“社会酝酿了犯罪，罪犯实施了犯罪。”——亨利·托马斯·巴克尔 英国布拉德福德警员莎伦·贝舍尼夫斯基被杀一事，促使一些人呼吁为英国警察配备武器，另一些人则要求制定更严厉的法律以遏制枪支犯罪。在BBC第四广播电台《今日》节目中发言时，西约克郡警察联合会主席汤姆·麦吉呼吁重新考虑让警员常规配枪的问题。

“Society prepares the crime; the criminal commits it.” -- Henry Thomas Buckle The killing of Pc Sharon Beshenivsky in Bradfordxvi, Briton spurred some to call for the arming of the British police force, while others demanded stiffer laws in curbing gun crime. Speaking on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, Tom McGhie the chairman of the West Yorkshire Police Federation called for a rethink on routinely arming officers.

根据内政部的数据，自1997年以来，英格兰和威尔士涉及枪支的犯罪案件数量逐年增加。八年间，警方记录的枪支事件几乎增至原来的三倍。尽管政府努力遏制涉枪暴力犯罪，情况依然如此。2003年，时任内政大臣戴维·布朗奇特推出了一系列措施，包括新的枪支特赦、对非法持有枪支者判处五年监禁，以及为在枪支犯罪案件中作证的证人提供更大的保护。这些措施是针对伯明翰两名年幼女孩遭残忍杀害一事而出台的。然而，这些举措对打击暴力犯罪收效甚微，也未能解决其根本原因。

The number of offences involving firearms in England and Wales has been increasing each year since 1997, according to the Home Office. Firearms incidents recorded by the police have nearly trebled in eight years. This is despite the government's efforts to curb violent crime involving guns. In 2003, the then Home Secretary David Blunkett introduced a host of measures which included a new gun amnesty, a five year prison sentence for illegal possession of firearms and greater protection to witnesses who testify in gun crime cases. The measures were in response to the brutal killing of two young girls in Birmingham. The initiatives did little to combat violent crime or address its root cause.

在过去几个月里，英国民众目睹了大量备受关注的重大案件，包括谋杀、刺伤、儿童绑架、强奸和抢劫。任何打开电视或收听广播的人都不难注意到，其中相当一部分犯罪并不涉及枪支的使用。不胜枚举的事件中，刀具才是实施暴力犯罪的主要手段，然而部长、政治家、社工和警察仍然选择把控枪作为减少暴力犯罪的手段。

Over the past few months the British public has witnessed a large number of high profile crimes involving murders, stabbings, child abductions, rapes and robberies. Anyone turning on the television or listening to the radio will not fail to notice that a fair proportion of these crimes do not involve the use of firearms. There are countless incidents, where knives are the primary means of perpetrating violent crime and still ministers, politicians, social workers, and police officers choose to focus on gun control as a means of reducing violent crime.

这种应对犯罪的反应式做法不仅局限于暴力犯罪，而是延伸到所有形式的犯罪。当前的做法非但没有解决问题，反而导致更多犯罪、更多立法、监狱系统进一步不堪重负（人满为患），司法系统负担加重，警察队伍士气低落，公众处于脆弱境地，并造成巨大的资源消耗，估计约为600亿英镑。

This reactionary approach towards tackling crime is not only limited to violent offences, but extends to all forms of crime. Instead of solving the problem the current approach leads to more crime, extra legislation and further strain on the over populated prison system as well as a greater burden on the judiciary, a demoralised police force, a vulnerable public and a huge drain on resources estimated to be in the region of £60 billion.

在所有其他西方社会中，也可以发现类似的趋势。

A similar trend can be found in all other Western societies.

在这些社会中,公众已无奈地接受犯罪不断增加、而几乎无能为力的现状。事情本不必如此。问题的核心在于,西方社会对犯罪及其成因存在错误的理解;这导致西方政府采取了无效的措施来打击犯罪。

In these societies the public is resigned to accept that crime is on the increase and very little can be done to reduce it. This does not need to be the case. Rather, what lies at the heart of the issue is the incorrect understanding in Western societies of crime and its causes; this has led to Western governments implementing ineffective solutions to combat crime.

即使法律严厉，也无法阻止人们犯罪。因此，多年来，西方政府一直努力减少日益增多的恋童癖者、强奸犯、吸毒者、飙车族、窃贼、诈骗犯等类似罪犯的数量，无论它们制定了多少法律，或在治安方面花费了多少时间和金钱。资本主义的人生目标极大地影响了公众对预防犯罪的态度。资本主义社会的公众更关心维护自己追求感官享乐的能力，以至于当他人追求快乐的权利需要他们介入帮助时，他们也不愿出手，尤其是当这种介入伴随着困难或危险的时候。

Even the severity of the law does not deter people from committing crime. Thus for many years, Western governments have struggled to reduce the growing number of paedophiles, rapists, drug addicts, joy riders, burglars, fraudsters and the like - no matter how many laws they enact or how much time and money they spend on policing. The capitalist goal in life has greatly affected the public's attitude towards preventing crime. The public in capitalist societies are more concerned about preserving their ability to pursue sensual pleasure to the extent that they would not intervene to help other people enjoy their right to pursue pleasure, particularly if such intervention was associated with difficulty or danger.

