当穆斯塔法·凯末尔感觉到整个局势都对他不利，而且国民议会的多数议员也反对他时，他想到了一条摆脱这一危急僵局的出路。这些情况对于恢复洛桑和会并不有利，因为它们不允许执行英国人规定的四项条件——英国外交大臣寇松曾以这四项条件作为和会成功的前提。因此，他必须采取行动以满足这些条件。同时，还必须争取国民议会通过决议，确认建立共和国并选举他为共和国总统，并争取通过决议彻底废除哈里发制度。由于国民议会的多数议员反对他，而且它不太可能执行他的计划或同意与他共同推进，他便考虑解散国民议会，重新举行选举，以便从他自己的人中组成一个新的国民议会，使之支持他、实现他的志向，并通过他所希望的各项决议。

When Mustafa Kemal sensed that the whole atmosphere was against him and that the majority of the National Assembly was also against him, he thought of a way out from this critical impasse. These circumstances were not favourable to the resumption of the peace conference in Lausanne, for they would not allow the execution of the four conditions stipulated by the British which Curzon, the British Foreign Secretary, had made conditional for the success of the conference. Hence, it was imperative for him to undertake an action which would enable him to fulfil these conditions. It was also imperative to obtain a decision from the National Assembly endorsing the establishment of the Republic and electing him as President of the Republic, and to obtain a decision endorsing the total abolishment of the Khilafah. Since the majority of the National Assembly was against him and since it was unlikely that it would execute his plans or agree to proceed with him, he thought about dissolving the National Assembly and holding fresh elections which would enable him to bring a new National Assembly from among his own men, who would support him, execute his aspirations and endorse the resolutions he wanted.

因此，他设法解散国民议会并举行新的选举，希望获得多数席位。然而，选举产生的议会和旧议会一样反对他。于是，他策划阴谋对付国民议会，意图使其陷入混乱，并使其处于似乎无法运作的境地。因此，他策划了一场政治阴谋，以制造危机并加以利用。他在库坦卡郊区的住所宴请部长们，席间他们从各个方面讨论了政治现状。随后，依据一项请求，次日所有部长按照前一晚的约定辞职。

Hence, he endeavoured to dissolve the National Assembly and hold fresh elections, hoping to acquire a majority. However, the Assembly which the election produced was against him just like the old one. Thus, he resorted to plotting against the National Assembly in order to throw it into confusion and to place it in a position that would make it seem unable to function. Hence, he staged a political conspiracy in order to generate a crisis and exploit it. He invited the ministers to dinner at his house in the suburb of Cankaya during which they discussed the political status quo from all aspects. Then, on the basis of a request, the next day, all the ministers resigned in accordance to what they had agreed upon the night before.

国民议会召开会议以组建新政府，但未能如愿。议员之间的争论日益激烈，争吵随之爆发。每位议员都企图强加自己的意见、照顾自己的利益，最终局势陷入了彻底的混乱。

The National Assembly convened in order to form the new government but it could not do so, for arguments between the deputies increased and quarrels broke out. Each deputy attempted to impose his own opinion and look after his own interests until the situation resulted in total chaos.

两天后,穆斯塔法·凯末尔又为他的几位忠实朋友举办了一次晚宴,其中有伊斯麦特、法提赫和凯马勒丁。他们谈论了国民议会因未能就组建政府达成一致而陷入的危机。他们交换了对局势的看法,讨论结束时,穆斯塔法·凯末尔对他们说:是时候结束这场混乱了。明天我们将宣布成立共和国。这是解决所有这些问题的办法。因此,法提赫,你明天在议会里尽可能把事情搞复杂,这样你就能挑动议员们相互对立。然后你,凯马勒丁,要提议邀请我出来掌控局面,以便把议会从危机中解救出来。 第二天,大家都开始执行他们商定的计划。议会召开,激烈的争吵随即爆发。议员们几乎要互相动手。在议员们的这片巨大喧嚣之中,凯马勒丁提议邀请穆斯塔法·凯末尔组建政府。议员们表示同意,并且忘掉了与他之间的所有分歧。然而,穆斯塔法·凯末尔起初拒绝了他们的请求。于是,他们又给他发去一份新的信息,议会在信中承认自己未能解决政府危机,并请求他提供帮助。于是他提出条件:如果议会希望他组建政府,那么议会必须无条件接受他的意见,不得进行任何讨论。议会同意了这一条件。

