没有任何人能够影响奥斯曼帝国，使其退出战争或与之单独媾和，除了有影响力的军官之外。至于其他人，他们无力做任何事。至于那些与英国人和法国人勾结的阿拉伯叛徒，他们的地位达不到政治家的层次，他们的主子——英国人和法国人，也不指望他们能影响国家。他们的任务是充当间谍，对国家进行窥探，并对国家实施破坏行动。甚至首要的叛徒，谢里夫侯赛因·本·阿里，也太过软弱，无法对国家施加任何影响。

No person was in a position to influence the Ottoman State and make her withdraw from the war or hold a separate peace with her apart from the influential army officers. As for the others, they were not in a position to do anything. As for those traitors from among the Arabs who collaborated with the British and the French, they did not rise to the level of the politicians, nor did their masters - the British and the French, expect them to influence the State. Their task was to act as spies against the State and to carry out acts of sabotage against her. Even the chief traitor, Al- Sharif Hussein ibn Ali, was too weak to have any influence over the State.

所有英国人想要的，只是利用他来破坏伊斯兰军队、奥斯曼军队，并在武装部队中为他们制造舆论，以免穆斯林对他们心怀敌意，并依照沙里亚的命令，因其为异教徒而对他们发动圣战。因此，在战争期间，阿拉伯人并不是同盟国关注的焦点，他们试图使奥斯曼帝国退出战争，而是把注意力集中在土耳其军官身上。

All that the British wanted, was to use him in acts of sabotage against the Islamic army, the Ottoman army, and in generating a public opinion for them amongst the armed forces, lest the Muslims held feelings of animosity against them and declared on them the Jihad which Shariah commanded, considering that they were Kuffar. Therefore, the Arabs were not the Allies focus of attention during the war in their attempt at making the Ottoman State withdraw from the war, they rather concentrated their attention on the Turkish officers.

在土耳其人中，有两名军官以两件事而闻名：第一，他们憎恨德国人，并反对奥斯曼国家作为德国的盟友参战；第二，他们怀有夺取政权的野心，并为达到这一目标而努力。这两名军官便是哲马尔帕夏和穆斯塔法·凯末尔。至于穆斯塔法·凯末尔，他只是一名毫无分量的初级军官，尽管他聪明、有野心，并且积极地反对国家。而哲马尔帕夏则处于有影响力的地位，尤其是因为整个奥斯曼国家当时由三个人统治：首相塔拉特、战争大臣安瓦尔，以及第四师师长兼叙利亚总督哲马尔帕夏本人。因此，协约国曾试图引诱哲马尔帕夏。

From amongst the Turks two officers were known for: Firstly, their hatred for the Germans and their opposition to the Ottoman States entry into the war as an ally to Germany. Secondly, their ambition to seize power and their endeavour to reach that goal. These two officers were Jamal Pasha and Mustafa Kemal. As for Mustafa Kemal, he was a junior officer with no value whatsoever, although he was clever, ambitious and active against the State. Whereas Jamal Pasha was in a position to be influential, especially because of the fact that the whole of the Ottoman State was governed by three men : Tal’at, the Prime Minister, Anwar, the war minister and Jamal Pasha himself, the commander of the fourth division and governor of Syria. Hence, the Allies attempted to entice Jamal Pasha.

在达达尼尔海峡战役(加里波利战役)期间及其失败之后,协约国曾试图联络杰马勒帕夏,促使他反抗奥斯曼帝国政府。这是因为英国人于1915年4月25日进攻伊斯坦布尔并夺取了加里波利;然而奥斯曼军队迎战并阻止了他们的推进。因此他们一步也无法前进,并遭受了沉重的损失,以至于协约国军队指挥官哈密尔顿将军被迫于8月16日致电英国陆军大臣基奇纳勋爵,请求增援和弹药。此外,10月14日,英国政府撤换了达达尼尔战役的指挥官哈密尔顿将军,并以查尔斯·门罗将军取代,命其调查达达尼尔战役。10月28日,门罗抵达达达尼尔海峡,并与总参谋部一道研究了沿达达尼尔海岸线及英军战壕周围协约国军队的处境。随后他致函战时内阁,建议撤离。然而陆军大臣基奇纳勋爵对门罗的电报感到不安,决定亲自前往达达尼尔海峡。

During the Dardanelles campaign (Gallipoli Campaign) and in the wake of its failure, the Allies attempted to contact Jamal Pasha in order for him to revolt against the Ottoman State. This was due to the fact that the British had attacked Istanbul and seized Gallipoli on 25th April 1915; however the Ottoman army had confronted them and halted their progress. Thus they could not advance a single step and they suffered heavy losses to the point that the commander of the allied forces, General Hamilton, was forced to send on 16th August a telegram to Lord Kitchener, the British war secretary, seeking reinforcements and ammunition. Furthermore, on 14th October, the British government dismissed the commander of the Dardanelles campaign, General Hamilton and replaced him with General Charles Monro who was ordered to investigate the Dardanelles campaign. On 28th October, Monro arrived in the Dardanelles and together with the general staff, he studied the situation of the allied forces along the Dardanelles coastline and around the British trenches. He then wrote to the war cabinet recommending evacuation. However the war secretary Lord Kitchener, was disquietened by Monro’s telegram and decided to travel to the Dardanelles himself.

