“谨慎地承认伊斯兰象征意义，是穆斯林君主和独裁者屡试不爽的做法，若断言他们无法长期维持这一做法，未免天真。”——诺亚·费尔德曼 伊拉克宪法的审议再次让人们担忧伊斯兰教在该国未来所扮演的角色。一些人主张，应当将伊斯兰教定为立法的首要渊源。另一些人，尤其是库尔德人，则倾向于将伊斯兰教的地位限定于礼仪和仪式层面，并反对伊斯兰教在公共生活中发挥作用。

“Cautious recognition of Islamic symbolism is the tried and true path of Muslim kings and dictators, and it would be naive to say definitely that they will not be able to sustain it over time.” -- Noah Feldman The current deliberations over the Iraqi constitution have once again raised the spectre of Islam in the country's future. Some argue that Islam should be made the primary source of legislation. Others most notably the Kurds prefer Islam to be given the status of rites and ritual and oppose Islam’ s role in public life.

此前，根据《过渡期行政法》（TAL）的规定，双方达成了一项妥协。该法规定伊斯兰教为官方宗教，并且是“立法的渊源”，但同时也规定政府不得颁布“与伊斯兰教中经过公议一致确立的固定原则相抵触”的法律。此外，双方对于伊拉克的国名也存在分歧。

Previously, under the mandate of Transitional Administrative Law (TAL) a compromise between the two sides was reached. It states Islam is the official religion and "a source of legislation," but also says the government may not enact a law "that contradicts those fixed principles of Islam that are the subject of consensus." There are also disagreements over the naming of Iraq.

一些领导人提议将国家的官方名称改为"伊斯兰伊拉克共和国"，这一举动遭到伊拉克世俗主义者的反对。无论伊斯兰是否成为伊拉克立法的唯一来源，或者国家是否更名为伊斯兰伊拉克共和国，根本问题依然存在：什么才构成一个伊斯兰国家？关于这一问题，穆斯林和非穆斯林的思想界中主要流行两种观点。

Some leaders have proposed changing the country's official name to the "Islamic Republic of Iraq," a move opposed by Iraq's secularists. Whether Islam becomes the sole source of legislation for Iraq or the country is renamed Islamic Republic of Iraq the basic question still remains-what constitutes an Islamic state? Two dominant views pervade Muslim and non-Muslim thinking on the subject.

第一种观点认同这样一种看法：如果某个国家的大多数居民是穆斯林，那么该国就被归类为伊斯兰国家。这是对现实的严重歪曲。美国的绝大多数人信奉基督教，但没有人认为美国是由《圣经》统治的，因此它是一个基督教国家。

The first view endorses the perception that if the majority of the inhabitants of a particular country are Muslims than the country is classified as an Islamic state. This is a gross misrepresentation of reality. A clear majority in the US believes in Christianity but no one holds the view that America is governed by the bible and is therefore a Christian state.

更为常见但同样错误的第二种观点是另一种看法。这种观点认为，只要宪法中提及伊斯兰教，该国就可以被称为伊斯兰国家。持这种观点的人常常引用穆斯林国家宪法的例子来为其论点增加说服力。例如，1980年埃及宪法第二条规定，伊斯兰教是国家的宗教，"伊斯兰教法是立法的主要渊源"。1992年沙特阿拉伯《基本法》规定，该国的宪法由《古兰经》和《圣训》（先知穆罕默德ﷺ的言行）组成。

More common but equally perverse is the second view. This view asserts that if some references are made to Islam in the constitution then the country can be called an Islamic state. Proponents of this opinion often cite examples from the constitutions of Muslim countries to lend credence to their arguments. For instance, Article II of the 1980 Egyptian constitution states that Islam is the religion of the state and "Islamic jurisprudence is the principal source of legislation." The 1992 Basic Law of Saudi Arabia states that the nation's constitution consists of the Quran and the Sunnah (the actions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)).

