英国支持穆斯塔法·凯末尔的叛乱
Britain Backs The Rebellion Of Mustafa Kemal
尽管如此,即便英国人事后任由穆斯塔法·凯末尔独自推进他所发起的叛乱,他也不可能再向他后来实现的目标迈出哪怕一步。原因在于:即使能在土耳其找到愿意让阿拉伯语地区的伊斯兰土地脱离奥斯曼国家、只满足于保留土耳其故土的人,要找到同意废除哈里发的人也极其困难,除了穆斯塔法·凯末尔和屈指可数的几个人之外,几乎无人赞成。普遍的共识是支持保留哈里发。人们内心深处对哈里发怀有深厚的热爱与忠诚,每当提到"Badshahin Tajuk Yasha"这句话时,每一个土耳其人的心弦都会被拨动,最强烈的情感也会被唤起。因此,任何一位乌玛的代表都不可能做出废除哈里发的决定,这是无法想象的。
Despite all this, had the British afterwards left Mustafa Kemal to pursue the rebellion he had started by himself, he would not have been able to take one further step towards the objective which he later achieved. This is so because even if it had been possible to find anyone in Turkey who would have agreed to the severance of the Arabic speaking Islamic lands from the Ottoman State and who would have been contented only with the Turkish lands, it would have been extremely difficult to have come across anyone who would have consented to the abolishment of the Khilafah or agreed to it, apart from Mustafa Kemal and some individuals whose number did not exceed a handful. The general consensus was in favour of maintaining the Khilafah. The love of the Khilafah and the loyalty to her were deeply rooted in the hearts of people, and whenever the phrase of Badshahin Tajuk Yasha was mentioned, a chord in every single Turk was touched, and his strongest emotions were evoked. Hence, it would have been inconceivable for any representatives of the Ummah to have decided to abolish the Khilafah.
然而,英国所采取的各种手段,以及它对穆斯塔法·凯末尔的持续支持和他所从事的各项活动,帮助穆斯塔法·凯末尔取得了这些成果。在煽动这场叛乱的同时,英国也在筹划一场国际层面的操作,以便坐收叛乱的果实。
However, the styles adopted by the British and their continuous support of Mustafa Kemal and the activities he pursued, helped Mustafa Kemal achieve these results. While instigating this rebellion, Britain was preparing for an international manoeuvre in order to reap the fruits of the rebellion.
于是她为此发起了大规模的宣传运动,并大肆渲染相关消息,企图以此加深盟国对土耳其的恐惧。
So she launched a wide propaganda campaign for it and hyped up its news in an attempt to raise the allies fears about Turkey.
发往伊斯坦布尔的报告越积越多,由西方人和官员们送来,内容充斥着对安纳托利亚境内迅速蔓延的大规模动荡的描述,以及已经爆发的民族主义情绪。
Reports destined to Istanbul sent by the westerners and the officers accumulated, replete with the description of the major uproar which mushroomed in Anatolia and of the nationalist feeling which had erupted.
与此同时,电报和通讯社开始以夸大的方式报道叛乱的消息。与此同时,一场由协约国参与的巴黎和平会议也被召集起来。
At the same time, the telegrams and the press agencies started to cover the news of the rebellion in an exaggerated manner. Meanwhile, a peace conference in Paris with the participation of the allies was called for.
英国抓住这一机会,将穆斯塔法·凯末尔煽动的骚乱消息硬塞进会议的议程,意在激起各方的怨恨,并促使与会者强加苛刻的条件。
Britain seized this opportunity to squeeze into the working agenda of the conference the news of the disturbances which Mustafa Kemal had instigated, in order to kindle rancour in the hearts and urge the imposition of tough conditions.
然而,法国清楚地知道,那些行动是由英国捏造的,因此它对穆斯塔法·凯末尔的骚乱消息置之不理,甚至更进一步,试图争取达马德·法里德帕夏政府的支持。于是,它让他误以为自己对这场叛乱并不恼怒。当它得知他打算亲自前往巴黎,以争取盟国的同情并赢得它们的支持时,便急忙把一艘装甲舰交由奥斯曼代表团调遣。该代表团由首相率领,他想出席巴黎和会,在对奥斯曼国家的命运作出决定之前,陈述奥斯曼国家的观点。
France however was aware of the fact that those actions were fabricated by Britain, hence, she dismissed the news of Mustafa Kemals disturbances and even went a step further when she attempted to win over the government of Damad Farid Pasha. Thus she led him to believe that she was not angry about this rebellion, and when she learnt of his intentions to come to Paris personally to seek the allies sympathy and win them over, she rushed and placed an ironclad at the disposal of the Ottoman delegation, headed by the Prime Minister, who wanted to attend the peace conference in Paris to air the views of the Ottoman State, before a decision on her fate was taken.
然而,英国对此表示反对,并对法国对奥斯曼政府的热情表示担忧。起初,英国试图阻止达玛德·法里德帕夏出席,于是他假称自己原本想陪同代表团前往,但健康状况不佳使他无法成行。最终,他乘坐一艘英国装甲舰前往。
However, Britain objected to this and expressed concern over the French enthusiasm towards the Ottoman government. At first Britain attempted to prevent Damad Farid Pasha from attending, so he pretended that he had wanted to accompany the delegation but his poor health prevented him from doing so. He eventually travelled aboard a British ironclad.
巴黎会议制定了一些非常严苛的条件,而英国正是采纳并力主这些决定的国家。劳合·乔治于1919年11月8日在市政厅(Guildhall)发表演讲,他在演讲中说:"和约条款已获得各盟国的充分批准,尤其是有关奥斯曼帝国的条款,全欧洲一致认为,必须将邪恶腐朽的奥斯曼统治从希腊人、亚美尼亚人和阿拉伯人居住的土地上连根铲除。位于黑海和地中海沿岸的海港必须向所有国家开放。"然而,法国和意大利对该条约持反对态度。尽管如此,英国对这些条款的热情并非出于执行它们的目的,而是将其作为威胁奥斯曼国家的手段,并煽动土耳其人反对苏丹,使他们站到穆斯塔法·凯末尔一边。正因如此,英国后来率先倡议在伦敦召开会议以废除该条约。这次会议实际上于1921年2月召开。
The Paris conference laid down some very tough conditions, and it was Britain who adopted those decisions and championed them. Lloyd George delivered a speech at the Guildhall on 8th November 1919 in which he said : The peace terms have been fully approved by the allies, especially those terms concerning the Ottoman Empire, and the whole of Europe unanimously agrees that the evil and rotten Ottoman rule must be eradicated from the lands inhabited by the Greeks, the Armenians and the Arabs. The seaports situated along the Black Sea and the Mediterranean must be opened for all nations. However, France and Italy were averse to the treaty. Nevertheless, Britains enthusiasm towards those terms were not with the aim of implementing them, but rather to use as a means to threaten the Ottoman State and to incite the Turks against the Sultan so that they sided with Mustafa Kemal. That is why she was later the first to call for a conference in London in order to cancel the treaty. The conference was effectively held in February 1921.