Kilugha, naskh (kufuta) humaanisha kuondoa (Izaalah) au kubadilisha kitu na kukigeuza kutoka hali moja hadi nyingine huku kitu chenyewe bado kipo kwa asili yake.

Linguistically abrogation means canceling (Izaalah) or changing the thing and transforming it from one state to another while it still exists in essence.

Kitaa kwa usahihi, ni khitabu (khitaab) cha Mwenye kutunga sheria (Ash-Shaari') ndicho kinachozuia kuendelea kwa Hukmu Shar'i ya khitabu kilichotangulia.

Technically, it is the address (Khitaab) of the legislator which prevents the continuation of a Hukm Shar‟i of a previous address (Khitaab).

Kwa upande wa neno *naasikh* (mfutaji), linaweza kumrejelea Allah (SWT):

As for the term abrogator (Naasikh) it may refer to Allah (swt):

"Lolote Tunalolisha katika Aya (ufunuo) au tunalolisahau, Tunaleta lililo bora zaidi au mfano wake." (TMQ Al-Baqarah: 106)

“Whatever a Verse (revelation) do We abrogate.” (TMQ Al-Baqarah: 106)

Au inaweza kurejelea Aya: Hivyo, tunasema „Aya ya upanga‟ (At-Tawbah: 29) imefuta (imebatilisha) Aya fulani.

Or it may refer to an Ayah: Thus, we say the „Ayah of the sword‟ (At-Tawbah: 29) abrogated so and so Ayah.

Kuhusu Mansookh (kilichofutwa), ni hukmu iliyoondolewa, kama hukmu inayolazimisha kutoa sadaka mbele ya Mtume ﷺ kwa lengo la kujiaminisha kwa Mtume ﷺ, hukmu ya wasia kwa warithi, na hukmu ya kusubiri mwaka mzima kwa mjane. Katika kufuta (naskh), hukmu iliyofutwa lazima iwe ya Kishari'a, na dalili inayoonyesha kuondolewa kwa hukmu lazima pia iwe ya Kishari'a na ije baada ya khitabu (amri) ambayo hukmu yake imefutwa.

As for the abrogated (Mansookh) it is the Hukm which has been lifted, like the Hukm which obliges paying the Sadaqah in front of the Messenger (saw) in the confidence of the Messenger (saw), the Hukm of bequests for hiers, the Hukm of waiting for complete year in respect to the widow. In abrogation the Hukm abrogated must be Shar‟i and the evidence which indicates the lifting of the Hukm must be Shar‟i and come after the address whose Hukm has been abrogated.

Allah (SWT) ametuarifu kuhusu kutokea kwa naskh (kufuta hukumu), na hukumu zilizofutwa zinatuonyesha uhakika wa kutokea kwake.

Allah (swt) has informed us of the occurrence of abrogation and the Ahkam which have been abrogated show us its true occurrence.

“Aya yoyote tunayoifuta au kuifanya isahaulike, Tunaleta bora kuliko hiyo au mfano wake. Je, hujui kwamba Allah ana uwezo juu ya kila kitu?” (TMQ Al-Baqarah: 106)

“Whatever a Verse (revelation) do We abrogate or cause to be forgotten, We bring a better one or similar to it. Know you not that Allah is able to do all things?” (TMQ Al-Baqarah: 106)

"Na tunapobadilisha Aya mahali pa nyingine, na Allah anajua zaidi ya anachoteremsha, wao husema: Wewe (ewe Muhammad ﷺ) ni mwongo tu. Bali wengi wao hawajui."

“And when We change a Verse in place of another, and Allah knows the best of what He sends down, they (the disbelievers) say: you (O Muhammad [saw]) are but a liar. Nay but most of them know not.” (TMQ An-Nahl: 101)

Sheikh Ata ibn Khalil Abu al-Rashta katika kitabu chake bora „Teyseer al wusool Ila al-Usul‟ (Kurahisisha Kuelewa Usul) anataja aina zifuatazo za kufuta hukumu (naskh):

Sheikh Ata ibn Khalil Abu al-Rashta in his excellent book „Teyseer al wusool Ila al-Usul‟ (To make understanding Usul easy) lists the following types of abrogation:

"Enyi mlioamini! Mnapotaka kushauriana na Mtume (Muhammad ﷺ) kwa faragha, tangulizeni kutoa sadaka kabla ya mashauriano yenu ya faragha. Hilo ni bora zaidi kwenu na safi zaidi. Lakini ikiwa hamwezi kupata njia ya kufanya hivyo, basi hakika Allah ni Mwingi wa kusamehe, Mwingi wa rehema. Je, mnaogopa kutoa sadaka kabla ya mashauriano yenu ya faragha pamoja naye? Basi ikiwa hamkufanya hivyo, na Allah amewasamehe, basi (angalau) simamisheni Swala, toeni Zaka, na mtiini Allah na Mtume Wake. Na Allah ni Mjuzi wa yote mnayoyatenda."

