英国人似乎希望通过摧毁哈里发制度，并以合法、合规的途径建立共和国，从而在统治体制上引发根本性的变革，而无需诉诸军事政变或武装叛乱。因此，他们采取了纯粹的政治手段。伊扎特帕夏被罢免后，哈里发指示陶菲克帕夏组建新政府。陶菲克帕夏是众所周知的英国代理人。在阿卜杜勒-哈米德统治时期，他担任文职官员，后被任命为奥斯曼帝国驻伦敦大使，在那里他设法赢得了英国人的好感与欢心。然而，当他组建政府时，他已是八十多岁的老人，不适合承担人们对他的期望。因此，英国人对他组建政府一事感到不安。

It seemed that the British were hoping to generate a radical change in the ruling system by destroying the Khilafah and establishing a republic through legitimate and legal means, without having to resort to a military coup or an armed rebellion. So they resorted to purely political styles. Once Izzet Pasha was removed, the Khaleefah instructed Tawfiq Pasha to form the new government. Tawfiq Pasha was known to be a British agent. During the rule of Abdul-Hamid he was a civil servant, appointed as ambassador of the Ottoman State to London, where he managed to gain the sympathy and the pleasure of the British. However, when he formed his government, he was an old man in his eighties and unfit to perform the role expected of him. Thus the British were uneasy about his forming of the government.

然而,在试图取代他并建立新政府之前,他们想先解散名为"Al-Mabuthan"议会的机构。原因是该议会由奥斯曼国家即哈里发国各地的人民选举产生,因此它并非仅属于土耳其的议会。此外,议员大多来自青年土耳其党和统一与进步委员会(C.U.P.),也就是安瓦尔和贾马勒所属的政党,其观点主张维护哈里发制度以及奥斯曼国家的所有领土。因此,该议会极不可能同意废除哈里发制度,也不可能同意帝国的其他部分脱离土耳其。他们还想在国内制造政治真空,而解散议会正有助于制造这种真空。因此,他们决心解散它。他们起初希望通过宪法途径将其解散,而不必借助苏丹的干预来回应他们的要求。正是在穆斯塔法·凯末尔尝试运用宪法手段却未能成功之时,情况发生了转变。

However, prior to attempting to replace him and bringing a new government, they wanted to dissolve the parliament known as the council of “Al-Mab’uthan”. This was because that council was elected by people from all over the Ottoman State, namely the Khilafah State. Accordingly, it was not a Turkish parliament, exclusive to Turkey. Besides, most of the deputies were from the Young Turks and the Committee of Union & Progress (C.U.P.). In other words the party of Anwar and Jamal, whose views were in favour of maintaining the Khilafah and all the parts of the Ottoman State. Therefore, it would be very unlikely for it to agree to the abolition of the Khilafah, or to agree to the severing of the other parts of the Empire from Turkey. They also wanted to generate a political vacuum in the country, and dissolving parliament would help them generate this vacuum. Hence, they were determined to dissolve it. They wanted at first to dissolve it through constitutional means, without having to resort to an intervention from the Sultan in response to their demand. This was when Mustafa Kemal attempted to apply the constitutional solutions and failed.

于是苏丹出人意料地颁布法令解散了议会；这一举动只可能基于一项他深信不疑、或他无法拒绝的要求。

Then the Sultan, in an unexpected move, dissolved parliament by a decree; and this could only be based on a demand of which he was convinced or which he could not afford to refuse.

