"Yo'lbars" iqtisodiyoti atamasi 1960-1970-yillarda tez o'sish va sanoatlashuv bosqichini boshdan kechirgan Janubiy Koreya, Singapur, Gonkong va Tayvanni ifodalash uchun ishlatilgan. Bu to'rt "yo'lbars" Xitoy va Yaponiya kabi boshqa Osiyo iqtisodiyotlari bilan bir qator xususiyatlarni o'rtoqlashadi va eksportga yo'naltirilgan iqtisodiyot, ya'ni hozirda "Osiyoga xos" deb qaraladigan iqtisodiy rivojlanish yondashuvini boshlab bergan. Bu davlat va hududlar sanoatlashgan G'arb uchun eksport qilinadigan mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarishga e'tibor qaratdi, hukumat siyosati esa ichki iste'molni rag'batlantirmadi.

The ‘tiger’ economy was a term coined to describe South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan who underwent rapid growth and industrialisation in the 1960’s and 1970’s. The four Tigers share a range of characteristics with other Asian economies, such as China and Japan, and pioneered what has come to be seen as a particularly “Asian” approach to economic development, that of an export driven economy. These countries and territories focused on developing goods for export to the industrialised West and domestic consumption was discouraged through government policies.

Bunday millatlarning rivojlanishiga yaqindan nazar tashlansa, ularning rivojlanishi asosan markazlashgan holda, katta davlat subsidiyalari va rivojlanishga erishish uchun himoyachilik siyosati orqali amalga oshirilganini ko‘rish mumkin.

A closer look at the development of such nations shows their development was a largely centrally driven affair with huge government subsidies and protectionist policies to achieve development.

1965 yilda mustaqillikka erishganidan so'ng, Singapur jismoniy resurslarning yetishmasligi va kichik ichki bozor muammosiga duch keldi. Bunga javoban, Singapur hukumati 1968 yilda Iqtisodiy rivojlanish kengashini tashkil etdi, unda Singapurning ishlab chiqarish sektorini rivojlantirish uchun milliy iqtisodiy strategiyalar ishlab chiqildi. Singapur ma'muriyati keng miqyosli davlat uy-joy dasturini amalga oshirish, shuningdek, biznesni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi, xorijiy investitsiyalarni jalb qilishga yo'naltirilgan, eksportga yo'naltirilgan iqtisodiy siyosatni davlat nazorati ostidagi strategik davlat korxonalariga yo'naltirilgan investitsiyalar bilan birga qo'llash orqali ishsizlikni kamaytirdi va turmush darajasini oshirdi. Davlat aralashuvi Singapur iqtisodiyotini yuqori texnologiyali elektronika, kimyo va xizmat ko'rsatish sohalariga yo'naltirishda bevosita rol o'ynadi. Singapur hukumati iqtisodiyotni Temasek bilan bog'liq kompaniyalar (TLCs) orqali boshqardi. Bular suveren boylik fondi vazifasini bajaruvchi kompaniyalardir. TLClar, ayniqsa, ishlab chiqarish sohasida tashkil etilgan bo'lib, tijorat tashkilotlari sifatida faoliyat yuritib, YaIMning 60 foizini tashkil etgan.

Upon independence in 1965, Singapore was faced with a lack of physical resources and a small domestic market. In response, the Singapore Government set up the Economic Development Board in 1968 where national economic strategies were formulated to promote Singapore’s manufacturing sector. The Singaporean administration curbed unemployment and raised the standard of living through the implementation of a large-scale public housing programme, alongside the adoption of a pro-business, pro-foreign investment, export-oriented economic policy combined with state-directed investments in strategic government-owned corporations. State intervention played a direct role in steering the Singapore economy towards high end electronics, chemicals and service industry. The Singapore government directed the economy through Temasek-linked companies (TLCs). These are companies which act as sovereign wealth funds. TLCs were established particularly in manufacturing, operating as commercial entities and accounted for 60% of GDP.

Tayvan taraqqiyoti Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin boshlangan, o'sha paytda Kuomintang rejimi (Tayvanning birinchi rahbarlari) kichik orol iqtisodiyotini rivojlantirish uchun bir qator iqtisodiy rejalar va siyosatlarni joriy etgan. Yangi valyuta siyosati boshlandi, bundan tashqari AQShning katta yordami iqtisodiyotning tez rivojlanishiga ko'maklashdi. Hukumet import o'rnini bosish siyosati orqali iqtisodiyotga bevosita aralashdi: qishloq xo'jaligi sektoridan olingan mablag'lar sanoat sektorini qo'llab-quvvatlashga yo'naltirildi, qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini eksport qilish evaziga chet el valyutasi olinib, sanoat mashinalari import qilindi va shu tariqa sanoat sektori rivojlantirildi. Hukumet mahalliy sanoatni himoya qilish maqsadida bojlarni oshirdi, valyuta ayirboshlashni nazorat qildi va importni cheklab qo'ydi. 1960-yillarga kelib, Tayvanning import o'rnini bosuvchi sanoati ichki bozorning to'yinish muammosiga duch keldi va natijada Tayvan iqtisodiy siyosati eksportni kengaytirishga qaratildi. Bosh vazir Chiang Ching-kuoning 10 ta yirik qurilish loyihasi va Osiyodagi birinchi eksportni qayta ishlash zonasining tashkil etilishi orqali Tayvanda og'ir sanoatni rivojlantirish uchun asos yaratildi.