“O you who believe! When you (want to) consult the Messenger (Muhammad [saw]) in private, spend something in charity before your private consultation. That will be better and purer for you. But if you find not the means for it, then verily, Allah is oft forgiving, Most Merciful. Are you afraid of spending in charity before your private consultation with him? If then you do it not, and Allah has forgiven you, then (at least) perform Salat and give Zakat and obey Allah and His Messenger. And Allah is All-Aware of what you do.” (TMQ Al-Mujadallah: 12-13)

Hii ni kufutwa kwa hukumu ya kutoa sadaka kabla ya kushauriana na Mtume ﷺ kwa faragha.

This is an abrogation of giving charity before consulting the Messenger (saw) in private.

Uwiano wa subira hupanda kutoka 1-10 hadi 2-10:

The ratio of steadfastness goes from 1-10 to 2-10:

“Ee Nabii! Wahimize waumini wapigane vita. Iwapo kutakuwa na watu ishirini wenye subira miongoni mwenu, watawashinda mia mbili, na iwapo kutakuwa na watu mia moja wenye subira, watawashinda elfu moja miongoni mwa wale waliokufuru, kwa sababu wao ni watu wasioelewa.” (TMQ Al-Anfal: 65)

“O Prophet (Muhammad [saw])! Urge the believers to fight. If there are twenty steadfast persons amongst you, they will overcome two hundred, and if there be a hundred steadfast persons they will overcome a thousand of those who disbelieve, because they (the disbelievers) are people who do not understand.”(TMQ Al-Anfal: 65)

"Sasa Allah amekupunguzieni (mzigo wenu), kwani Anajua kwamba mna udhaifu. Basi ikiwa miongoni mwenu wapo watu mia wenye subira na imara, watawashinda watu mia mbili…" (TMQ Al-Anfal: 66)

“Now Allah has lightened your (task), for He knows that there is weakness in you. So if there are of you a hundred steadfast persons, they shall overcome two hundred…” (TMQ Al-Anfal: 66)

Kufutwa kwa kuelekea Al-Quds na kuelekea Kaaba huko Makka:

The abrogation of facing Al-Quds to facing the Ka‟bah in Makkah:

"Hakika Tumeona mgeuko wa uso wako (Muhammad ﷺ) mbinguni. Basi hakika Tutakugeuza kuelekea Qiblah (upande wa kuswalia) utakayoridhika nayo; basi geuza uso wako upande wa Al-Masjid Al-Haraam. Na popote mlipo, elekezeni nyuso zenu upande huo katika Swala." (TMQ Al-Baqarah: 144)

“Verily! We have seen the turning of your (Muhammad [saw]) face towards the heaven. Surely We shall turn you to a Qiblah (prayer direction) that shall please you, so turn your face in the direction of al-masjid al-haraam. And whosesoever you people are, turn your faces in prayer in that direction.” (TMQ Al-Baqarah: 144)

Mwanzoni mwa Uislamu ilikuwa ni wajibu kuwafungia wanawake waliofanya zinaa majumbani na kuwaadhibu kama Hadd kwa kufanya zinaa. Hukumu hii imefutwa na Hukm inayojulikana vyema:

In the beginning of Islam it was obligatory to confine women who have committed fornication to houses and punish them as a Hadd for committing zina. This has been abrogated by the Hukm which is well known:

"Na ikiwa watashuhudia, wafungieni (yaani wanawake waliofanya uzinzi) ndani ya nyumba mpaka mauti yawafike au Mwenyezi Mungu awawekee njia nyingine. Na wawili miongoni mwenu wanaofanya kitendo haramu cha kujamiiana, waadhibuni wote wawili. Na wakitubu (wakimwahidi Mwenyezi Mungu kwamba hawatarudia, yaani kufanya kitendo haramu cha kujamiiana na dhambi nyinginezo zinazofanana nacho) na wakafanya mema, waacheni kwa amani." {Qur'an 4:15-16} (TMQ An-Nisa:15-16)

“And if they testify, confine them (i.e. women who have committed fornication) to houses until death comes to them or Allah ordains for them some (other) way. And the two persons among you who commit illegal sexual intercourse, punish them both. And if they repent (promise Allah that they will never repeat, ie commit illegal sexual intercourse and other similar sins) and do righteous good deeds, leave them alone.” (TMQ An-Nisa:15 -16)

Mfano mwingine ni kufutwa (naskh) kwa funga ya Ashura na kuwekwa funga ya Ramadhani mahali pake.