Two days later, Mustafa Kemal hosted another dinner party for some of his loyal friends, among whom were Ismat, Fathi and Kemal-ud-din and they talked about the crisis into which the National Assembly had fallen due to its failure to agree upon the formation of a government. They exchanged their views about the situation and at the end of their discussion Mustafa Kemal addressed them by saying: “it is high time we put an end to this mess. Tomorrow we are going to declare the establishment of the Republic. It is the solution to all these problems. Therefore, you Fathi complicate matters in the Assembly as much as you can tomorrow, so you will incite the deputies against each other. Then you Kemal-ud-din will propose that I should be invited to take control in order to save the Assembly from its crisis.” The next day, every one set about carrying out what they had agreed upon. The Assembly convened and noisy arguments broke out. The deputies came close to fighting each other physically. Amidst this huge uproar between the deputies, Kemal-ud-din suggested inviting Mustafa Kemal to form the government. The deputies agreed and forgot all their differences with him. However, Mustafa Kemal turned down their request at first. Thus, they sent him a new message in which the Assembly admitted its failure in solving the governmental crisis and requested his help. Hence, he stipulated that the National Assembly should accept his opinion without any discussion if they wanted him to form the government to which they agreed.

1923年10月29日，国民大会召开了一次重要会议，穆斯塔法·凯末尔走上讲台发表演说，宣布将土耳其改为共和国。以下引用其演说内容：

On 29th October 1923, the National Assembly held an important meeting and Mustafa Kemal took to the platform and delivered a speech in which he declared turning Turkey into a republic. To quote from his speech:

你们请我来，是为了在这个关键时刻挽回局面。

“You have sent for me so I could salvage the situation at this critical time.

然而，这场危机是你们自己造成的。危机的根源并非一时之事，而是我们政府体制中的根本性错误。国民议会同时承担了立法权和行政权的职能。你们中的每一位议员都必须干预政府通过的每一项决议，插手每一个政府部门和每一项部长决定。诸位！在这样的情况下，没有哪位部长能够履行其职责并接受该职位。你们应当认识到，建立在这种基础上的政府是不可能确立的；即便确立，它也不会是政府，而是无政府状态。我们应当改变这一现状。因此，我决定土耳其应当成为一个由选举产生总统的共和国。议员们被这一骇人的决定惊呆了，他们没有料到此事，一时哑口无言。投票时，参加投票的议员不足40%。尽管如此，预先拟定的、规定土耳其改为共和国的法令仍获得通过，穆斯塔法·凯末尔被选为土耳其共和国的第一任总统。随后，他着手废除哈里发制度，并宣布国家世俗化。人们察觉到了他的举动，公众舆论开始攻击他。

However, the crisis is of your own doing. The origin of this crisis is not a passing matter, but rather a fundamental error in the system of our government. The National Assembly is undertaking the function of the legislative power and the executive power at the same time. Every deputy from amongst you must interfere in every government resolution being adopted and stick his fingers in every governmental department and every ministerial decision. Sirs! No minister can fulfil his responsibility and accept the post under such circumstances. You ought to realise that a government built upon such a basis would be impossible to establish, and if it were established, it would not be a government but an anarchy. We ought to change this status quo. Therefore, I have decided that Turkey should become a republic with an elected president.” The deputies were stunned by this horrific decision and they became speechless, for they were not expecting it. When the voting took place, fewer than 40% of the deputies took part. Nonetheless, the decree that had been prepared beforehand, stipulating that Turkey should be turned into a republic was approved and Mustafa Kemal was elected as the first president of the Turkish republic. Then he embarked upon working towards abolishing the Khilafah and declaring the secularisation of the state. People sensed his moves and public opinion started to attack him.

消息在各地广为流传，说安卡拉的新统治者是异教徒（Kuffar）。演说者和传教者开始抨击穆斯塔法·凯末尔。大量攻击他的传单和漫画被散发。随后，许多议员和知名人士开始离开安卡拉，前往伊斯坦布尔，聚集在哈里发阿卜杜勒-马吉德周围。整个土耳其的舆论都转而反对他。作为回应，他开始设法争取支持者，以缓解这股攻势。

The word was spread everywhere that the new rulers of Ankara were Kuffar. The orators and preachers started to attack Mustafa Kemal. Leaflets and caricatures which attacked him fiercely were distributed. Then many of the deputies and prominent figures started to leave Ankara and headed towards Istanbul to rally around the Khaleefah Abdul-Majid. The atmosphere throughout the whole of Turkey turned against him. In response, he started to try to win over supporters and thereby alleviate the onslaught.

