至于伊斯坦布尔的中心,则是西方异教徒用来打击首都伊斯兰国以及打击国家官员的据点。异教徒曾采取过多项行动,其中最重要、破坏性最大的,是建立了“青年土耳其党”,其化名为“联合进步委员会”。
This was as far as the Beirut centre was concerned. As for the Istanbul centre, it was used by the Western Kuffar to strike the Islamic State in the capital and to strike at the states officials. The Kuffar had undertaken several actions, the most important and the most devastating of which was the establishment of the Young Turks, whose alias was Union & Progress.
该委员会最初由土耳其青年在巴黎成立,这些青年深受法国思想的浸染,对法国大革命有深入的了解。它是作为一个秘密革命委员会而设立的。这一革命团体的领袖是艾哈迈德·雷扎·贝伊。他在民众中颇有声望,其主张是将西方文化引入他的祖国土耳其。该委员会还在柏林、萨洛尼卡和伊斯坦布尔设立了其他分支机构。
The Committee had been established at first in Paris by Turkish youth who had been saturated by French thoughts and deeply cultured about the French revolution. It was established as a secret revolutionary Committee. The leader of this revolutionary group was Ahmed Redha Beik. He was a prominent personality among people and his idea was to import the Western culture to his home country of Turkey. The Committee established other branches in Berlin, Slanik and Istanbul.
巴黎中心组织严密,纲领激进,所依托的宣传手段也十分有力。它出版了一份名为《新闻》(The News)的通讯刊物。该刊物会随欧洲邮件被偷运进伊斯坦布尔,并由一批承诺秘密分发的土耳其人接手传播。该协会还印发政治传单,并以同样的方式偷运入境。至于柏林分会,则由温和派人士组成,其中有前国务大臣、前高级官员和善于权谋的政治家。他们呼吁改革,主张按照德国的政治体制来管理国家事务。
The Paris centre was meticulously organised, its programme was radical and the means of publicity it relied upon were solid. It published a newsletter entitled The News. It used to be smuggled into Istanbul along with the European mail and was taken by a group of Turks who promised to distribute it secretly. The association also published political leaflets which were smuggled in the same manner. As for the Berlin branch, this was formed by moderates, former ministers of state, former high ranking officials and skilful politicians. They used to call for reform and the organising of the states affairs according to the German ruling system.
他们建议将组成奥斯曼帝国的众多民族团结起来,并在他们之间建立一种类似于德意志邦联的联合体制。
They suggested uniting the many groups of people from whom the Ottoman empire was formed, and establishing amongst them something akin to the German federation.
至于斯拉尼克分支,其成员绝大多数是受过教育的军官,他们在军队中有很大影响力。他们过去为革命做准备。一些谢赫也加入了他们,使其力量进一步增强。一些低级官员也加入了他们,例如后来成为总理的塔拉特。
As for the Slanik branch, the overwhelming majority of its members were from among educated officers who had a strong influence within the army. They used to prepare for the revolution. Some of the Sheikhs had joined them, increasing their strength further. They were also joined by some junior officials, such as Talat, who later became prime minister.
然而,这些人受巴黎中心的统治和控制,从未违背其意见。巴黎中心一贯全心引导他们秉持西方的观点与理论,并在他们心中激起投身斗争的倾向。
However, they were governed and controlled by the Paris centre and they never violated its opinion. The Paris centre used to guide them with full dedication towards western opinions and theories and arouse within them inclinations towards struggle.
Masonic lodges, especially the great Italian lodge in Slanik, used to welcome the activities of this association and championed their cause from a literal viewpoint. Meetings used to take place in the chambers of the Masonic lodges, where it was impossible for spies to gain access no matter how hard they tried. Many members of these lodges were affiliated with the Union & Progress. The Committee managed through this means to increase its members and strengthen its influence, thanks to the aid it was receiving. Furthermore, the members of the Union & Progress used to benefit from Masonic styles in establishing a liaison with Istanbul and even get closer to the Palace itself.
在共济会分会,尤其是斯拉尼克的大型意大利分会,这一组织的活动受到欢迎,其会员从字面意义上支持该组织的事业。会议通常在共济会分会的会所中举行,间谍无论如何努力也无法进入。这些分会的许多成员都隶属于统一与进步团体。委员会借助这一途径,并凭借所获得的支持,成功扩大了成员人数,增强了影响力。此外,统一与进步团体的成员还利用共济会的称谓体系与伊斯坦布尔建立联络,甚至得以接近王宫本身。
The Masonic lodges, especially the greater Italian lodge in Slanik, used to welcome the activities of this association and championed their cause from a literal viewpoint. Meetings used to take place in the chambers of the Masonic lodges, where it was impossible for spies to gain access no matter how hard they tried. Many members of these lodges were affiliated to the Union & Progress. The Committee managed through this means to increase its members and strengthen its influence, thanks to the aid it was receiving. Furthermore, the members of Union & Progress used to benefit from Masonic styles in establishing a liaison with Istanbul and even get closer to the Palace itself.