除非某件事威胁到人们集体追求享乐，公众很少会出手制止眼前发生的犯罪。这种心态使西方社会的公众对犯罪变得麻木冷漠，从而让罪犯得以在他们之中肆意滋长。

Unless it is something that threatens their collective pursuit of enjoyment, the public rarely intervenes to stop crimes committed in front of them. This mindset has moulded the public in Western societies to become apathetic towards crime, thereby allowing criminals to thrive amongst them.

例如，如果一名小偷从拥挤的购物中心的一家商店里跑出来，大多数购物者都会犹豫是否去追赶。如果一群人在公交车上袭击某个人，大多数人会安静地坐在座位上。如果一位领取养老金的老人在街上遭到抢劫，大多数人会视而不见。

For instance if a thief ran out of a shop in a crowded shopping centre, the majority of the shoppers would be hesitant to give chase. If a group of people were attacking an individual on the bus, most people would remain quiet in their seats. If a pensioner was being mugged in the street, most people will ignore it.

资本主义的人生目标也削弱了资本主义国家打击犯罪的能力。原因在于，西方政府的职责是制定法律和实施政策，使个人能够实现其最大程度的感官满足。然而，往往真正受益的，是少数能够影响政府的人。

The capitalist goal in life has also undermined the ability of capitalist states to fight crime. This is because the role of Western governments is to pass laws and implement policies which enable individuals to realise their optimal level of sensual fulfilment. All too often, the true benefactors are a small minority of people who are able to influence governments.

他们制定法律来保护自己追求享乐的权利，却以牺牲绝大多数民众的利益为代价。与此同时，这绝大多数民众感到这些法律不公正地侵犯了他们追求资本主义目标的权利，因此许多人选择违法。例如，英国大多数公众厌恶枪械，却不明白为何政府屡次对那些通过电影、音乐、书籍和电子游戏宣扬枪暴力、将其视为获得快乐最快途径的媒体公司采取不作为的态度。同样，在美国，公众要求禁止销售枪支的呼声也得不到政府的回应。在这两种情况下，政府都更关心允许媒体巨头和枪械公司实现利润最大化，而不是顾及公众的利益。

They pass laws that protect their right to pursue enjoyment at the expense of the vast majority of the people. In turn, this vast majority feel that these laws unfairly impinge on their right to pursue the capitalist goal and hence many resort to breaking the law. For instance, the majority of the British public abhors firearms, but fails to understand why the government has repeatedly taken no action against the media companies that glorify gun violence as the quickest way of attaining happiness through films, music, books and video games. Equally in America, the public's demand to ban the selling of guns is met with government silence. In both cases governments are more interested in allowing the media moguls and gun companies to maximise profits at the cost of the public.

同样的论点也适用于贫困内城地区的重建问题。政府和富有的资本家有意忽视这些地区，因为它们被认为在商业上无利可图。可以理解的是，生活在这些地区的人们会因此走向犯罪。即便是对罪犯的惩罚，也是以资本主义的目标为基础的：惩罚的设计并非为了震慑社会上的潜在罪犯，而仅仅是为了限制被定罪者追求享乐。例如，百万富翁杰弗里·阿彻尽管正在服刑，却仍能过着奢华的生活。因此，在人类行为的各个层面，资本主义的人生目标都是西方社会犯罪的主要驱动力。

The same argument applies to the redevelopment of deprived inner city areas, which governments and wealthy capitalists intentionally ignore as they are deemed to be commercially unprofitable. Understandably, people living in such areas will resort to crime. Even the punishment of criminals is based upon the capitalist goal; instead of designing punishments to deter potential criminals in society, punishments exist merely to restrict the convicted criminal's pursuit of pleasure. For example the millionaire Geoffrey Archer was able to follow his lavish lifestyle, even though he is serving a custodial sentence. Therefore, at all levels of human behaviour the capitalist goal in life is the main driving force behind crime in Western societies.

另一方面,伊斯兰教塑造出的社会中,犯罪并非常态,而是例外。这是因为伊斯兰教对人生的目标在于寻求安拉(SWT)的喜悦。穆斯林正是通过寻求安拉(SWT)的喜悦而获得幸福。

On the other hand, Islam produces a society where crime is not the norm but an exception. This is because the Islamic goal in life is about seeking the pleasure of Allah (SWT). It is through seeking the pleasure of Allah (SWT) that a Muslim attains happiness.