在这样的局势下,英国人向他提供了一件武器,用来对付那些效忠哈里发制度的人。在对他的运动达到高潮时,印度两位穆斯林领袖阿迦汗和阿米尔·阿里代表印度穆斯林发出抗议信,要求尊重奥斯曼哈里发、穆斯林的哈里发的尊严。阿迦汗是伊斯玛仪派的领袖,在土耳其和其他地方都知道他是英国人的朋友和代理人。因此,这封信在送达安卡拉政府之前就已在伊斯坦布尔的报刊上发表。随后,穆斯塔法·凯末尔开始深挖阿迦汗的过去。他指出,阿迦汗居住在英国,在英国的赛马场上养马,并与英国政治家和大使们交往。他指出,英国人在世界大战期间通过其宣传机器抬高了他的地位,使他被视为印度穆斯林的领袖,以便在必要时用他来威胁土耳其苏丹;因此,他是英国的傀儡。

Amidst such a status quo, the British supplied him with a weapon to use against those who were devoted to the Khilafah. At the height of the campaign against him, the two Indian Muslim leaders Agha Khan and Amir Ali sent a letter of protest on behalf of India’s Muslims, demanding that the dignity of the Ottoman Khaleefah, the Khaleefah of the Muslims should be respected. Agha Khan was the leader of the Ismaeli sect, and it was known in Turkey and other parts that he was a friend of the British and their agent. Hence, the letter was published in the Istanbul press before it reached the Ankara government. Then Mustafa Kemal started to dig into Agha Khan’s past. He highlighted the fact that he lived in Britain, that he ran his horses in the British race courses and mingled with the British politicians and ambassadors. He pointed out that the British had promoted his status through their propaganda machine during the World War until he was regarded as the leader of India’s Muslims so that they could use him to threaten the Sultan of Turkey whenever necessary; thus he was a British puppet.

穆斯塔法·凯末尔积极地把握时机，煽动舆论反对哈里发。他常对民众说：邪恶的头号敌人英国，在通过希腊摧毁土耳其的企图失败后，又故技重施。于是，她唆使其傀儡阿迦汗支持哈里发，使土耳其分裂为两个阵营。随后，他着手煽动国民议会的热情，这促使议员中的演说家们纷纷发起猛烈攻击，矛头指向哈里发制度、宗教学者和反对派领袖。他们还通过了一项法案，规定任何反对共和国的行为，以及任何倾向于被废黜的苏丹的倾向，都将被视为叛国罪，并判处死刑。

Mustafa Kemal became very active in striking the right note and inciting the public opinion against the Khaleefah. He used to say to people: “When Britain, the wicked arch enemy, failed to destroy Turkey through Greece, she resorted to her old tricks. Thus, she inspired her puppet Agha Khan to support the Khaleefah and split Turkey into two camps.” He then set about stirring up the fervour of the National Assembly and this led the orators from among the deputies to rush into launching a fierce attack against the Khilafah, the clerics and the opposition leaders. They also endorsed a bill enjoining the fact that any opposition to the republic and any inclination towards the deposed Sultan would be considered a treason that carries capital punishment.

当一些代表从外交层面强调哈里发制度的优点时,穆斯塔法·凯末尔的支持者试图通过叫喊、尖叫和抗议来压制他们。随后,穆斯塔法·凯末尔站起身说:难道不是因为哈里发制度、伊斯兰教和宗教人士,土耳其的农民五个世纪以来为之战斗、为之牺牲吗?现在正是土耳其关注自身利益的时候了,应当无视印度人和阿拉伯人,使自己摆脱领导伊斯兰土地的重负。 随后,他设法审视军队,查明他们对反对废除哈里发制度、以及将宗教与国家分离的支持程度。于是他出席了在伊兹密尔附近举行的年度军事演习,并用数天时间与福阿德和伊斯梅特一同审视局势,探询基层军官和士兵的态度。他发现了强烈的反对意见,未能得出能让他安心的确定结论。

When some deputies highlighted the merits of the Khilafah from a diplomatic aspect, Mustafa Kemal’s supporters attempted to silence them by yelling and screaming and protesting. Then Mustafa Kemal stood up and said: “Was it not because of the Khilafah, Islam and the clerics that the Turkish peasants have fought and lost their lives for five centuries? It is high time Turkey attended to her interests, ignored the Indians and the Arabs and saved herself from the burden of leading the Islamic lands.” Then he sought to scrutinise the army and find out the extent of their support for their opposition to the abolishment of the Khilafah and the separation of the Deen from the state. So he attended the annual military manoeuvres near Izmir and spent days reviewing the situation with Fawzi and Ismet and probing the low ranking officers and soldiers. He found a strong opposition and failed to reach a conclusive outcome that reassured him.