更具体地说，按照宪法规定，塔菲克帕夏必须获得议会的信任投票，因此必须召开议会会议进行表决。刚从阿勒颇和阿达纳返回的穆斯塔法·凯末尔急忙去说服议员们对政府投不信任票。他在统一派中有一些朋友，而统一派代表着议会的多数。其中有一位法蒂·贝伊，他拥有权力和影响力。法蒂·贝伊为他召集了若干议员，他便在隔壁房间与他们展开辩论，穆斯塔法·凯末尔提出了自己的提议，即对政府投不信任票。

More specifically, it became imperative for Tawfiq Pasha to gain a parliamentary vote of confidence according to the constitutional rules,and so a parliamentary session to cast that vote was to be held. Mustafa Kemal who had just returned from Aleppo and Adhano, rushed to convince the deputies to give the government a vote of no confidence. He had some friends from among the unionists who represented the majority of parliament. From among those was Fathi Beik who had power and influence. Fathi Beik gathered for him a number of deputies and he initiated a debate with them in an adjacent room, and Mustafa Kemal put forward his proposal, that is, to give the government a vote of no confidence.

然而,他们反对这一做法,声称提出不信任投票必然导致议会解散。事已至此,他再也无法掩饰自己所追求的目标,于是立即答道:"这从长远来看反而更好,因为通过这一步,我们可以静待时机,筹备我们的事务,组建我们所希望的政府。"表决铃声响起,议员们纷纷走进议会大厅。然而到了投票时刻,议长宣布结果时,压倒性的多数给予政府信任票。穆斯塔法·凯末尔得知此事后,离开了议会大楼,一到家便致电王宫,请求紧急觐见苏丹。 苏丹瓦希德-乌德-丁早已察觉穆斯塔法·凯末尔的想法,也知道他谋求夺取权力的野心。事实上,他感到此人身上有某种力量,并认为他在军队中拥有强大的盟友,并对军队有着影响力。瓦希德-乌德-丁最关心的是保住自己的王位,而他将穆斯塔法·凯末尔视为对自己的威胁。因此,当对方请求觐见时,他立即同意了。

However, they objected to this, claiming that casting a vote of no confidence would inevitably lead to the dissolution of the council. Upon this he could no longer conceal the objectives he was aiming for so he promptly replied : “And this would be better in the long term, for through this, we can bide our time and prepare our affairs to form the government that we want.” The division bell rang and the deputies made their way into the parliament chamber. But when the time came to cast the votes and the speaker announced the result, the overwhelming majority gave the government a vote of confidence. When Mustafa Kemal learnt this, he left the parliament buildings and as soon as he arrived home, he telephoned the palace requesting an urgent meeting with the Sultan. Sultan Wahid-ud-Deen was aware of Mustafa Kemal’s thoughts and knew about his ambition to seize power. Indeed, he sensed in him some power and thought that he had powerful allies in the army and had influence over the army. Wahid-ud-Deen’s main concern was to maintain his throne and he viewed Mustafa Kemal as a threat to him. Thus, when he requested an audience with him he immediately agreed.

然而，他把会面的日期定在了最早的那个星期五。

However, he set the date of the meeting to be on the earliest Friday.

Wahid-ud-Deen选择那一天，是因为那天举行了“Salammalik”（向哈里发致敬）仪式，也就是哈里发会见前来向他致意的民众。他的意图是让穆斯塔法·凯末尔宣布他与苏丹的联系，并确认他对哈里发的忠诚，同时与他一起举行主麻拜。然后，他将作出相应安排，私下聆听他的讲话——而他对此是知道的。

Wahid-ud-Deen chose that day because it was the day when the “Salammalik” took place, meaning when the Khaleefah met with the people who came to greet him. His intention was to get Mustafa Kemal to declare his links with the Sultan and to confirm his loyalty to the Khaleefah along with performing the Juma’a prayer with him. Then he would take the appropriate arrangements to listen to his talk -which he knew- in private.

