Yaponiya tarixan erkin bozor tizimini qabul qilgan, savdo to'siqlarini kamaytirgan va jahon iqtisodiyotiga qo'shilgan liberal harakat tomonidan muvaffaqiyat hikoyasi sifatida ilgari suriladi. Bu holat yarim asrdan kamroq vaqt ichida dunyoning eng yirik iqtisodiyotlaridan biriga aylangan. Xitoyning yaqinda erishgan shuhrati haqida ham shunga o'xshash hikoyalar aytiladi. Biroq haqiqat ancha boshqacha.

Japan historically is advocated as a success story by the liberal movement, who adopted free markets, reduced trade barriers and entered the global economy and has in less than half a century become one of the largest economies in the world. Similar tales are also made about China’s recent rise to fame. However, the reality is very much different.

Yaponiyaning rivojlanishi liberalizm va globallashuvga tamomila qarama-qarshi bo‘lgan siyosatlardan kelib chiqdi. Yapon hukumati muhim tarmoqlarning rivojlanishini talab qilib, ularni xorijiy raqobatdan himoya qildi. Hukumat chet el valyutasini taqsimlash huquqini saqlab qoldi va shu orqali mamlakatga kiritiladigan investitsiyalarni cheklash, yapon firmalarining xorijiy texnologiyalarni olishini boshqarish hamda tashqi savdo tarkibiga ta’sir ko‘rsatish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘ldi. Hukumat tomonidan belgilangan tarmoqlarga moliya oqimini kengaytirishning asosiy vositalari bo‘lishi uchun Yaponiya eksport banki va Yaponiya taraqqiyot banki tashkil etildi.

Japan’s development has evolved from policies which are the complete opposite to liberalism and globalisation. The Japanese government required key sectors to develop and protected them from foreign competition. The government retained the right to allocate foreign exchange, and by this it was able to restrict inward investment, manage the acquisition of foreign technology by Japanese firms and to influence the composition of foreign trade. The export bank of Japan and Japan development bank were setup to become the main vehicles for expanding the flow of finance to government targeted industries.

Yaponiya rivojida markaziy rol Xalqaro savdo va sanoat vazirligi (MITI) ga tegishli bo‘lib, u vazirlik darajasidagi idora edi. Ushbu markaziy hukumat idorasi ishlab chiqarish va tovarlar hamda xizmatlarni taqsimlashni tartibga solar edi. U yapon sanoatining tuzilishiga oid rejalar ishlab chiqar, Yaponiyaning tashqi savdosini nazorat qilar, milliy iqtisodiyotda tovarlarning uzluksiz harakatini ta’minlar, ishlab chiqaruvchi sanoat, qazib olish va taqsimot tarmoqlarining rivojlanishini rag‘batlantirar hamda xom ashyo va energiya resurslarining ishonchli ta’minotini nazorat qilar edi. Shu sababli yapon taraqqiyoti erkin bozor orqali emas, balki markazlashgan tarzda boshqarilgan.

Central to the development of Japan was the role of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) which was a ministerial department. This central government department regulated production and the distribution of goods and services. It developed plans concerning the structure of Japanese industry, controlled Japan’s foreign trade, ensured the smooth flow of goods in the national economy, promoted the development of manufacturing, mining, and distribution industries; and supervised the procurement of a reliable supply of raw materials and energy resources. Hence Japanese development was centrally driven and not through the free market.

Xitoy o'zining uzoq yillar davomida global masalalarga yondashuvidagi tor, cheklangan va reaktiv tarzdan rivojlanib bormoqda. Xitoy 150 yillik sharmandalik va xo'rlanish davrining uzoq vaqt davom etgan qurbonlik ruhiyatidan voz kechmoqda va uning o'rniga buyuk davlat ruhiyatini (daguo xintai) qabul qilmoqda. Bunning tabiiy davomi sifatida Xitoyning global masalalardagi roli tobora ortib bormoqda. Qurbonlik ruhiyatidan voz kechib, buyuk davlat ruhiyatini qabul qilgan Xitoy o'zini dunyoning yirik davlatlariga tobora ko'proq o'xshatmoqda. Bu 1990-yillardagi holatdan farq qiladi: Xitoy endi global mas'uliyatni birgalikda o'z zimmasiga olish zarurligi haqida ochiq gapirmoqda va Xitoy strategiklari dunyoga aynan shu nuqtai nazardan qarashmoqda.