然后他花了好几个晚上从各个角度反复思考此事，最终决定诉诸恐怖手段。穆斯塔法·凯末尔在一次会议上，挑选了一名反对派议员——此人在某次会议中曾表现出激烈的反对态度——并下令在当晚这名议员回家途中将其暗杀。另一名议员发表演讲，支持哈里发，于是穆斯塔法·凯末尔威胁他说，如果再开口说同样的话，就将其绞死。随后，他把劳夫从伊斯坦布尔召来，迫使其在人民党中央委员会面前向他和共和国宣誓效忠，并威胁说，如果劳夫不这样做，就将被开除党籍并被撤销委员职务。他还向伊斯坦布尔总督发出严厉指令，命令其取消哈里发在礼拜期间所享有的排场礼仪；他还将哈里发的地位降到最低，并命令其追随者舍弃他。

He then spent several nights pondering on the matter from every angle, finally deciding to resort to terrorism. Mustafa Kamal picked from the Assembly one of the opposing deputies on a day when he had shown his fierce opposition in one of the sessions, and ordered someone to assassinate him on the same night while he was returning home. Another deputy delivered a speech in which he supported the Khaleefah, so Mustafa Kemal threatened him with hanging if he opened his mouth with the same thing again. He then summoned Ra’uf from Istanbul and forced him to take the oath of allegiance to him and to the Republic before the central committee of the People’s Party, threatening him with dismissal from the party and from the committee if he failed to do so. He also sent a strict order to the governor of Istanbul, commanding him to cancel the pompous protocol surrounding the Khaleefah during the performance of prayer; he also lowered his standing to the lowest level and ordered his followers to abandon him.

在这种恐怖的氛围之中，伴随着宣传与谣言，大国民议会召开了会议。于是，议会于1924年3月1日召开。开幕演讲的重点在于废除哈里发制度的必要性。这一主张遭到了猛烈的反对。

Amidst this atmosphere of terror, and this propaganda and rumours, the Greater National Assembly called for a meeting. Thus, the Assembly convened on 1st March 1924. The inaugural speech focused on the necessity to destroy the Khilafah. This was greeted with a barrage of fierce opposition.

穆斯塔法·凯末尔向议会提出一项法令，要求废除哈里发制度、驱逐哈里发，并使宗教与国家分离；随后，他对愤怒的议员们说道：

Mustafa Kemal put forward to the Assembly a decree enjoining the abolishment of the Khilafah, the expulsion of the Khaleefah and separating the Deen from the state; then he addressed the angry deputies by saying:

我们必须不惜一切代价保卫岌岌可危的共和国，并使她建立在坚实的科学基础之上而崛起。哈里发制度和奥斯曼家族的遗产必须废除，破败的宗教法庭及其法律必须被现代法庭和法律所取代，教士学校必须让位于政府的世俗学校。激烈的辩论和激烈的争执随之爆发，但这些都无果而终。第二天，国民议会再次召开会议以审议这项法令；会议持续到凌晨6点30分，争论激烈，辩论不止。

“We must at all costs safeguard the endangered republic and make her rise upon solid scientific bases. The Khaleefah and the legacies of the “Ottoman Family” must go, the dilapidated religious courts and their laws must be replaced by modern courts and laws, and the clerics’ schools must concede their place to governmental secular schools.” Heated debates took place and bitter disputes broke out, but these came to nothing. On the second day, the National Assembly convened once more in order to review this decree; the session went on all night until 6.30 a.m. with fierce argument and unabated debate.

