穆斯塔法·凯末尔呼吁重新选举议会成员，并承认该议会的合宪性。他认可了所选出的议员，并承诺遵守议会的决议。议会已解散前政府，接受了现任政府，并提出国家应依宪政统治的要求。尽管如此，在他对通过议会夺取权力彻底失去希望之后，他还是决定再次宣布叛乱。于是，他开始武装部队，为战斗做准备。

Mustafa Kemal was the one who called for the election of new members and recognised the constitutionality of the assembly. He approved of the selected deputies, and he promised to abide by the resolutions of the assembly, who had dissolved the former government and accepted the current government, with the demands that the country should be governed through constitutional rule. Despite all this, he decided to declare the rebellion once again, after he had lost all hope of seizing power through parliament. Hence, he started to equip the troops and prepare for battle.

从伊斯坦布尔源源不断地向他运来武器和资金，英国高级专员和法国高级专员对此完全知情。两人名义上都曾表示反对，但大体上保持沉默，并拒绝透露任何信息；甚至还发生了一件远比此事重要的事情：穆斯塔法·凯末尔在加利波利半岛集结了满载武器弹药的卡车，就在英国高级专员的眼皮底下，尽管对方一直在监视。

Weapons and funds started to flow towards him from Istanbul with the full knowledge of the British High Commissioner and the French High Commissioner. They both used to nominally express their objection to this but they would generally keep silent and decline to reveal anything; even an incident far more significant than this occurred, which was when Mustafa Kemal gathered trucks full of weapons and ammunition in the peninsula of Gallipoli, right under the nose of the British High Commissioner and despite his surveillance.

游击战爆发，反抗盟军，比里亚遭到围困并被迫投降，因此叛军允许意大利驻军撤离。

A guerrilla war broke out against the allies, and Biria was besieged and forced to capitulate, thus the rebels allowed the Italian garrison to evacuate.

随后，西里西亚东部遭到攻击，法国驻军撤离。伦敦和巴黎呼吁彻底停止军事行动，但这些行动仍然照常进行，并未改变。

Then the eastern side of Cilicia was attacked and the French garrison evacuated. London and Paris called for an absolute halt to the military operations, but these went on regardless as they were.

1920年3月7日，协约国迫使阿里·里达辞职；于是他递交了辞呈，由海军大臣萨利赫帕夏接任。萨利赫此前曾在阿马西亚与穆斯塔法·凯末尔达成协议。

On 7th March 1920, the allies forced Ali Ridha to resign; thus he tendered his resignation and was replaced by Salih Pasha, who was the navy minister, and who had in the past struck a deal with Mustafa Kemal in “Amasia”.

因此,他在处理政务的同时,竭力平息和缓和局势。

Hence, he proceeded in government while attempting to diffuse and pacify the situation.

然而，1920年3月10日，寇松勋爵在上议院发表演说，他说：协约国再也无法容忍欧洲人在伊斯坦布尔所遭受的这种羞辱，而基督徒却在各地遭到迫害和屠杀。

However, on 10th March 1920, Lord Curzon delivered a speech in the House of Lords in which he said: “The a+llies can no longer tolerate the level of belittlement the Europeans are having to endure in Istanbul, while Christians are being persecuted and slaughtered all over the place.”

在这一声明发表之后,金角湾港口挤满了英国军舰。英国人员从安纳托利亚撤离,并下令驻守当地的剩余英军尽快撤离。居住在安卡拉的英国人也匆忙离开了这座城市。

In the wake of this statement, the harbour of Golden Horn was filled with British warships. British staff were evacuated from Anatolia and orders were issued to the remaining British garrison to evacuate as soon as possible. The British living in Ankara left the city in a hurry.

伊斯坦布尔议会议长劳夫·贝伊宣布，英国人打算逮捕民族主义议员，并恢复达马德·法里德·帕夏政府。因此，穆斯塔法·凯末尔致电其议员，极力敦促他们逃离，不要向英国人投降，但他们拒绝逃离。

The speaker of parliament in Istanbul, Ra’uf Beik, declared that the British intended to arrest the nationalist deputies and to restore the government of Damad Farid Pasha. Hence, Mustafa Kemal telegraphed his deputies urging them vehemently to flee and not to surrender themselves to the British, but they refused to flee.