萨拉特结束后,瓦希德-丁邀请穆斯塔法·凯末尔陪他到休息室去。苏丹刻意拖延会谈,讨论持续了整整一个小时。苏丹对穆斯塔法·凯末尔说:我完全相信军队的指挥官和军官们对你有极大的信任;那么你能向我保证,军队不会对我采取任何行动吗?穆斯塔法·凯末尔回答道:陛下,我对未来一无所知。但就目前而言,我看到指挥官们并没有任何理由反抗您的王位;我甚至可以向您确认,您的担忧绝对没有任何依据。苏丹随即说:我说的不是现在,而是我想知道未来可能发生什么。穆斯塔法·凯末尔具体如何回答已不得而知,但似乎他的话使苏丹安下心来,因为苏丹事后对他说:你是一位明智的指挥官,毫无疑问,你能够影响你的同僚,说服他们保持冷静,并劝告他们审慎行事。 这次没有其他人参加的特别会面,引起了宫中人们的好奇,他们都试图打听其中的内容。然而,哈里发就在会面当天颁布了一道敕令,下令解散议会,却没有确定新选举的日期。这道敕令让所有人都感到意外,尤其是因为这是一项毫无正当理由的专断措施。解散议会既没有给出任何宪法依据,也没有给出任何理由。因此,人们认为穆斯塔法·凯末尔曾建议哈里发解散议会,并影响了他的决定,事实上他也确实这样做了。 这一点尤为重要，因为觐见的请求是在穆斯塔法·凯末尔努力说服议员对政府投不信任票之后提出的，而投不信任票必然会导致议会解散。然而，围绕解散事件的情况表明，哈里发的决定与穆斯塔法·凯末尔的影响绝无关系。原因在于，该决定与会面当天作出，而且很难想象它是会面中所讨论内容的结果，尤其是因为会面是在星期五举行的，而星期五是公共假日。此外，穆斯塔法·凯末尔是在停战协议签署、战争结束之后首次与苏丹会面，无论他多么有影响力，他的请求也不可能如此迅速地得到满足。

Once the Salah ended, Wahid-ud-Deen asked Mustafa Kemal to accompany him to the lounge. The Sultan was deliberately prolonging the meeting and the discussion took one whole hour. The Sultan addressed Mustafa Kemal by saying : “I am totally convinced that the army commanders and officers have a great confidence in you; so would you guarantee to me that the army would not undertake any action against me?” Mustafa Kemal replied: “Your Excellency, I know nothing about the future. But what I can see at the present time is that the commanders do not find any justification to rebel against your throne; I can even confirm to you that there is absolutely nothing to justify your fears.” Upon this the Sultan said : “I am not talking about the present time, but I wish to know what is expected to happen in the future.” It is not known what Mustafa Kemal replied, but it seems that he talked to him in a way that reassured him, for the Sultan said to him afterwards : “You are a wise commander, and undoubtedly you can influence your colleagues and persuade them to be calm and exhort them to use deliberation.” This special meeting, which no one else attended, caught the imagination of the people who were in the palace, and they tried to find out what it is was about. However, the Khaleefah issued on the very day of the meeting a decree in which he ordered the dissolution of parliament, without setting a date for new elections. This decree took everyone by surprise, especially as it was an arbitrary measure with no justification. No constitutional justifications or reasons were given for the dissolution. Hence, people thought that Mustafa Kemal had suggested to the Khaleefah to dissolve parliament and influenced his decision, as indeed he had done. This was particularly so as the request for an audience came in the wake of Mustafa Kemal’s endeavour to persuade the deputies to give the government a vote of no confidence, for this would have inevitably led to the dissolution of parliament. However, events surrounding the dissolution suggested that the Khaleefah’s decision had absolutely nothing to do with Mustafa Kemal’s influence. This was because it took place on the same day of the meeting and it was very unlikely for it to have been as a result of what was said in the meeting, especially as the meeting was on a Friday, which is a public holiday. Besides, Mustafa Kemal was meeting the Sultan for the first time after the signing of the truce and the end of the war, and no matter how influential he had been, the fulfilment of his request could not have been achieved at such a lightening speed.

