3.3 西方伦理学：判断克隆是对还是错？ - 21世纪的西方帝国主义与哈里发制度的回归 | Quran Course

3.3 西方伦理学：判断克隆是对还是错？ - 21世纪的西方帝国主义与哈里发制度的回归 | Quran Course

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3.3 西方伦理学：判断克隆是对还是错？

3.3 Ethics In The West: Deciding Whether Cloning Is Right Or Wrong?

by Abid Mustafa5 min readViewed 168 times

“As soon as questions of will or decision or reason or choice of action arise, human science is at a loss.” -- Noam Chomsky 克隆技术的出现再次点燃了一场持续已久的争论,这场争论的核心是伦理问题。科学家、生育学家、政治家和宗教人士都在努力从对错的角度来界定这一问题。支持克隆的科学家认为,克隆胚胎所产生的组织材料可能带来治疗帕金森病、运动神经元病或糖尿病等严重人类疾病的突破。另一方面,教会和生命保护倡导者则主张,克隆胚胎本身就是生命,终止一个胚胎与终止任何其他人类的生命并无区别。西方政治家在这两种观点之间也存在深刻分歧。2003年,白宫发言人表示,美国总统乔治·布什对这一消息“深感不安”,并补充说,这一消息凸显了在美国立法禁止一切人类克隆的必要性。而其他政治家,尤其是那些与生物技术公司关系密切的人,则狂热地支持人类克隆。那么,谁是对的呢?

“As soon as questions of will or decision or reason or choice of action arise, human science is at a loss.” -- Noam Chomsky loning has rekindled the ongoing debate centred on ethical concerns, which scientists, procreationists, politicians and religious personalities are struggling to define in terms of right and wrong. Scientists, who favour cloning, argue that the tissue material from cloned embryos could lead to breakthroughs in the treatment of severe human diseases such as Parkinson’ s, Motor Neuron or Diabetes. On the other hand the Church and pro-life campaigners argue that the cloning of embryos constitutes life, and to terminate an embryo would be no different to terminating the life of any other human being. Western politicians are also deeply divided between the two views. In 2003, White House spokesman said that US President George Bush had found the news “deeply troubling”, and added that the news underscored the need for legislation to ban all human cloning in the US. While other politicians most notably those with close ties with biotechnology firms are fervent supporters of human cloning. So who is right?

在西方社会，决定对错的是世俗信条及其基于利益的人生观。实际上，作为民众选举代表的政治家被赋予了代表社会决定是非的责任。在立法过程中，政治家可能会参考科学事实或其他来源的论点，但归根结底，西方的观点，即利益决定伦理。因此，人们常常可以看到西方政治家信奉那些能为他们自己及其资助者带来最大利益的伦理观点。这些观点的支持者通常是大企业、富有的实业家和有影响力的组织等强大的利益集团。这些强大的集团之间常常发生冲突，因为每个集团都通过游说政治家来竞相维护自身利益。在这种情况下，政治家寻求折中的裁决，以安抚这些利益集团。然而，在这两种情况下，都没有认真地寻求真理，各方最首要的关切是维护自身利益。例如，在人类克隆问题上，托尼·布莱尔的新工党与生物技术公司关系密切，支持人类克隆，而反对团体，如反堕胎慈善组织“生命”（Life），则要求全面禁止任何形式的人类克隆。

In western societies it is the secular creed together with its view point on life based on benefit, which determines what is right and wrong. In practice the politicians who are the elected representatives of the people are given the responsibility of deciding what is right and wrong on behalf of society. Politicians may entertain scientific facts or arguments from other sources during the law making process, but ultimately the Western point of view i.e. benefit determines ethics. Therefore it is common to find western politicians subscribing to those ethical views, which provide them and their sponsors with the greatest amount of benefit. Usually the sponsors of such views are powerful interest groups such as big businesses, wealthy industrialists and influential organisations. Often there is a clash between these powerful groups as each group competes by lobbying politicians to protect their interests. In such circumstances politicians seek a compromise verdict to appease these interest groups. Nevertheless, in both cases no serious attempt is made to seek the truth, the foremost concern of all parties is to safeguard their interests. For instance on the issue of human cloning Tony Blair’ s New Labour party, which has close links with biotech companies, is in favour of human cloning, while opposition groups such as the anti-abortion charity, Life, want a total ban on all forms of human cloning.