青年土耳其党,或称统一与进步委员会,很快开始举行秘密会议,为革命做准备。该组织沿着这一路线持续活动,直到1908年发动政变、夺取政权。它的实力由此显露出来,欧洲也对该委员会表示赞同。
The Young Turk or Committee of Union & Progress quickly started to hold secret meetings and prepare for the revolution. It followed this trend up until 1908, when it staged a coup and seized power. Its strength became manifest and Europe expressed its approval of the Committee.
1908年秋,就在议会开幕前不久,斯拉尼克分部的成员召开了一次会议。这被视为该党的第一次实力展示。当时的党魁是其在巴黎的创立者艾哈迈德·雷扎·贝伊。他在会上向代表们发表讲话,表达了内心的喜悦,并夸耀该党所取得的成功。他还确认,欧洲各王国本身也对民族主义运动表示了善意,并对国家的现状表示满意。
In the autumn of 1908, and shortly before the opening of parliament, the members of the Slanik branch held a conference. This was regarded as its first muscle flexing exercise. The leader of the party at the time was its Parisian founder Ahmed Redha Beik. He delivered a speech to the delegates in which he expressed his happiness and boasted about the success of the party. He also confirmed that the European kingdoms themselves had expressed goodwill towards the nationalist movement and expressed their satisfaction about the countrys status quo.
在那个时候,即1908年秋天,英国任命了一位新的驻伊斯坦布尔大使,名叫杰拉德·卢瑟。他抵达伊斯坦布尔时,统一与进步委员会的一群人对他热情欢迎,甚至把他马车上的马卸下,亲自拉着马车前行。这一切都是统一与进步委员会的倡议,出于其自身的主动。委员会成员对经过修饰的西方思想如此着迷,以至于他们已不再意识到这些思想与其所治理国家的现实相互矛盾,也没有察觉这些思想与伊斯兰教的矛盾。他们的鲁莽与缺乏远见之甚,引起了欧洲人对其无知的注意,以至于当时一位在伊斯坦布尔工作的外交官评论他们说:他们常常先迈出第二步,再迈出第一步。统一与进步的活动人士急于将政府的权柄交给熟悉西方法律和西方思想的人,他们最终在青年土耳其党内占据了上风。
At that time, in the autumn of 1908, Britain appointed a new ambassador to Istanbul called Gerald Luther. When he reached Istanbul, a group from the Union & Progress Committee greeted him very warmly, to the point that they took the horses off from his chariot and pulled the chariot themselves. All this was inspired by the Union & Progress Committee and from its own initiative. The fascination of the Committees men with the embellished Western thoughts reached a point where they were no longer aware of the contradiction of these thoughts to the reality of the state they were governing, in addition to their failure to perceive their contradiction to Islam. The extent of their recklessness and lack of vision drew the attention of the Europeans to their ignorance, until one of the diplomats working in Istanbul at the time said about them: They often take the second step before the first. The activists of Union & Progress rushed into handing the reins of government to those familiar with Western laws and Western thoughts, and they eventually gained the upper hand within the Young Turk party.
当他们意识到掌控军队便意味着掌控整个权力时,他们力图依据党派政策来进行新的任命。因此,所有军官都成了党员,而非专家或军人。他们还颁布了相关立法,规定依法而言,奥斯曼国的每一位公民都享有与土耳其人相同的权利,并应履行相同的义务。
When they realised that controlling the army leads to controlling the whole power, they endeavoured to make the new appointments based on a party policy. Hence, all the officers became party members rather than experts or military men. They also introduced legislation stating that by law, every citizen of the Ottoman State is entitled to the same rights enjoyed by the Turks and should fulfil the same obligations.
该委员会取得了对整个国家及其现在与未来的全面控制。于是,西方采取的打击国家、摧毁哈里发制度的构想得以实现。这一构想通过执政党成员及其支持者掌握了权力。他们不仅认为伊斯兰不适合这个时代,反而认为一切的适宜之处都在于西方的思想与西方的文化。他们还把维护土耳其民族主义视为本党的主要活动之一,甚至将对土耳其民族主义的忠诚置于其他一切忠诚之上。因此,他们以此自夸,并全力投入其中,以至于认为土耳其胜过其他伊斯兰国家,土耳其人胜过其他穆斯林。
This Committee gained total control of the whole State, its present and its future. Hence the idea which the West had adopted to hit the State and destroy the Khilafah came to fruition. This idea came to power through the members of the ruling party and its supporters who not only deemed that Islam was unsuitable for this era, they rather deemed that suitability as whole, lay in Western thoughts and the Western culture. They also deemed the preservation of Turkish nationalism to be amongst their main activities as a party, to the point where their loyalty to Turkish nationalism came above any other loyalty. Hence, they boasted about it and devoted their attention to it, to the extent that they considered Turkey to be better than the rest of the Islamic countries and the Turk to be better than the rest of the Muslims.