China has evolved from its decades of long, narrow and reactive approach to global affairs. China is abandoning its long-held victim mentality of 150 years of shame and humiliation and adopting instead a great power mentality (daguo xintai). The natural extension of this is the increasing role of China in global affairs. With the abandoning of the victim mentality and the adoption of a great power mentality, China is increasingly seeing itself more akin to the world’s major powers. This represents a shift from the 1990’s and China is now openly speaking about the need to share global responsibilities and this is the lens through which China’s strategists view the world.

Xitoy ortodoks iqtisodchilar va liberal qadriyatlarni qabul qilish iqtisodiy muvaffaqiyatga teng deb hisoblaydiganlar uchun qiziqarli muammoni ifodalaydi. Xitoy, birinchidan, taraqqiyot erkin bozor, demokratiya va liberal qadriyatlardan iborat G'arb formulasiga xos ekanligi haqidagi e'tiqodni shubha ostiga qo'yadi va keng dunyoning ko'p qismi bunday formulaga hali ishonmasligini ko'rsatadi.

China represents an interesting conundrum for orthodox economics experts and for all those who believe the adoption of liberal values equals economic success. China firstly undermines the belief that progress is exclusive to the Western formula of free markets, democracy and liberal values and demonstrates how much of the wider world remains unconvinced of such a formula.

Xitoy demokratiyani qabul qilmasdan va globallashuv elitasiga qo‘shilmasdan, balki chuqur avtoritar bo‘lib qolish orqali ajoyib iqtisodiy o‘sish va sanoatlashuvga erishishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi; Xitoyning iqtisodiy yuksalishida liberal qadriyatlar deyarli hech qanday rol o‘ynamadi. Xitoy Prezidenti Xu Szintao 2004-yilda shunday degan edi: ‘Biz boshqa mamlakatlarning siyosiy tizimini ko‘r-ko‘rona nusxalamaymiz. Tarix shuni ko‘rsatadiki, G‘arb siyosiy tizimlarini tanlamasdan nusxalash Xitoy uchun ko‘r yo‘ldir.’40 Bu shuni ko‘rsatadiki, Xitoyning yaqin kelajakda liberal qadriyatlarni qabul qilishi juda kam ehtimol, va u G‘arb taraqqiyot modelisiz ham muvaffaqiyatga erishganini bilib, o‘zini xotirjam his qiladi. Iqtisodiy jihatdan Xitoy Yaponiya va Germaniyaga o‘xshash markazlashgan, aralashuvchi yondashuvdan foydalanib, uni saqlab qoldi. Xitoyda barcha bozor sohalarida hukumatning keng ko‘lamli ishtiroki mavjud. Markazlashgan boshqaruv tufayli Xitoy o‘z resurslarini bir yo‘nalishga yo‘naltira oldi, bu esa uni mintaqaviy kuchga va AQShdan keyin dunyodagi eng yirik iqtisodiyotga aylantirdi.

China has managed to achieve phenomenal economic growth and industrialisation by not adopting democracy or joining the globalisation elite but by remaining deeply authoritarian, where liberal values have not featured remotely in China’s economic rise. China’s President Hu Jintao said in 2004: ‘We will never blindly copy the mode of other countries’ political system. History indicates that indiscriminately copying western political systems is a blind alley for China.’40 This shows there is very little likelihood that China will adopt liberal values in the near future and is secure in the knowledge that it has achieved success without the Western model of development. Economically China has utilised and retained its centrally driven and interventionist approach similar to Japan and Germany. China has extensive levels of government involvement across all market sectors. By being centrally driven China has been able to direct its resources in one direction which has propelled it into a regional power and the largest economy in the world after the US.

Xitoy o'zining tarixiy kommunistik qarashlari tufayli asosan G'arb dunyosidan kam yordam oldi va mustaqil, avvalo millat manfaatini ko'zlaydigan, markazlashgan siyosat iqtisodiy muvaffaqiyatga erishishi mumkinligini ko'rsatdi.

China has received little assistance from the Western world mainly due to its historic communist credentials and has shown that an independent, nation first, centrally driven policy can attain economic success.