如果任何不论宗教立场的普通观察者仔细审视这些国家的根本大法，很快就会意识到，这些宪法与伊斯兰教毫无关系。例如，要成为沙特阿拉伯、伊朗或巴基斯坦的领导人，就必须是沙特人、伊朗人或巴基斯坦人。这与伊斯兰教的教义相抵触，因为伊斯兰教厌恶民族主义，并坚持认为角逐领导权者必须先是穆斯林，才有资格被视为合适的人选。

Article IV of the Iranian constitution states that "all civil, penal, financial, economic, administrative, cultural, military, political, and other laws and regulations must be based on Islamic criteria." And Article 227(1) of the Pakistani constitution reads, "All existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah ... and no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to such injunctions." If any casual observer, irrespective of their religious orientation was to scrutinise the basic law of these countries they would very quickly realise that Islam has no relationship whatsoever with such constitutions. For instance to become a leader of Saudi Arabia, Iran or Pakistan one has to be a Saudi, Iranian or Pakistani. This contravenes Islamic teaching, as Islam abhors nationalism and insists that those contesting for leadership have to be Muslim before they can be considered suitable.

在伊斯兰教中，有两项基本原则，它们在最根本的层面上界定了伊斯兰国家：主权属于真主，权威属于民众。主权属于真主，意味着真主是唯一的立法者，伊斯兰教必须统治伊斯兰国家中穆斯林和非穆斯林的世俗生活。就穆斯林而言，其个人生活应由伊斯兰教来规范，国家无权干涉公民的私人事务。 伊斯兰法有四个主要渊源：《古兰经》、圣训（逊奈）、圣门弟子的公议（伊举马·萨哈白）以及类比推理（盖亚斯，即基于神圣理由的类推）。国家的基本法律仅源自这些渊源。任何其他渊源，无论是习俗、传统、环境、历史，还是人本身，都被视为无效。所有与经济事务、社会关系、教育事务、对外政策等相关的法律，均派生于上述渊源。

In Islam, there are two basic tenets, which defines the Islamic state above all else namely sovereignty belongs to God and authority is with the people. Sovereignty to God means that God is the sole lawgiver and Islam must govern the temporal lives of Muslims and non-Muslims residing in the Islamic State. In the case of Muslims, their personal lives are to be governed by Islam and the state has no jurisdiction over the private affairs of its citizens. There are four main sources of Islamic law. Quran, Sunnah, Ijma Sahaba (Consensus of the Prophet's companions) and Qiyas (Analogy based on divine reasons). The basic law of the state is derived from these sources only. Any other source be it customs, traditions, environment, history or man himself is considered invalid. All laws related to economic matters, social relationships, educational affairs, foreign policy and the like are derived from the aforementioned sources.

同样,在伊斯兰中,权力属于伊斯兰国家的公民。伊斯兰已明确规定,如果统治者公开推行非伊斯兰的法律,民众拥有选举、问责并罢免他的专属权利。这些权利通过效忠誓约(bayah,即向哈里发宣誓效忠的誓约)委托给统治者,而效忠誓约实质上是统治者与其臣民之间具有约束力的契约。

Likewise authority in Islam lies with the citizens of the Islamic state. Islam has clearly mandated that the people have the exclusive right to elect, account and dismiss the ruler if he openly implements non-Islamic laws. These rights are delegated to the ruler via the bayah (pledge of allegiance given to the Caliph), which, in essence is a binding contract between the ruler and his subjects.

统治者篡夺权力，或拒绝给予这些权利，被视为对伊斯兰教的公然违反。过去曾有一些情况，统治者以武力获取效忠（bayah），而乌玛却保持沉默。效忠的滥用并没有像一些历史学家所说的那样，使伊斯兰国家转变为独裁统治或神权政体。这与2000年美国总统大选中的选票侵占情形相似。

The usurping of authority by the ruler or his refusal to grant these rights is considered a flagrant violation of Islam. In the past there have been some occasions where the ruler has assumed the bayah by force and the Ummah has remained silent. The misuse of the bayah did not transform the Islamic state into a dictatorship or a theocracy as suggested by some historians. This is similar to misappropriation of votes in the 2000 US presidential race.

