’vo qila olmaydi, balki ular bu universal sohaga hissa qo‘shganlar. Atomlar va molekulalar koinot qonunlariga bo‘ysunishi va ularni boshqarish mumkinligi, kishi musulmon, xristian yoki liberal bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar, o‘zgarmaydi. Bu universal narsa bo‘lib, insonning e’tiqodiga bog‘liq emas. Shunday ekan, haqiqiy munozara qaysi sivilizatsiya fanga muhim hissa qo‘shgani va ularni bu sohada yuksalishga nima undagani haqida bo‘lishi kerak.

A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. Current day parachutes were developed from the designs and experiments of the past. In the 9th century, Ibn Firnas invented a primitive version of the parachute. He jumped from the minaret of the Mezquita mosque in Córdoba using a huge wing-like cloak to break his fall and landed with minor injuries. Subsequent Parachutes were made more compact and from stretched linen over a wooden frame. Then folded silk, was developed as the material for parachutes taking advantage of silk’s strength and light weight. Such examples amongst others show that no civilisation can lay claim to science belonging inherently to them but rather they made a contribution to this universal area. The fact atoms and molecules are subjected to the rules of the universe which can be manipulated will not change if one is a Muslim, Christian or a liberal. This is something that is universal and not affected by one’s belief. The real debate is therefore which civilisation made significant contributions to science and what exactly drove them to excel in the field.

Islom oltin davri 8-asrdan 13-asrgacha bo‘lgan davr hisoblanadi.

The Islamic golden age is considered to be the period from the 8th century to the 13th century.

Shu davrda Islom olamidagi muhandislar, olimlar va savdogarlar san'at, qishloq xo'jaligi, iqtisod, sanoat, huquq, adabiyot, navigatsiya, falsafa, fan va texnologiyaga hissa qo'shdilar, ham avvalgi an'analarni saqlab, ularni rivojlantirish, ham ularga yangi narsalar qo'shish orqali. Ilm-fan tarixi bo'yicha mutaxassis, "Science in Medieval Islam" kitobining muallifi Govard Tyorner shunday deydi: "Musulmon rassomlari va olimlari, shahzodalari va mehnatkashlari birgalikda shunday noyob madaniyat yaratdilarki, u har bir qit'adagi jamiyatlarga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va bilvosita ta'sir ko'rsatdi". Islom ichida musulmonlarni bu sohada yuksalishga undagan bir qator o'ziga xos omillar mavjud edi.

During this period, engineers, scholars and traders in the Islamic world contributed to the arts, agriculture, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, and technology, both by preserving and building upon earlier traditions and by adding to them. Howard Turner, an expert on medieval history mentioned in his book ‘Science in Medieval Islam,’: ‘Muslim artists and scientists, princes and labourers together created a unique culture that has directly and indirectly influenced societies on every continent.’ There were a number of specific elements within Islam that were the driving engine which motivated Muslims to excel in this field.

Allohning, subhanahu va taolo, ibodati shunday omillardan biri bo'lib, u bir qator ixtirolarga sabab bo'ldi. Besh vaqt namozning vaqtlari, qibla yo'nalishi hamda Ramazonning boshlanishi va tugashi yulduzlar hamda oyning o'rnini aniq kuzatishni talab qilar edi. Shu sababli musulmonlar kuzatish va navigatsiya asboblarini ixtiro qila boshladilar. Shuning uchun bugungi kunda navigatsiya yulduzlarining aksariyati Acamar, Baham, Baten Kaitos, Caph, Dabih, Furud, Izar, Lesath, Mirak, Nashira, Tarf va Vega kabi arabcha nomlarga ega.

The worship of Allah وتعالى سبحانه was one such factor that led to a number of inventions. The times of the five daily prayers, the direction for Qibla and the beginning and ending of Ramadan required accurate readings of the positions of the stars and the moon. It was due to this that Muslims began to invent observational and navigational instruments. This is why most navigational stars today have Arabic names such as Acamar, Baham, Baten Kaitos, Caph, Dabih, Furud, Izar, Lesath, Mirak, Nashira, Tarf and Vega.