因此，事件表明解散议会的问题在会议之前就已筹划，而且它以如此武断的方式宣布，毫无疑问地说明其背后有超出苏丹控制范围的因素。人们只能推断这是英国人策划的，因为他们通过占领直接控制着哈里发和这个国家。

Therefore, events indicate that the issue of dissolving parliament had been prepared before the meeting, and that its declaration in such an arbitrary manner indicates without any shade of a doubt that it was based on a matter that was beyond the Sultan’s control. One could only deduce that it was orchestrated by the British, for they were directly in control of the Khaleefah and the country through occupation.

然而，议会的解散在全国引起了巨大的骚动和混乱。谣言四起，称统一派已武装其支持者，意图在小亚细亚宣布革命，因为这对统一派而言是致命的打击。在这一片骚乱之中，陶菲克帕夏下台，由达马德·法里德帕夏接任，此人被称为“英国绅士”，同时也是苏丹的女婿。

Nevertheless, the dissolution of parliament caused a major uproar and confusion throughout the country. Rumours spread that the unionists had armed their supporters in order to declare the revolution in Asia Minor, for this was a fatal blow to the unionists. Amidst this uproar, Tawfiq Pasha disappeared and was succeeded by Damad Farid Pasha who was known as the “English Gentleman” and he also was the Sultan’s son-inlaw.

至于穆斯塔法·凯末尔，他在比拉郊区的希利租了一座房子，以普通人的身份住在那里。他远离政治，保持低调。人们时常看到他出入一些俱乐部，与上流社会的人交往。然而，他始终非常谨慎，言谈中从不流露任何明确的立场，没有人知道他是支持还是反对苏丹。

As for Mustafa Kemal, he rented a house in Shilly, a suburb of Bira, and lived there as an ordinary individual. He deserted politics and kept a low profile. He used to be seen frequenting some clubs and mixing with people in high society. However, he remained very discreet, his talk did not imply anything in particular and no one knew whether he was with or against the Sultan.

然而,苏丹早已察觉穆斯塔法·凯末尔的意图,因为他了解其思想与图谋。因此,他常常激烈地反对并攻击凯末尔。他对身边的人说,穆斯塔法·凯末尔想要使土耳其人疏远他的王室,并在他与民众之间挑起敌意,以便将他废黜。然而,穆斯塔法·凯末尔退出政治活动,并没有给苏丹留下任何借口来对付他。许多人都不赞同苏丹对穆斯塔法·凯末尔的敌视。

However, the Sultan was aware of Mustafa Kemal’s intentions, for he was acquainted with his thoughts and his designs. Hence, he used to fiercely resist him and attack him. He used to say to his entourage that Mustafa Kemal wanted to estrange the Turks from his family and cause animosity between him and the masses in order to remove him. However, Mustafa Kemal’s retirement from political activity did not give him any excuse over him. So many people disapproved of the Sultan’s hostility towards Mustafa Kemal.

一旦达马德·法里德组建了政府，英国也表示了认可，苏丹的忧虑便加剧了，他认为，没有英国的帮助，他就无法保住自己的王位。

Once Damad Farid had formed the government, and once the British showed their approval of it, the fears of the Sultan increased and he thought that he could not maintain his throne without the help of Britain.

因此，他把达马德·法里德视为自己的重要盟友和支持者。

Thus he used to see in Damad Farid a major ally and supporter of his.

苏丹和女婿竭尽一切可能的手段去讨好英国人。

The Sultan and Damad exhausted all possible means to please the British.

他们成立了一个协会，取名为"英国之友"，政府以一切手段支持该协会。英国人则慷慨地用诱人的金钱为其提供大量资金。然而，普通民众、大多数青年和军官都鄙视英国人，并对占领者怀有敌意。

They established an association which they named “Friends of Britain”, and the government backed this association with all means. The British for their part copiously financed it with tempting gold. However, the common people, and the majority of the youth and army officers used to despise the British and to harbour malice against the occupiers.