1920年3月16日凌晨，所有旨在对伊斯坦布尔实施军事占领、并加强对当地居民控制的措施相继展开。这项任务被委派给英国将军亨利·威尔逊，他此前已被任命为协约国部队总司令。

In the early hours of 16th March 1920, all the measures aimed at occupying Istanbul militarily and at tightening the grip on the local residents were undertaken. This task was delegated to the British General Henry Wilson, who had been appointed earlier as the Commander in Chief of the allied forces.

巴黎与罗马同意英国、法国和意大利三国政府应共同参与实施制裁。然而，派遣海军陆战队的只有英国。当法国和意大利意识到英国已成功占领伊斯坦布尔时，为维护国际均势，它们再次出面阻止英国明显单独行动的举措；于是它们要求参与该国的治理，但英国没有让它们如愿，而是独自行事。

Paris and Rome agreed that the three governments of Britain, France and Italy should take part in imposing sanctions. However, it was Britain alone who dispatched her marines. When France and Italy realised that Britain had succeeded in occupying Istanbul, they intervened once again to block the categorically British initiative in order to preserve the international balance of power; thus they demanded to take part in ruling the country, but the British did not enable them to do so, and acted alone.

然后，英国军队毫不迟疑地在城市的主要街道上巡游，神气十足地炫耀武力，占领了邮局和所有主要政府大楼，此前他们已恐吓了当地居民，甚至连土耳其士兵也不放过。他们逮捕了多名穆斯塔法·凯末尔政党的议员，其中包括劳夫·贝伊和法提赫·贝伊。

Then without any delay, the British troops roamed the main streets of the city, proudly showing off, occupying the post office and all the main government buildings, after having terrorised the local residents and even the Turkish soldiers themselves. They arrested a number of deputies from Mustafa Kemal’s party, among whom were Ra’uf Beik and Fathi Beik.

他们还逮捕了前首相赛义德·哈利姆，并将他们全部押入监狱。第二天早上，他们被装上一艘船，送往马耳他。因此，一些议员和军官逃离伊斯坦布尔前往安卡拉。于是，协约国占领了伊斯坦布尔，完全控制了该城，随心所欲地统治它。伊斯坦布尔宣布实行戒严，并对新闻界、邮政和电报通讯以及政府实施严格的审查。

They also arrested the former Prime Minister Said Halim, taking them all to prison. The next morning, they were loaded into a ship which took them to Malta. Hence, some of the deputies and army officers fled Istanbul for Ankara. And so, the allies took over Istanbul and siezed total control over it, ruling it just as they willed. Martial law was declared in Istanbul and strict censorship was enforced on the press, postal and telegraphic communications and on the government.

苏丹支持英国人所采取的措施,政府发布了一份公开公报,呼吁民众保持平静,并称这是他们的责任。公报开头写道:"每位土耳其公民最重要的义务,就是服从苏丹的命令。"因此,民众和土耳其士兵陷入了一种恐怖的氛围之中,这进而引起了人们对苏丹的怨恨,各方对他的攻击也随之加剧。随后,议会被正式解散。

The Sultan backed the measures which the British had undertaken and the government issued a public communiqué in which it exhorted people to observe calm, stating that it was their duty to do so. The government began the communiqué by saying: “The most important duty of every Turkish citizen is to abide by the orders of the Sultan.” Consequently, the masses and the Turkish soldiers were engulfed in an atmosphere of terror which in turn led to people’s resentment of the Sultan and the intensification from all sides of the attacks upon him. Then parliament was officially dissolved.

