8.4 Aina za Mujtahid
8.4 Types of Mujtahid
A. Mujtahid Mutlaq (Mujtahid Kamili)
A. Mujtahid Mutlaq (Absolute Mujtahid)
Waanzilishi wa madhehebu mbalimbali ya Fiqhi ya Kiislamu, kama vile Abu Hanifah, Shafi‘i, Ahmad bin Hanbal, Malik, Jafar na wengineo, wanachukuliwa kuwa Mujtahidina Mutlaq. Kundi hili la Mujtahidina huanzisha Usul al-Fiqh yao wenyewe ili kutoa Ahkam (hukumu), na hawawekewi vikwazo na wengine, yaani wao ni huru.
The founders of various schools of Islamic Fiqh such as Abu Hanifah, Shafi‟i, Ahmad bin Hanbal, Malik, Jafar and others are considered Mujtahideen Mutlaq. This category of Mujtahideen set up their own Usul al-Fiqh to extract the Ahkam (rules) and are not restricted by others i.e. they are independent.
B. Mujtahid ndani ya Madhhab
B. Mujtahid within a Madhab
Mujtahidin hawa hufuata Usul al-Fiqh iliyowekwa na Mujtahid Mutlaq ili kutoa Ahkam (hukumu); kwa mfano, Imam Abu Yusuf alifuata mbinu ya Imam Abu Hanifah.
These Mujtahideen follow the Usul al-Fiqh set up by the Mujtahid Mutlaq to extract the Ahkam (rules); e.g. Imam Abu Yusuf adhered to Imam Abu Hanifah‟s methodology.
Mujtahidina hawa, ndani ya Madhhab, kwa ujumla walifuata kanuni za madhhab zao husika katika kutoa hukumu. Hata hivyo, hawakujiona kuwa wamelazimika kufuata Maimamu wao katika utekelezaji wa masuala mahususi. Hili linathibitishwa na ukweli kwamba walishikilia maoni yaliyopingana na yale ya Maimamu wao wakuu. Kwa hakika, baadhi ya Mujtahidina, kama Imam Abu Yusuf, walifikia kiwango cha Mujtahid Mutlaq, lakini hawakuunda madhhab yao wenyewe kwa heshima ya Imam Abu Hanifah.
These Mujtahideen, within a Madhab, generally followed the guidelines of their respective schools to extract rulings. Nevertheless, they did not consider themselves bound to follow their Imams in the implementation of particular issues. This is borne out by the fact that they have held opinions that were opposed to those of their leading Imams. As a matter of fact, some Mujtahideen such as Imam Abu Yusuf reached to the level of Mujtahid Mutlaq, but didn‟t form his own Madhab out of respect for Imam Abu Hanifah.
C. Mujtahid katika masuala maalum pekee (Mujtahid Mas‟ala)
C. Mujtahid in particular issues only (Mujtahid Mas‟ala)
Mujtahid huyu anaweza kushughulikia suala moja, huku akiwa hawezi kushughulikia jingine. Kwa maneno mengine, Mujtahid anaweza kuchunguza maoni ya wanazuoni wengine na kufuatilia Adilla (ushahidi) zao, lakini huenda asiweze kuanzisha maoni mapya kwa masuala mapya.
This Mujtahid would be able to handle one single issue while he may be unable to handle another. In other words, the Mujtahid would be able to study the opinion of other jurists and trace their Adilla (evidences) but may be unable to establish new opinions for new issues.
Wasomi kama Abu'l-Hasan al-Karkhi na Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi katika madhehebu ya Hanafi, Abu al-Fadl al-Marwazi na Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi katika madhehebu ya Shafi'i, Abu Bakr al-Abhari katika madhehebu ya Maliki, na 'Amr b. Husayn al-Khiraqi katika madhehebu ya Hanbali wamewekwa katika kundi hili.
Scholars like Abu'l-Hasan al-Karkhi and Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi in the Hanafi school, Abu al-Fadl al-Marwazi and Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi in the Shafi'i, Abu Bakr al-Abhari in the Maliki and 'Amr b. Husayn al-Khiraqi in the Hanbali schools have been placed it this category.