因此,穆斯林在采取任何行动时都极为谨慎,无论大小,因为他们知道自己将在后世为这些行为接受清算。其结果要么是天堂,要么是火狱,而这取决于穆斯林在今世是否遵从真主(SWT)的命令与禁令。这种信念使穆斯林心中生出强烈的敬畏之心(Taqwa,敬畏真主(SWT))、对他人的责任感,以及对伊斯兰律法和权威的服从。在个人层面上,这成为防范犯罪的强大威慑力量,因为人时刻意识到自己行为的后果。真主(SWT)

Therefore Muslims are extremely careful when undertaking actions, large or small because they know that in the hereafter they will be held accountable for them. The outcome of which will be either paradise or hellfire determined by the Muslim's compliance to Allah (SWT)'s commands and prohibitions in this life. This belief instils in Muslims a strong sense of Taqwa (fear of Allah (SWT)), responsibility towards others and obedience to Islamic laws and authority. At an individual level this becomes a very powerful deterrent against crime, as one is constantly aware of the consequences of one's actions. Allah (SWT)

……在《古兰经》中提醒我们："我比他的颈脉还近。"[TMQ 50:16] 这种自我约束的体现意味着，与资本主义国家不同，未来的伊斯兰国家将不需要投入巨大资源去打击犯罪，不需要采用大量监控技术来抓捕罪犯，也不需要配备庞大的警察队伍专门负责犯罪预防。

reminds us in the Quran: "And We are nearer to him than his jugular vein". [TMQ 50:16] The manifestation of this self policing would mean that unlike capitalist countries, the future Islamic state will not need to spend huge resources in fighting crime, use large numbers of surveillance techniques to catch criminals or employ a large police force dedicated to crime prevention.

同样,伊斯兰社会渴望追求安拉(SWT)的喜悦,将在大众中培养出一种集体心态,使他们认为维护社会和伊斯兰法律比个人利益更为重要。这是因为对穆斯林而言,违犯者触犯安拉(SWT)的命令与禁令是必须加以制止的罪过。伊斯兰要求穆斯林劝善戒恶(Ma'ruf,善;Munkar,恶)。先知ﷺ在艾布·赛义德·胡德里传述的一段圣训中说:

Similarly, the Islamic society's yearning to seek the pleasure of Allah (SWT) will produce a collective mentality amongst the public where the preservation of society and Islamic laws will be regarded as more important than one's own interest. This is because for Muslims, the transgression of the commands and prohibitions of Allah (SWT) by offenders is a sin that must be stopped. Islam has obliged Muslims to enjoin Mar'uf (good) and forbid Munkar (evil). The Prophet (SAW) said in a Hadith narrated by Abu Sa'id al Khudri:

“谁见到恶事（即错误或不当之事），就当以手改正；若不能，则以口劝阻；若仍不能，则以心憎恶之，而这是信仰最弱的表现。”［穆斯林］ 对于非穆斯林公民而言，预防犯罪的推动力将是伊斯兰的公正。

"Whosoever sees a Munkar (an evil or wrong) let him change it by his hand, if he could not let it be by his tongue. If he could not let it be by his heart, and this is the weakest of Iman". [Muslim] In the case of non-Muslim citizens it will be the justice of Islam that will be the motivating factor for crime prevention.

这将激发公众舆论，使其成为有效的犯罪威慑力量。

This will galvanise public opinion to become an effective deterrent against crime.

然而,总会有一小部分人会违反伊斯兰所规定的律法。针对这些人,伊斯兰设立了一套完整的惩罚制度,由国家执行。伊斯兰的刑罚并非旨在限制罪犯本人,而是为了震慑他人,使其不去犯罪。例如关于窃贼,安拉(SWT)说:"窃贼,无论男女,你们都应砍断他们的手,这是他们自己所作之事的报应,是安拉的惩戒。安拉是万能的,是至睿的。"[TMQ 5:38]在伊斯兰中,个人凭借其敬畏之心(Taqwa),公众凭借其对社会与国家安全的关切,二者共同协作,以确保律法得到执行,并将犯罪降至最低。伊斯兰的历史对此有明证。例如,伊玛目马立克被任命为麦地那的法官时,等了将近一年才审理他的第一个案件。此外,伊斯兰国主要城市中法院的记录显示,法院所审理的案件主要是离婚、继承和商业纠纷等社会问题。涉及谋杀、抢劫、强奸等案件的数量,远远低于当今西方社会的数字。

However, there will always be a minority that would violate the laws imposed by Islam. For them Islam has laid down a comprehensive punishment system which is administered by the state. The punishments in Islam are not intended to restrict the offender, but are meant to dissuade others from carrying out crime. For instance concerning the thief, Allah (SWT) says: "As to the thief, male or female, cut off his or her hand. It is the reward of their own deeds, an exemplary punishment from Allah. Allah is All Mighty, All Wise." [TMQ 5:38] In Islam the individual through his Taqwa, the public through their concern about the preservation of society and the state all act in unison to ensure that laws are implemented and that crime is minimised. Islamic history bears testimony to this fact. For example, when Imam Malik was appointed the judge of Madinah, he had to wait almost a year before he presided over his first case. Also the records of the courts that existed in the main cities in the Islamic State show that the types of cases dealt by courts were primarily social issues like divorce, inheritance and business related disputes. The number of cases involving murders, muggings, rapes and the like were nowhere near the figures that occur in Western societies today.

2005年11月20日

November 20, 2005