1920年4月5日，萨利赫帕夏辞职，达马德·费里德帕夏应英国人的要求组建新政府，并开始以专制的方式统治国家。议会解散后，他成为唯一的实权人物，开始公然顾及英国的利益，并试图通过各种手段讨好英国人，以至于他几乎比英国人自己还要亲英。苏丹在讨好英国人以及攻击穆斯塔法·凯末尔追随者方面也不甘落后。他怂恿伊斯兰教长（Sheikh-ul-Islam）针对他们颁布了一道教令，教长照办了。教令称，所有民族主义者都属于被诅咒者之列，属于迷途者之列，而真主仆人中的信士应当向这些叛乱的暴动者宣战。与此同时，苏丹颁布了一道敕令，认可这一教令，并判处穆斯塔法·凯末尔及其支持者死刑。

On 5th April 1920, Salih Pasha resigned and Damad Ferid Pasha formed the new government at the request of the British and started ruling the country in a despotic manner. Once parliament had been dissolved, he became the sole power broker and started to openly take into account the British interests and attempt to win them over through various means, until he almost became more British than the British themselves. The Sultan was not too far behind in his attempt at winning the British over and in his attack on Mustafa Kemal’s followers. He incited Sheikh-ul-Islam to issue a fatwa against them and so he did. The fatwa stated that all the nationalists were from amongst the cursed ones and from amongst those who strayed, and that the believers from amongst Allah’s servants should declare war on those revolting insurgents. A Sultanic decree was simultaneously issued endorsing this fatwa and sentencing Mustafa Kemal and his supporters to capital punishment.

当穆斯塔法·凯末尔得知此事后,他逮捕了仍留在安纳托利亚、未按指示撤离的少数英国人。随后,他命令土耳其驻军进攻英国人,并包围驻有一支英国小队的埃斯基谢希尔城。当时,英国人正在等待一支前往科尼亚的意大利驻军。因此,土耳其军队进攻了英国人,并成功包围了该城。他们还在意大利驻军前往科尼亚的途中对其发动进攻。然而,意大利人在遭受重大伤亡后设法抵达了科尼亚。此后,意大利驻军被迫向西转移,与驻守士麦那的希腊人会合。随着意大利人撤离科尼亚,英国人也撤离了埃斯基谢希尔。因此,安纳托利亚境内已无一名协约国士兵;不过,与英国人之间并未发生任何交火,而意大利人在前往科尼亚与英国人会合的途中则发生了一次小规模交火。随后,他们全部撤离。

When Mustafa Kemal heard of this, he arrested the small number of Britons who remained in Anatolia and had not evacuated when they had been instructed to do so. Then he ordered the Turkish garrison to attack the British and besiege the city of Eskisehir where a British platoon was stationed. At that time, the British were waiting for an Italian garrison heading towards Konia. Hence, the Turkish troops attacked the British and managed to lay siege to the city. They also attacked the Italian garrison while on its way to Konia. The Italians however managed to reach Konia after suffering heavy losses. Consequently, the Italian garrison was forced to move westwards and join the Greeks in Izmir. The British evacuated Eskisehir as the Italians evacuated Konia. Therefore, not one single soldier from the allied forces was left in Anatolia; however, no clashes whatsoever took place with the British, while a single skirmish took place with the Italians while on their way to Konia to link up with the British. Then they all evacuated.

在这些行动的影响下，局势逐渐明朗：国内形成两大阵营，一方是英国人，得到哈里发和政府的支持；另一方是穆斯塔法·凯末尔的派别，得到全体民众的拥护。因此，穆斯塔法·凯末尔与政府对立，民众则将他视为抵抗英国人的领袖。于是，舆论站在他一边，大多数军官和文职官员也都支持他。在这种有利的形势下，他抓住机会，以议会委员会的名义宣布：该委员会仍然存在，从未被解散；将举行新的选举；新议会与旧议会没有任何关联；它也不是奥斯曼议会，而是一个拥有特殊权力的民族主义立法机构。安卡拉被选为这一民族主义机构开会的中心。

In the light of these operations, the situation became apparent in that two camps dominated the country: the British on one side, backed by the Khaleefah and the government, and Mustafa Kemal’s party on the other side, backed by all the people. Hence, Mustafa Kemal became opposite to the government and people regarded him as their leader against the British. Therefore, public opinion was in his favour and most of the army officers and civil servants were on his side. So, amidst this favourable mood, he seized the opportunity to announce on behalf of the Parliamentary Committee, which was still in place and had never been dissolved, that fresh elections would be held and that the new parliament would have no connection with the old assembly. Also that it would not be an Ottoman parliament, but a nationalist legislative institution with exceptional powers. Ankara was selected as the centre where the sessions of this nationalist institution would be held.