Taiwanese development began after World War 2 when the Kuomintang regime (first leaders of Taiwan) established several economic plans and policies to develop the small islands economy. A new currency policy was initiated and in addition huge aid from the US aided the rapid development of the economy. The government directly intervened in the economy with an import substitution policy, taking what was obtained by the agriculture sector to give support to the industrial sector, trading agricultural product exports for foreign currency to import industrial machinery, thus developing the industrial sector. The government raised tariffs, controlled foreign exchange and restricted imports in order to protect domestic industry. By the 1960s, Taiwan's import exchange industry was faced with the problem of saturating the domestic market and consequently, the economic policy of Taiwan changed to pursue export expansion. Through the premier Chiang Ching-kuo's 10 major construction projects and the establishment of Asia’s first export processing zone the basis was laid for heavy industrial development in Taiwan.

Janubiy Koreya ham markaziy hukumat aralashuvi bo‘yicha shunga o‘xshash strategiyani amalga oshirdi. 1961-yilda ko‘plab besh yillik rejalarning birinchisi markaziy hukumat tomonidan boshlandi, chunki faqat markaziy hukumat, erkin bozor emas, qisqa vaqt ichida bunday keskin o‘zgarishlarni boshqarish imkoniyati va resurslariga ega edi. Iqtisodiyotda chaebol deb ataladigan yirik xususiy konglomeratlar guruhi ustunlik qilar edi, shuningdek темир, po‘lat, kommunal xizmatlar, aloqa, o‘g‘itlar, kimyo va boshqa og‘ir sanoat sohalarida bir qancha davlat korxonalari ham uni qo‘llab-quvvatlardi. Hukumat xususiy sanoatni kreditlarni nazorat qilish, norasmiy bosim va ishontirish usullari hamda an’anaviy pul-kredit va moliya siyosatidan foydalangan holda eksport va ishlab chiqarish ko‘rsatkichlari bo‘yicha bir qator maqsadlar orqali yo‘naltirdi.

South Korea pursued a similar strategy of central government intervention. In 1961 the first of many 5 year plans were initiated by central government, as only it rather than the free market had the capacity or resources to direct such drastic change in a short time. The economy was dominated by a group of large private conglomerates, known as chaebol, and was also supported by a significant number of public corporations in areas such as iron, steel, utilities, communications, fertilisers, chemicals, and other heavy industries. The government guided private industry through a series of export and production targets utilising the control of credit, informal means of pressure and persuasion, and traditional monetary and fiscal policies.

1965 yiliga kelib markaziy hukumat bankларни milliylashtirish va qishloq xo‘jaligi kooperativ harakatini qishloq xo‘jaligi bankiga birlashtirish orqali biznes ustidan o‘z nazoratini kengaytirdi. Hukumatning barcha institutsional kreditlar ustidan bevosita nazorati tadbirkorlar hamjamiyati ustidan uning buyrug‘ini yanada kengaytirdi. 1961 yilda tashkil etilgan va bosh vazir o‘rinbosari boshchiligidagi Iqtisodiy rejalashtirish kengashi resurslarni taqsimlar, kredit oqimini boshqarar va Janubiy Koreyaning barcha iqtisodiy rejalarini tuzardi.

Central government by 1965 extended its control over business by nationalising banks and merging the agricultural cooperative movement with the agricultural bank. The government’s direct control over all institutional credit further extended its command over the business community. The Economic Planning Board created in 1961, headed by a deputy prime minister allocated resources, directed the flow of credit, and formulated all of South Korea's economic plans.

Osiyo yo‘lbarslari davlat aralashuvining keng ko‘lamda bo‘lishi bilan rivojlangan, bu aralashuv muhim rol o‘ynagan va ularning taraqqiyotining asosi hisoblanadi. Tayvan, Singapur va Gonkong o‘xshash strategiyalarga amal qildi va bu shuni aniq ko‘rsatadiki, rivojlanish uchun an'anaviy kapitalizm emas, balki davlat aralashuvi osiyo yo‘lbarslarini bugungi mavqeiga olib keldi. Yo‘lbars iqtisodlari asosan iste'molchi iqtisodlari bo‘lib, ularning harakatlantiruvchi kuchi eksport hisoblanadi.

The Asian tigers developed with large aspects of government intervention, which played an important role and is seen as the backbone to their progress. Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong followed similar strategies and this clearly shows orthodox capitalism was not followed in order to develop but rather government intervention has steered the Asian tigers into the positions they are in today. The tiger economies are fundamentally consumer economies where exports are the driving engine.