这个男性细胞核被植入女性卵子中后，会被转移到一名女性的子宫内进行分裂和生长，于是它会发育成胎儿，继而成为婴儿，这个婴儿与提取该细胞的原始男性完全相同。此外，克隆也可以仅在女性之间进行，而无需男性参与。具体做法是：从一名女性身体上取一个细胞，提取其细胞核，再将其与一名女性的卵子融合。随后，把与该细胞核融合后的卵子转移到一名女性的子宫内，使其生长并发育成胎儿，继而成为婴儿，这个婴儿与提取该细胞的女性完全相同。多莉羊的情况正是如此：细胞核取自一只绵羊的乳腺细胞。然后，从这个细胞核中去除与乳腺相关的成分，并在去除了其自身细胞核的绵羊卵子中植入该细胞核。这个细胞被放入一只绵羊的子宫内进行分裂和生长，发育成胎儿。多莉羊出生后，与提取细胞的第一只绵羊完全相同。

This male nucleus in a female egg would be transferred to a woman’ s womb to double and grow. Hence, it would become a foetus and then a baby, which is a duplicate of the original male from whose body the cell was taken. Also, cloning could be done among females only without a need for a male. This is done by taking a cell from the body of a female and extracting its nucleus in order to merge it with a female’ s egg. Then, the egg is transferred to a woman’ s womb after it is merged with the cell’ s nucleus, to grow and become a foetus and then a baby, which is a duplicate of the female from which the cell was taken. This is what happened with Dolly, the sheep, where the nucleus was taken from a sheep’ s breast cell. Then, the elements related to the breast were taken out from this nucleus and the nucleus was placed in a sheep’ s egg after removing its own nucleus. The cell was placed in the womb of a sheep to multiply and grow, and become a foetus. Dolly, the sheep, was born as an exact duplicate of the first sheep from which the cell was taken.

1. 以这种方式生育子女，不同于安拉（SWT）造人繁衍后代的自然方式。安拉（SWT）说："而且他创造了配偶，雄的和雌的，都是由精液（即雌雄的排出物）所生，当它射出的时候。"[TMQ 53:45-46] 安拉（SWT）又说："他不是一滴被射出的精液吗？然后他成为一块凝血，然后（安拉）造化他，使他匀称，并使他有雌雄两性。"[TMQ 75:37-39] 2. 通过无雄性参与、由雌性克隆而生的孩子没有父亲。此外，如果将与细胞核融合的卵子植入与提供卵子的雌性不同的另一位女性的子宫中，这些孩子也将没有母亲。因为用于植入卵子的那位女性的子宫，不过是容纳卵子的场所。这将导致这个人的身份缺失，他既没有父亲，也没有母亲。这与安拉（SWT）的话相矛盾："人类啊！我确已用一个男人和一个女人创造了你们。"[TMQ 49:13] 也与他（SWT）的话相违背："你们应当按照他们父亲的名字称呼他们，这在安拉看来是更公正的。"[TMQ 33:5] 3. 亲属关系的丧失。伊斯兰教规定必须保持并维系亲属关系。伊本·阿拔斯传述，安拉的使者（ﷺ）说："无论谁声称与自己生父以外的人有血缘关系，或归属于并非自己所属的人，那么安拉、天使和所有人的诅咒都将降临在他身上。"（伊本·马哲辑录）

1. The production of children in this manner is different from the natural way that Allah (SWT) made humans to reproduce their offspring. Allah (SWT) says, “And that He (Allah) created the pairs, male and female. From Nutfah (drops of semen - male and female discharges) when it is emitted.” [TMQ 53:45-46] Allah (SWT) also says, “Was he not a Nutfah (drops of semen) poured forth? Then he became a clot; then (Allah) shaped and fashioned (him) in due proportion. And made him in two sexes, male and female.” [TMQ 75:37-39] 2. The children who are born out of cloning females, without a male, have no fathers. In addition, they will not have mothers if the egg that was merged with the nucleus of the cell was placed in the womb of a female different from that female whose egg was used in the cloning process. This is the case because the female whose womb was used to implant the egg is no more than a place to house the egg. This will lead to the loss of that human, where he has no father and no mother. This contradicts the saying of Allah (SWT),"O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female.” [TMQ 49:13] And also His (SWT) saying, “Call them by the names of their fathers, that is more just in the sight of Allah.” [TMQ 33:5] 3. Loss of kinship. Islam has obligated preserving affinity and maintaining it. Ibn Abbas said that the Prophet of Allah (SAW) said, “Whoever claims relationship by birth to other than his father or belonged to other than those he belongs to, then the curse of Allah, the Angels, and all the people be upon him.” (Narrated by Ibn Majah).