他于11月9日抵达那里，视察了沿海岸线以及英法战壕周围的军事阵地。他得出结论：除非土耳其人设法从德国获得火炮和弹药，否则协约国军队可以守住阵地；而一旦获得这些装备，协约国军队的处境将变得十分危急。随后，12月1日，协约国军队突然撤离了阵地。正是在这一危急时刻，在达达尼尔战役导致的混乱之中，协约国试图与杰马勒帕夏取得联系，并与他谈判，促使他反对奥斯曼帝国政府。看来这些谈判确实有所进展，杰马勒帕夏原则上表示同意，并提出了他的条件。因为1915年11月26日，俄国外交部向其驻巴黎和罗马的两个使馆发出了第6391号电报；电报原文如下：从伊斯坦布尔亚美尼亚人圈子传来的消息告知我们，如果满足以下条件，杰马勒帕夏愿意对伊斯坦布尔政府采取敌对行动：

He arrived there on 9th November and inspected the military positions along the coastline and around the British and French trenches. He came to the conclusion that the allied forces could maintain their positions unless the Turks managed to acquire canons and ammunition from Germany, for this would render the allied forces’ position very critical. Then on 1st December, the allied forces suddenly evacuated their positions. It was during this critical period and time of confusion in which they were muddled due to the Dardanelles campaign, that the Allies attempted to contact Jamal Pasha and negotiate with him to rebel against the Ottoman State. It seems that these negotiations did effectively take place and Jamal Pasha agreed in principle and laid down his conditions. For on 26th November 1915, the Russian foreign ministry sent to its two embassies in Paris and Rome telegram No 6391; to quote from the telegram : “The news reaching us from the Armenian circles in Istanbul inform us that Jamal Pasha is willing to undertake a hostile move against the government of Istanbul if the following conditions were met :

1. 协约国承认奥斯曼帝国由苏丹领导，对叙利亚、巴勒斯坦、伊拉克、阿拉伯斯坦、基利家、亚美尼亚和库尔德斯坦诸邦拥有主权。

1- That the allied states recognise the sovereignty of the Ottoman State, headed by the Sultan, over the states of Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Arabstan, Kilikia, Armenia and Kurdistan.

2. 苏丹之位由艾哈迈德·贾马勒帕夏继承，且他的儿子和孙子将在他之后继承苏丹之位。

2- That the Sultanate is assumed by Ahmed Jamal Pasha and that his sons and grand-sons would assume the Sultanate after him.

3- 艾哈迈德·贾马勒·帕夏将宣布，现任苏丹及其政府是德国人的囚徒，并对他们宣战。

3- That Ahmed Jamal Pasha would undertake to proclaim that the present Sultan and his government are prisoners in the hands of the Germans, and to declare war on them.

4. 若杰马勒·帕夏宣布叛乱并进军对抗政府，盟国将承诺为其军队提供所需的武器、粮食和军事装备。

4- That in the event of Jamal Pasha declaring his rebellion and his march to fight the government, the Allies would undertake to supply his army with the necessary weapons, food and military equipment.

5. 同盟国将向杰马勒·帕夏提供必要的财政援助，直至战争结束。

5- That the allied states would offer Jamal Pasha the necessary financial aid till the end of the war.

6- 贾马尔帕夏同意向协约国交出海峡和伊斯坦布尔。

6- That Jamal Pasha accepts to surrender the straits and Istanbul to the Allies.

7- 那位贾迈勒帕夏承诺确保一条畅通的路线以援助亚美尼亚人。这是电报中提到的条件清单，看来俄国曾与英国和法国进行过谈判；俄国接受了贾迈勒帕夏的条件，而英国和法国则没有接受。

7- That Jamal Pasha undertakes to secure a free route to help the Armenians.” This was the list of conditions mentioned in the telegram and it seems that Russia had negotiated with the British and the French, and while Russia had accepted Jamal Pasha’s terms the British and French did not.