Another example is the abrogation of the fast of „„Ashura for the fast of Ramadhan.

Aisha (ra) alisimulia kwamba; wakati wa Jahiliyyah, Maquraishi walikuwa wakifunga siku ya „Ashura. Na Mtume ﷺ naye alikuwa akifunga siku hii. Mtume ﷺ alipohamia Madinah, alifunga siku hii na aliwaamuru watu nao wafunge. Ramadhani ilipofaradhishwa, alisema:

„Aisha (ra) narrated that; in the time of Jahiliyyah the Quraysh used to fast the day of „„Ashura. And the Messenger (saw) used to fast on this day as well. When the Messenger (saw) went to Madinah he fasted on this day and instructed the people to fast as well. When Ramadhan became obligatory, he (saw) said:

"Atakayetaka kufunga siku hii na afunge, na atakayetaka aache." (Bukhari na Muslim)

“Whosoever wishes to fast on this day let him fast and whosoever wants let him leave it.” (Bukhari & Muslim)

Ni muhimu kujua kwamba kinachofutwa (kinachonasakhwa) ni hukmu, si usomaji. Hili ndilo lililothibitishwa. Hivyo tunaona kufutwa kwa hukmu ya kipindi cha eda cha mwaka mmoja, na kufutwa kwa wasia wa wazazi. Kuhusu Aya mbili ambazo zimefutwa, bado zinasomwa, na ndivyo ilivyo kwa Aya nyingine zote zilizofutwa. Kuhusu kufutwa kwa usomaji, aina hii haipatikani. Kutokuwepo kwa aina hii ya kufutwa ni ushahidi kwamba haifai.

Kwanza: Kufutwa kwa Qur'ani kwa Qur'ani:

First: Abrogation of the Qur‟an with Qur‟an:

Kufutwa kwa hukumu ya kutoa sadaka kabla ya kushauriana faraghani na Mtume ﷺ.

The abrogation of giving Sadaqah before private consultation with the Messenger (saw).

Vivyo hivyo, 'Iddah ya mwaka mmoja imebadilishwa kuwa miezi 4 na siku 10.

Similarly, the one year‟s „Iddah has been changed to 4 months and 10 days.

Allah (SWT) alisema:

Allah (swt) said:

"Na wale miongoni mwenu wanaokufa na kuwaacha wake, na wawausie wake zao matumizi ya mwaka mmoja na makazi bila ya kuwatoa. Lakini wakiondoka (wake wenyewe), basi si dhambi juu yenu kwa yale wanayojifanyia wenyewe ya mema. Na Allaah ni Mshindi, Mwenye hekima."

“And those of you who die and leave behind wives should bequeath for their wives a year's maintenance and residence without turning them out, but if they (wives) leave, there is no sin on you for that which they do of themselves, provided it is honourable. And Allâh is All-Mighty, All-Wise.” (TMQ Al-Baqarah: 240)

Alisema (swt):

He (swt) said:

"Na wale miongoni mwenu wanaokufa na kuacha wake nyuma yao, wao (wake hao) watangoja (kuhusu ndoa yao) kwa miezi minne na siku kumi…" (TMQ Al-Baqarah: 234)

“And those of you who die and leave wives behind them, they (the wives) shall wait (as regards their marriage) for four months and ten days…” (TMQ Al-Baqarah: 234)

Vivyo hivyo kwa Ahkam zilizotajwa hapo awali.

The same goes for the Ahkam mentioned previously.

Pili: Kufutwa kwa Sunnah kwa Sunnah.

Second: Abrogation of the Sunnah by Sunnah.

Hii ni pale hadithi Mutawaatir inapofuta hadithi nyingine Mutawaatir, hadithi ya Ahad (moja) inapofutwa na Mutawaatir, au hadithi ya Ahad inapofutwa na hadithi nyingine ya Ahad. Kama hadithi za Mtume ﷺ:

This is when one Mutawaatir abrogates another Mutaawatir, an Ahad (singular) narration is abrogated by Mutawaatir or an Ahad is abrogated by another Ahad narration. Like the Ahadith of the Prophet (saw):