因此,青年土耳其党或统一与进步党的成立,是西方为打击伊斯兰国家和伊斯兰教而策划的最可怕行径之一。此举的后果很快显现:该党一旦掌握政权,毁灭之镐便开始凿击国家的肌体,并在其臣民之间挖出一道再也无法架起桥梁的鸿沟。
Therefore, the founding of the Young Turks or the Union & Progress party was one of the most horrific acts perpetrated by the West in its drive to hit the Islamic State and Islam. The results of such a move were swift, for no sooner had the party seized the reins of power than the pickaxe of destruction started to work on the body of the State and to dig between its subjects a ditch over which a bridge could not be arched.
这是因为民族主义是最具危害的事物,它分裂人群,并在人们之间滋生敌意、仇恨与战争。尽管该委员会向国内所有公民开放加入,但正是国内联合派的民族主义政策激起了奥斯曼各民族成分中的民族主义思想。因此,阿斯塔纳的阿尔巴尼亚人成立了自己的委员会,随后切尔克斯人和库尔德人也相继效仿。罗马人和亚美尼亚人过去曾建立秘密的有组织委员会,因此这些委员会得以合法化。
This is so because nationalism is the most harmful thing that divides people and generates amongst them animosity, hatred and war. Although affiliation to the Committee was open to all citizens of the state, it was the nationalist policy of the unionists within the state that evoked the nationalist idea in the Ottoman elements. Hence, the Albanians in Astana founded their own Committee, soon to be followed by the Circassians and the Kurds. The Romans and the Armenians had established in the past secret organised Committees, thus they were made legal.
阿拉伯人方面也在伊斯坦布尔成立了阿拉伯—奥斯曼兄弟委员会,并以同一名称开设了委员会俱乐部。然而,统一与进步委员会带有沙文主义色彩,尤其是对阿拉伯人。他们允许所有民族建立各自的民族团体,同时却开始反对任何阿拉伯委员会。于是,他们解散了阿拉伯委员会,并以政府法令关闭了其俱乐部。他们还在军队内部推行民族歧视政策:将所有阿拉伯籍军官从各自的地区召集到伊斯坦布尔,并阻止他们加入派往德国的军官学术代表团。他们还决定阻止统一与进步委员会中的阿拉伯成员加入该委员会的“中央委员会”。该委员会原本向奥斯曼帝国的所有公民开放,不分土耳其人、阿拉伯人、阿尔巴尼亚人还是切尔克斯人。然而,当这一政党掌握政权后,由于土耳其人享有最大的影响力,他们便以专制的方式行事,将该委员会内的阿拉伯人排除在重要职位之外。他们还着手将该委员会变为完全由土耳其人组成的委员会。随后,在某些政府部门实施了一系列措施,例如将宗教基金部的阿拉伯籍部长撤职,改由土耳其籍部长接任;又如蓄意任命土耳其人担任外交部和内政部大臣;还蓄意委派土耳其籍瓦利(总督)前往阿拉伯省份任职,且所选之人都不会说阿拉伯语。
The Arabs for their part established the Committee of Arab-Ottoman Brotherhood in Astana and they opened the Committees club under the same name. However, the Union & Progress Committee was chauvinist, especially towards the Arabs, for they allowed all the nationalities to establish ethnic groups, but they started at the same time opposing any ArabCommittees. So, they dissolved the Arab Committee and shut down its club by government decree. They also pursued a policy of ethnic discrimination within the armed forces. They summoned all the Arab officers from their respective lands to Istanbul and prevented them from joining the Officers academic mission to Germany. They decided to prevent the Arab members of the Union & Progress from joining the "Central Committee" of this Committee. This Committee had been open to all the citizens of the Ottoman State, with no discrimination between a Turk, an Arab, an Albanian or a Circassian. However, when this party seized power and since the Turks enjoyed most of the influence, they acted in this despotic manner by excluding the Arabs within this Committee from the sensitive posts. They also embarked upon turning the Committee into an exclusively Turkish Committee. This was followed by numerous measures implemented in certain government departments, such as stripping the ministry of Awqaf from the Arab minister and handing it to a Turkish minister, and such as the deliberate appointment of Turks to the posts of foreign affairs and home affairs ministries. Also the deliberate posting of Turkish Walis to the Arab provinces, chosen from among people who could not speak Arabic.