1915年12月12日，俄罗斯外交部第二副部长给驻布加勒斯特的俄罗斯大使发出第6130号电报。引用电报原文如下：可以就贾迈勒帕夏所提议的事项向其作出承诺，必要时，我们有能力从协约国那里获得承诺，给予他想要的东西。然而，似乎协约国拒绝了这一点。 1915年12月27日，驻巴黎的俄罗斯大使向其政府发出一份电报，其中写道：我们已收到你方第6391号电报，其副本已转交给布里安先生，他对其内容表现出极大兴趣，并表示明天将在内阁会议上提交，以免为时已晚。他在此次会面中还对我说，尽管这些条件对我们可以接受，但它们与英国的野心不符，他们会拒绝这些条件。随后，法国撤回了接受这些条件的意向。 1915年12月29日，大使就其第一份电报发出了一份补充电报。引用电报原文如下：我了解到，法国部长们强烈反对这项协议，甚至不惜明确表达他们的反对意见。他补充道：可以肯定的是，法国人确实认可你方的一些提议，并且他们意识到在奥斯曼苏丹国内煽动叛乱的重要性。

On 12th December 1915, the Second Chancellor in the Russian foreign ministry sent telegram 6130 to the Russian ambassador to Bucharest; to quote from the telegram : “It is possible to give Jamal Pasha an undertaking about what he proposes and if necessary, we are in a position to secure from the Allies promises to give him what he wants.” However, it seems that the Allies rejected this. On 27th December 1915, the Russian ambassador to Paris sent a telegram to his government in which he wrote : “We are in receipt of your telegram No 6391, a copy of which was passed on to Monsieur Brian who expressed a great deal of interest in its contents and he declared that he would present them before the cabinet tomorrow, before it is too late. He also said to me on this occasion that although these conditions are acceptable to us, they however do not agree with the British ambitions and they would reject them.” Then the French retracted from accepting the conditions. On 29th December 1915 the ambassador sent a telegram appendant to his first telegram. To quote from the telegram : “What I learnt is that the French ministers resisted strongly this agreement to the point that they did not shrink from expressing their objection.” He added : “What is certain is that the French do appreciate some of your proposals and they are aware of the importance to instigate a revolt within the Ottoman Sultanate.

他们甚至相信，这次起义在世界大战中会对他们非常有利。然而，他们在为与贾迈勒·帕夏进行谈判而提出的各项建议中，只看到了你们夺取伊斯坦布尔和海峡的野心得以实现，而对法国在东方的主权却没有作出任何安排。英国人随后宣布拒绝参与这些谈判。

They even believe that this revolt would be very useful to them in the world war. However, they do see in the proposals put forward to negotiate with Jamal Pasha nothing but a fulfilment of your ambitions to seize Istanbul and the straits, without making any provisions for the French sovereignty over the East.” The British later declared their rejection to take part in these negotiations.

1916年1月27日，俄国驻伦敦大使向彼得格勒的俄国外交大臣发出一份电报，其中写道：尼科尔森告诉我，英国政府在再次审议此事并仔细研究其各个方面之后，认为有必要停止参与这些谈判，并永久放弃。这表明，盟国促使土耳其退出战争、并引诱部分军官夺取政权的想法，其根源即在于此。

On 27th January 1916, the Russian ambassador to London sent a telegram to the Russian foreign minister in Petersburg in which he wrote: “Nicholson informed me that having reviewed the issue once again and having closely examined all of its aspects, the British government deem it necessary to desist from taking part in these negotiations and to relinquish them for good.” This indicates that the Allies’ idea to make Turkey withdraw from the war and to entice some of the officers to seize power had its roots.

然而,他们想要肢解奥斯曼国家并废除哈里发制度。由于杰马勒帕夏的条件之一是至少以联邦形式维持伊斯兰土地的统一,其另一条件是维护哈里发制度,他们拒绝了他的提议,并拒绝与他谈判。他们必然会采取其他举措,这是理所当然的。

They however wanted to dismember the Ottoman State and abolish the Khilafah. Since one of Jamal Pasha’s conditions was to preserve the unity of the Islamic lands, at least as a federation, and as one of his other conditions was to preserve the Khilafah, they rejected his proposal and refused to negotiate with him. It is only natural that they must have undertaken other initiatives.