因此,苏丹和他的首相完全投入英国人的怀抱,并且全然依赖他们。当时英国已在伊斯坦布尔任命了一位高级专员,负责处理国家的政治事务,同时还有盟军总司令英国将军哈林顿。于是,他们开始向苏丹强加自己的意见,并随意操纵他。

Therefore, the Sultan and his Prime Minister threw themselves completely into the embrace of the British and they fully relied upon them. The British had by then appointed a High Commissioner in Istanbul in order to run the political affairs of the country, alongside the British General Harrington, the Commander in Chief of the allied forces. Hence, they started dictating their opinions to the Sultan and manipulating him at will.

因此,他失去了实际的权力,沦为了一个如同囚犯般的人。

Consquently, he lost his effective authority and became like a prisoner.

实际的权力落入了盟国手中，更确切地说，落入了英国一方手中，由英国高级专员和哈林顿将军代表英国行使权力。

The effective authority fell into the hands of the allies, or more specifically in the hands of the British alone, who were represented by the British High Commissioner and General Harrington.

此外,英国人想要在该国制造一个政治真空,以便他们能按自己的意愿亲自填补。表面上,他们把国家的政治事务交由该国人民自己管理,同时却派遣其代理人从事政治活动。随后,他们躲在幕后在该国制造动荡与政治不稳定,以凸显当地人无力治理国家,从而造成政治真空。之所以如此,是因为真空意味着无力行动、无力坚持;换言之,它意味着存在一种力量,但这种力量没有以其应有的形式显现出来,也没有具备足够的能力。

Furthermore, the British wanted to generate a political vacuum in the country so that they could fill it themselves as they wished. On the surface, they left the political matters of the country to be run by her own people while they pushed their agents into undertaking the political activities. Then they stood behind the scenes and generated in the country turmoil and political instability, in order to highlight the inability of the locals to govern the country, thereby causing a political vacuum. This is so because the vacuum means the inability to act and the inability to persevere; in other words it means that there is a force, but this force does not manifest itself in its appropriate form and with an adequate capability.

这种真空可能是政治上的、军事上的，也可能是战略上的。

The vacuum could either be political, military or strategic.

当国家不稳定、缺乏协调、陷入不安和政治动荡时,就会出现政治真空。在这种情况下,必须填补这一真空,赋予国家运作和坚持下去的权力与能力。英国占领奥斯曼帝国后,将其限制在土耳其地区,并让其负责国家的政策和国家事务的管理。

The political vacuum occurs when the state is unstable, uncoordinated and plunged into disquiet and political instability. It becomes imperative in this case to fill this vacuum by giving the state the power and the ability to function and persevere. Having occupied the Ottoman State, the British confined her to the Turkish region and left her in charge of the country’s policies and of looking after the country’s affairs.

于是，国内一股政治力量得以形成，但有人采取了一系列行动，旨在阻止这股力量以适当的形式出现、具备足够的能力；也旨在使其无法承担执政的责任，无法坚持下去。因此，他们便施展其伎俩，解散议会，以制造动荡与不稳定。

So a political force in the country was generated, but they undertook a host of actions designed to prevent this force from appearing in a suitable form and an adequate capability; also to make it unable to shoulder the responsibility of government and unable to persevere. Hence, they went ahead with their trick to dissolve parliament in order to generate disquiet and instability.

他们随后鼓动人们开展那类旨在制造分裂与动荡的政治活动。诚然,议会的解散确实引起了骚乱与不安,人们开始察觉到国家无力治理。于是,一群本地人士试图挽救局势。

They then encouraged people to undertake the type of political activities designed to generate discord and turmoil. Indeed, the dissolution of parliament did cause uproar and disquiet, and people started to sense the State’s inability to govern. This led to a group of local men attempting to rescue the situation.

1918年11月29日，也门外科医生、参与政治的阿萨德博士在首都召集了一次全国性会议，共有八个政党和大量小型集团参加，商讨国家的局势。会议召开了数次，随后便散会了，却未能取得任何成果。