1924年3月3日早晨，宣布大国民议会已批准废除哈里发制度，并将宗教与国家分离。当晚，穆斯塔法·凯末尔向伊斯坦布尔省长下达命令，规定哈里发阿卜杜勒-马吉德须在次日黎明前离开土耳其。于是他在深夜率领一支由警察和军队组成的卫戍部队前往哈里发宫殿，哈里发被迫登上一辆汽车，车子载着他穿越边境驶往瑞士。此前，他已获准携带一只装有衣物和钱财的手提箱。两天后，穆斯塔法·凯末尔召集了所有王室成员，包括亲王和公主，并将他们驱逐出境。所有宗教活动被取消，穆斯林的瓦合夫（宗教捐产）被收归国有，宗教学校则转为民办学校，归教育部管辖。

In the morning of the third day of March 1924, it was announced that the Greater National Assembly had approved the abolishment of the Khilafah and the separation of the Deen from the state. On the same night, Mustafa Kemal sent an order to the governor of Istanbul stipulating that the Khalifah Abdul-Majid should leave Turkey before the dawn of the next day; so he went with a garrison from the police and the army to the Khaleefah’s palace in the middle of the night and the Khaleefah was forced to climb aboard a car that took him through the borders towards Switzerland, after he had been supplied with a suitcase containing some clothes and money. Two days later, Mustafa Kemal gathered all the throne’s princes and princesses and deported them outside the country. All religious functions were cancelled and the “Awqaf” (endowments) of the Muslims became the property of the state, and the religious schools were turned into civil schools under the auspices of the education ministry.

这样,穆斯塔法·凯末尔满足了英国外交大臣寇松所提出的四项条件,阻碍和平会议召开与成功的障碍便不复存在。因此,1924年3月8日,土耳其外交部长兼代表团团长伊斯梅特帕夏致函会议,请求恢复谈判,协约国表示同意。1924年4月23日,会议重新召开,与会各方就和平条款达成一致。《洛桑条约》于1924年7月24日签署。各国承认土耳其的独立,英国撤离伊斯坦布尔和海峡地区,哈林顿也离开了土耳其。随后,一名英国下议院议员在下议院质问寇松,为何承认土耳其的独立。寇松回答说:问题的关键在于,土耳其已被摧毁,永远不会再次崛起,因为我们摧毁了她的精神力量:哈里发制度与伊斯兰教。哈里发制度就是这样被摧毁的。它被彻底摧毁,伊斯兰教也作为国家宪法、乌玛的立法来源和生活方式而被摧毁。这一切都是英国通过其合作者和代理人、叛徒穆斯塔法·凯末尔之手完成的。

In this way, Mustafa Kemal fulfilled the four conditions which Curzon, the British Foreign Secretary had demanded, and the impediment preventing the convening and the success of the peace conference no longer existed. Hence on 8th March 1924, Ismet Pasha Turkey’s foreign minister and head of the delegation, sent a letter to the conference requesting the resumption of negotiations, and the Allies agreed. On 23rd April 1924, the conference was reconvened and the conferees agreed upon the peace terms. The Lausanne Treaty was signed on 24th July 1924. The states recognised Turkey’s independence, Britain evacuated Istanbul and the straits and Harrington left Turkey. Consequently, one of the British MPs protested against Curzon in the House of Commons for recognising Turkey’s independence. Curzon answered him by saying: “The point at issue is that Turkey has been destroyed and shall never rise again, because we have destroyed her spiritual power : the Khilafah and Islam.” This is how the Khilafah was destroyed. It was completely destroyed and Islam was also destroyed as a state constitution, an Ummah’s source of legislation and as a way of life. All of this was at the hands of the British through their collaborator and agent, the treacherous Mustafa Kemal.

因此,当有见识且真诚的人说英国是诸多kufr国家中的kufr之首时,他们所指的正是这个意思:英国确实是kufr之首,是伊斯兰的死敌。穆斯林理应对英国心怀憎恨,并渴望向其复仇。尽管全世界的穆斯林,特别是土耳其的穆斯林都不同意,英国仍通过穆斯塔法·凯末尔摧毁了哈里发制度和伊斯兰。于是,依据安拉所降示之法统治的制度从地面上消失了,而依据非安拉所降示之法统治的制度却留存下来。kufr的统治留存了下来,taghut的统治独自凌驾于所有人之上,并在全世界得到实施。

Therefore, when the discerning and sincere people say that the British are the head of Kufr among all the other Kufr states, they mean exactly that, for they are indeed the head of Kufr and they are the arch enemies of Islam. The Muslims should indeed harbour hatred for the British and a yearning for revenge over them. The British have managed to destroy the Khilafah and Islam through Mustafa Kemal in spite of the Muslims throughout the whole world in general and in spite of the Muslims in Turkey in particular. Hence, the rule by what Allah has revealed dwindled away from the face of the earth and the rule by other than what Allah has revealed has remained. The rule of Kufr remained. The rule of Taghut remained alone dominant over all people and was implemented throughout the whole world.