人们没有对结果提出质疑,这一事实意味着美国的统治制度仍然是民主的。因此,伊斯兰国是一个独特的国家,与当今世界上的任何其他国家都不相同。

The fact that the people did not challenge the outcome meant that the system of ruling in America continues to be democratic. Therefore the Islamic state is a unique state, unlike any other state in the world today.

这一政体在穆斯林中通常被称为哈里发制（Khilafah），非穆斯林则常称之为哈里发国（Caliphate）。哈里发国不是神权政体，即由真主选定的代表来将真主的律法施行于臣民之上；它也不是独裁或君主制，即权威与立法权完全归属于独裁者或君主。它与民主制有一定相似之处，即权威由民众行使，用以选举统治者并使其承担责任；但它与民主国家有很大不同，后者将立法权赋予议会或国会，而非真主。尽管存在这些明显的差异，西方仍然continue将哈里发国描述为独裁政体、神权政体和君主制。

This state is commonly known amongst the Muslims as the Khilafah and is often referred by non-Muslims as the Caliphate. The Caliphate is not a theocracy where God's chosen representative implements God's law upon the subjects. Nor is it a dictatorship or a monarchy where authority and law-making reside exclusively with the dictator or monarch. It shares some resemblance with democracy in that authority is exercised by the people to elect and account the ruler. But differs greatly from the democratic state, which bestows the power of law-making to parliament or congress as opposed to God. Despite these glaring differences, the West still continues to describe the Caliphate as a dictatorship, theocracy and a monarchy.

一些西方领导人甚至不遗余力地把哈里发国描绘成极权国家。这种说法即便不说是不诚实的，也很难称得上公允。事实上，"极权主义"这一标签更适用于西方国家。

Some Western leaders have even gone at great lengths to portray the Caliphate as a totalitarian state. This claim borders on insincerity to say the least. In actual fact the label of totalitarianism is more applicable to Western states.

如果美国《爱国者法案》的通过以及英国对反恐立法的认可都不是极权国家的标志，那么什么才是呢？

If the passing of the PATRIOT ACT in the US and the endorsement of anti-terrorism legislation in Britain is not a hallmark of totalitarian states then what is?

相比之下,伊斯兰禁止监视本国公民,任何被认定犯有罪行的人,都必须先经过法院审判,才能受到惩罚。只要西方继续像在阿富汗和伊拉克那样,把自己置于国家建设的中心,伪伊斯兰国家就会不断涌现,加入早已很长的伪伊斯兰国家名单。这类国家无法平息乌玛的伊斯兰情感,反而延长了乌玛的苦难,使其长期遭受外国的干涉与剥削。

In contrast, Islam forbids spying on its citizens and all those found guilty of a crime have to be tried before a court of law before they can be punished. As long as the West continues to place itself at the centre of nation building like in Afghanistan and Iraq, fake Islamic states will be born to join a long list of pseudo Islamic states. Such states do little to mollify the Islamic sentiments of the Ummah. Instead they prolong the misery of the Ummah and subject her to endless campaigns of foreign interference and exploitation.

为了避免这样的痛苦与苦难，乌玛必须集中其所有资源，朝着一个单一的目标努力，即重建哈里发制度。难道哈里发制度没有在1258年蒙古人洗劫巴格达时终结伊拉克人的苦难吗？

To avoid such pain and suffering the Ummah must pull all of her resources together and work towards a single project, which is the re-establishment of the Caliphate. Did not the Caliphate end the suffering of the Iraqis when Baghdad was ransacked by the Mongols in 1258?

2005年8月20日

August 20, 2005