至于他们与麦加谢里夫侯赛因·本·阿里的接触，这些是为人所知的，但它们并不能达到让奥斯曼帝国退出战争的目的。毫无疑问，他们还与大量土耳其军官进行过其他尝试。没有任何迹象表明曾与土耳其人中的其他人进行过谈判，但英国确实在奥斯曼帝国内部安插了特工，例如阿里夫帕夏、达马德·法里德等人。第一次世界大战前，英国军事武官十分活跃，四处活动、广泛接触，而且行动完全不受约束。这位军事武官在停火协定签署后返回伊斯坦布尔，并与盟军总司令一道，在废除哈里发制度的过程中发挥了重要作用。因此，他很可能进行过多次接触、建立过多种联系，只是这些都未曾公之于众。

As for their attempts with the Sharif of Makkah, Hussein ibn Ali, these were known, but they would not have served the purpose of making the Ottoman State withdraw from the war, and undoubtedly, they must have made several other attempts with a host of Turkish officers. There is nothing to indicate that other negotiations did take place with anyone from among the Turks, but the British did have their agents within the State, such as Arif Pasha, Damad Farid and others. Before the First World War, the British military attaché had been very active and used to make many moves and contacts, all with a free hand. This military attaché had returned to Istanbul after the cease-fire was signed and he played a major role, together with the commander of the allied forces, in abolishing the Khilafah. Hence, it is very likely that he had made several contacts and established links, although none of these came to light.

穆斯塔法·凯末尔在战争爆发时只是一名鲜为人知的初级军官，不过他以西方式的思想、反对伊斯兰思想而闻名，并倾向于英国、憎恨德国。直到他参加了阿纳福尔塔战役之后，他的名字才为人所知并受到赞誉。自那时起，他获得了广泛的宣传，名声远扬，成为了一位知名人物。

Mustafa Kemal was a little known junior officer when the war broke out, though he was known for his Western thoughts and his rebellion against the Islamic thoughts, and for his inclination towards the British and his hatred for the Germans. It was only after his participation in the battle of Ana Forta that his name became known and celebrated. Since that time, he acquired a wide publicity, his name became celebrated and he became famous.

1915年春，第二次世界大战爆发的第二年之初，德国停止了夺取法国领土的企图，因为德国和法国都无法击败对方并取得决定性胜利。与此同时，俄国遭受了沉重打击，若西方国家不迅速行动，定期向俄国提供急需的弹药，俄国便无法重新振作并继续作战。西方协约国为此装载了船只，但它们在地中海被围困，无法抵达俄国。因此，必须对伊斯坦布尔发动进攻并打通海峡，以使船只得以驶入，并定期向俄国供应物资。当时，奥斯曼军队的指挥权掌握在德国将军奥托·利曼·冯·桑德斯手中。他将一个师的指挥权交给了上校（Qaim Qam）穆斯塔法·凯末尔贝伊，正是在那时，协约国发动了进攻。

In the spring of 1915, at the beginning of the second year of the World War, Germany halted her attempts at seizing the French territories because neither Germany nor France could defeat one another and achieve a decisive victory. The Russians had meanwhile suffered a severe battering, from which they could not rise again and resume their struggle unless the Western states acted swiftly and supplied Russia on a regular basis with much needed ammunition. The Western Allies loaded ships for this purpose but they were besieged in the Mediterranean and could not reach Russia. Hence it became imperative to launch an attack on Istanbul and open the straits in order to allow the ships to enter and supply Russia on a regular basis. The command of the Ottoman army was at the time in the hands of the German General Otto Liman von Sanders. He had assigned the command of one division to the “Qa’im Qam” Mustafa Kemal Beik and it was at that time that the Allies’ offensive took place.

1915年4月15日，英军做好了充分准备，企图发动一次大规模进攻。他们投入战斗，英国军队设法抵达加利波利，并成功驱散了奥斯曼军队。结果，冯·桑德斯将军被迫撤换了负责此次战役的指挥官，改由卡伊马卡姆穆斯塔法·凯末尔接任，当时他还只是上校。穆斯塔法·凯末尔在靠近达达尼尔海峡、最为敏感的地区之一安纳福尔塔附近接掌了奥斯曼军队的指挥权。战斗围绕一道山谷展开，土耳其军队占据山顶，英军则在下方设法夺取。战斗持续了数日，交战双方都没有取得上风。局势依然僵持：奥斯曼军队坚守其阵地，英军坚守其阵地，两军之间的战斗仍在继续。

On 15th April 1915, the British attempted to mount a huge offensive, being adequately prepared for battle. They entered the battle and the British troops managed to reach Gallipoli and succeed in dispersing the Ottoman troops. As a result General von Sanders was forced to dismiss the commander in charge of the battle and he replaced him with the Qa’im Qam Mustafa Kemal, who at the time was still a colonel. Mustafa Kemal assumed the command of the Ottoman troops near Ana Forta, one of the most sensitive areas near the Dardanelles. The battle was being waged over a valley with the Turks occupying its peak and the British down below trying to occupy it. The battle went on for several days with neither of the two warring factions gaining the upper hand. The status quo remained with the Ottomans holding on to their positions and the British holding on to theirs as the fighting between them continued.