Musulmonlar astronomiya sohasiga bir qator hissa qo‘shdilar va oxir-oqibat astronomik soatning rivojlanishiga ham hissa qo‘shdilar. Tishli g‘ildiraklar va tishli uzatmalar tizimiga ega mexanik lunisolar taqvim X asrda Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūniy tomonidan ixtiro qilingan. Shunday loyihalarga tayanib, Taqiy al-Din XV asrda mexanik soatni ixtiro qildi. Qibla yo‘nalishini aniqlash ehtiyoji kompasning rivojlanishiga olib keldi; kompasning o‘zi esa musulmon astronomlari to‘plagan xulosalarga asoslangan edi. Musulmonlar kompas rozasini ishlab chiqdilar, u xaritada va dengiz navigatsiya xaritasida shimol, janub, sharq va g‘arb asosiy yo‘nalishlarini ko‘rsatardi.

Muslims made a number of contributions to Astronomy and eventually to the development of the astronomical clock. A Mechanical lunisolar calendar with a gear train and gear-wheels was invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the 10th century. Based on such designs Taqi al-din invented the mechanical clock in the 15th century. The need to ascertain the Qibla led to the development of the compass, which itself was based upon the findings Muslims astronomers had collated. Muslims developed the compass rose which displayed the orientation of the cardinal directions, north, south, east and west on a map and nautical chart.

Alloh subhanahu va taolo Muqaddas Qur’onda shunday deydi:

Allah وتعالى سبحانه says in the Holy Qur’an:

وَهُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ النُّجُومَ لِتَهْتَدُواْ بِهَا فِي ظُلُمَاتِ الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ “.

وَهُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ النُّجُومَ لِتَهْتَدُواْ بِهَا فِي ظُلُمَاتِ الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ “.

“Va U yulduzlarni sizning uchun yaratdi, toki ular bilan quruqlik va dengizning zulmatida yo‘lingizni topasiz.” [TMQ 6:97] Bu oyat musulmonlarni yaxshiroq kuzatuv va navigatsiya asboblarini izlab topishga ilhomlantirdi. Bunday asboblar dunyoni o‘rganish uchun ishlatildi va ko‘plab musulmon geograflari bu bilimlarni qo‘llanmalarga jamladilar. Ularni Qur’ondagi quyidagi oyat ham harakatga keltirdi, unda Alloh سبحانه وتعالى aytadi: وَجَعَلْنَا فِي الْأَرْضِ رَوَاسِيَ أَن تَمِيدَ بِهِمْ وَجَعَلْنَا فِيهَا فِجَاجًا سُبُلًا لَعَلَّهُمْ يَهْتَدُونَ

And it is He who ordained the stars for you that you may be guided thereby in the darkness of the land and the sea.” [TMQ 6:97] This motivated Muslims to begin to find better observational and navigational instruments. Such instruments were used to explore the world, which many Muslim geographers collated into manuals. They were driven by the ayah in the Qur’an where Allah وتعالى سبحانه says: وَجَعَلْنَا فِي الْأَرْضِ رَوَاسِيَ أَن تَمِيدَ بِهِمْ وَجَعَلْنَا فِيهَا فِجَاجًا سُبُلًا لَعَلَّهُمْ يَهْتَدُونَ .