然后,他们又做出了最后一步:把土耳其语定为官方语言,甚至开始用土耳其语教授阿拉伯语语法和词形变化。他们对阿拉伯语的轻视已到了这样的地步:1909年,奥斯曼帝国驻华盛顿大使发布了一份公告,禁止居住在美国的奥斯曼人以土耳其语以外的语言与大使馆联系,而他完全清楚,该国在美国的臣民不下五十万人,其中没有一人会说土耳其语。
Then they crowned this by adopting the Turkish language as the official language, to the point where they started teaching Arabic grammar and inflection in Turkish. Their contempt for the Arabic language was such that the ambassador of the Ottoman State to Washington published a communiqué in 1909 in which he prohibited the Ottomans living in America from addressing the embassy in other than the Turkish language, despite his full knowledge that the States subjects in America were no less than half a million and none of them could speak Turkish.
这种阿拉伯人与土耳其人之间的种族主义在军队中变得极为猖獗。与"统一与进步委员会"有关联的土耳其军官在其行为中表现出这种种族主义,在晋升以及担任高级军职时尤其如此。阿拉伯军官对此表示愤怒,但从未怀疑过自己效忠国家的义务,因为问题的实质并不是阿拉伯人与土耳其人之间的联合问题,而是一个伊斯兰乌玛的问题,以及伊斯坦布尔的哈里发的问题,安拉(SWT)命令服从他,禁止违抗他;穆斯林是另一位穆斯林的兄弟,不会轻视他,也不会亏待他。因此,一些阿拉伯军官受到这种现状的影响,并于1909年底要求与"统一与进步委员会"内有影响力的人士会面。后者同意了,双方在伊斯坦布尔举行了一次长时间的会议。他们讨论了为一劳永逸地解决阿拉伯人与土耳其人之间的这一争端所应采取的措施。会议眼看就要恢复团结、摒弃种族主义,并只围绕伊斯兰信仰团结起来,但一些土耳其青年——对他们而言,土耳其民族主义优先于伊斯兰信仰,例如艾哈迈德·阿迦·贝克和尤素福·阿克舒拉·贝克等人——认为放弃民族主义、把忠诚只献给伊斯兰,实在令他们难以接受。于是他们插手其中,用严厉的言辞抨击阿拉伯人,并颂扬土耳其人。结果,会议在局势比开始前更加恶化的情况下结束了。
This racism between Arabs and Turks became conspicuously rampant amongst the armed forces. The Turkish officers affiliated to Union & Progress used to display this racism in their conduct and when it came to promotions and to assuming the high ranking military posts. The Arab officers expressed their anger but never doubted their obligation to remain loyal to the State, for the point at issue was not an issue of union between Arabs and Turks, it was rather an issue of one Islamic Ummah, and a Khaleefah in Istanbul whose obedience Allah (swt) commanded and whose disobedience He (swt) prohibited; the Muslim is a brother to another Muslim, he does not demean him or wrong him. Therefore, some of the Arab officers were affected by this status quo, and at the end of 1909, they requested a meeting with influential figures within the Committee of Union & Progress. The latter accepted and they held a lengthy meeting in Istanbul. They discussed the measures which they had to take in order to settle this dispute between Arabs and Turks once and for all. The meeting was on the verge of restoring the unity, discarding racism and rallying around the Islamic Aqeedah alone, but some of the Turkish youth, to whom Turkish nationalism took precedence to the Islamic Aqeedah, such as Ahmed Agha Beik and Yusuf Aqshurah Beik among others, found it too painful to relinquish their nationalism and devote their loyalty to Islam alone. Hence, they intervened and lashed out at the Arabs with harsh words and glorified the Turks. As a result, the meeting ended with the situation becoming worse than it had been before it started.
委员会继续推行其种族主义政策。当土耳其人占据上风时,他们着手修改委员会的纲领,将其变成纯粹的土耳其人事务。这一修订引发了所有阿拉伯人、阿尔巴尼亚人和亚美尼亚人的辞职,也引发了那些以伊斯兰信仰而非民族身份为根本的土耳其人的辞职。
The Committee continued to pursue its policy of racism and when the Turks gained the upper hand, they embarked upon changing the programme of the Committee so as to turn it into an exclusively Turkish affair. This amendment triggered the resignation of all the Arabs, the Albanians and the Armenians as well as the Turks to whom the Islamic Aqeedah rather than their nationality remained the basis.