“Va biz yerga mustahkam tog'lar qo'ydik, u ular bilan birga silkinib ketmasligi uchun, va unda, ular yo'lni topishlari uchun, yo'llar sifatida jarliklar qo'ydik.” [TMQ 21:31] Dastlabki musulmonlar Islom barcha moddiy masalalarni, jumladan fanlarni, texnologiyani va sanoatni, faqat haqiqatni o'rganish hamda moddaning insoniyat ahvolini va turmush darajasini yaxshilash uchun qanday boshqarilishi mumkinligini o'rganish sifatida ko'rishini tushunganlar. Ko'plab yerlar Islom sivilizatsiyasi tarkibiga kirgach, shaharlashuv bir qator yangiliklarga olib keldi. Arabiston cho'lida suv buloqlari juda kam bo'lib, mintaqaning ko'p qismi yashash uchun yaroqsiz edi. Bu muammo musulmon muhandislari Furot va Dajla daryolaridan kanallar qurishi bilan hal etildi. Bag'dod atrofidagi botqoqliklar quritildi, shahar esa bezgakdan xalos bo'ldi. Musulmon muhandislari suv charxini mukammallashtirdi va qanot deb ataladigan murakkab yer osti suv o'tkazgichlarini qurdilar. Bu esa kanalizatsiyasi, jamoat hammomlari, ichimlik suv fontanlari, quvurlar orqali ichimlik suvi ta'minoti hamda keng tarqalgan xususiy va jamoat hojatxonalari va yuvinish joylari bo'lgan ilg'or maishiy suv tizimlarining rivojlanishiga olib keldi.

“And we have placed in the earth firm hills lest it quake with them and we have placed therein ravines as roads that happily they may find their way.” [TMQ 21:31] Early Muslims understood that Islam views all the material matters which include the sciences, technology and industry, as merely the study of the reality and a study of how matter can be manipulated to improve the condition and living standards of humanity. As many lands came under the fold of the Islamic civilisation, urbanisation led to a number of developments. The Arabian Desert had scant water springs making most of the region uninhabitable. This was overcome by Muslim engineers developing canals from the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. The swamps around Baghdad were drained, freeing the city of Malaria. Muslim engineers perfected the waterwheel and constructed elaborate underground water channels called qanats. This led to the development of advanced domestic water systems with sewers, public baths, drinking fountains, piped drinking water supplies and widespread private and public toilet and bathing facilities.

Musulmon mutafakkirlari, olimlari, muhandislari va mutaxassislari fan hamda boshqa ko‘plab sohalarga sezilarli hissa qo‘shdilar. Ularning ko‘plab hissalari keyinchalik G‘arb tomonidan ishlatildi, G‘arb esa bu sohada yangi hissalar qo‘shdi. Fan universal fan bo‘lgani uchun uni hech bir tsivilizatsiya o‘ziniki deb da’vo qila olmaydi; aksincha, deyarli barcha tsivilizatsiyalar o‘z hissalarini tarix davomida hujjatlashtirib borganlar, va bu ma’lumotlar keyingi tsivilizatsiyalar tajriba o‘tkazganda oldingi ma’lumot sifatida xizmat qilgan. Islom Yaqin Sharqda paydo bo‘lishidan oldin, o‘sha yerdagi mahalliy aholi fanga hech qanday hissa qo‘shmagan edi. Xuddi shu xalq Islomni qabul qilgandan so‘ng esa hissa qo‘sha boshladi, keyingi avlodlar bu hissalardan foydalanib, bugungi kungacha bizda qolayotgan yangi narsalarni ixtiro qildilar.

Muslims thinkers, scientists, engineers and experts made significant contributions to science as well as many other disciplines. Many of these contributions were later used by the West who made further contributions to the field. The nature of science as a universal subject means no single civilisation can lay claim to inventing it but rather most civilisations have documented their contributions throughout history which acted as previous information when experimentation was carried out by latter civilisations. Prior to the emergence of Islam in the Middle East the host population made no contribution to science. When the very same people accepted Islam they made contributions which later generations utilised to invent new items which today still remain with us.

Islom ilm-fanga to'siq bo'lmadi, aksincha, musulmonlarning ilm-fanga qo'shgan hissasini harakatga keltiruvchi omil bo'ldi.

Islam rather than being an obstacle to science, was the catalyst that drove Muslim’s contribution to science.