选举确实举行了,但这并非真正的选举,而只是一场为制造合法选举假象而走过场的形式。普遍的看法是,现状要求只选出凯末尔主义者,排除其他一切人,使他们成为民族的代表。事实确是如此,除凯末尔主义者之外,没有任何其他代表当选。

Elections did effectively take place, but these were not genuine elections - they were rather a nominal exercise aimed at creating the appearance of legitimate elections. The general mood was that the status quo necessitated the election of the Kemalists only, to the exclusion of all others, so they become the representatives of the nation. This indeed was the case and no other deputy apart from the Kemalists was elected.

1920年4月23日，民族主义者会议在安卡拉召开。开幕会议特意安排在星期五举行。

On 23rd April 1920, the nationalist conference was held in Ankara. The inaugural session was deliberately scheduled to take place on a Friday.

因此,在哈吉·比雷姆清真寺做完主麻拜后,代表们高举旗帜走出来,朝会议场地前进。他们在门槛处宰了两只羊,然后走进大厅,举行了开幕会议。与此同时,安纳托利亚的每一座清真寺,甚至最小村庄里的清真寺,都举行了类似的庆祝活动。

Hence, after the Friday prayer at the mosque of Hajj Birem, the deputies came out hoisting the flags and proceeded towards the venue of the meeting. They slaughtered two sheep at the threshold, then they entered the hall and held the inaugural session. Meanwhile, similar celebrations took place in every single mosque in Anatolia, even those in the smallest of villages.

在准备召开国民议会及其开幕的过程中，穆斯塔法·凯末尔一直在把公务员召集到安卡拉。当地居民目睹了大量移民涌入他们的城市，其中有军官、教师和高级公务员。起初他们不知道这些人到来的原因，后来才意识到他们是政府的工作人员。

During his preparation for the National Assembly and its inauguration, Mustafa Kemal had been bringing the civil servants to Ankara. Local residents witnessed an influx of migrants flocking to their city, amongst whom were officers, teachers and senior civil servants. They did not know at first the reason for their arrival, but they later realised that they were the government staff.

因此,穆斯塔法·凯末尔在安卡拉建立了一个政府机构。

And so, Mustafa Kemal established a government apparatus in Ankara.

他还建立了一支正规军，并设立了若干政府部门。

He also established a regular army and several government departments.

他还带来了一台印刷机和一组记者。一份名为《Hakmit Milla》的报纸得以出版,穆斯塔法·凯末尔着手把安卡拉准备为政府所在地和国家首都。他开始奠定土耳其共和国的基础。然而,他极其谨慎、完全保密地推进这一举措,并假装自己的斗争是反抗外国占领的斗争,自己的战争是反对占领者的战争。他常以保卫国家为由为自己的行为辩护,并通过官方声明与欧洲人对话,声明中他说:你们可以占领所有阿拉伯国家,占领叙利亚,但我不会允许你们占领土耳其。我们只是在主张每一个民族都应享有的权利。我们希望在自然的民族边界之内成为一个自由的民族。我们不接受比这少一克拉的任何东西。在全国大会开幕期间及之后,他宣布:所有将要采取的措施,都旨在维护哈里发制度和苏丹制度,并使苏丹和国家摆脱西方的奴役。随后他发表声明说:由于苏丹是控制首都、为所欲为的西方国家的囚徒,因此他不是自由的主权者,也毫无任何主权可言。因此,最高国民大会将临时接管国家事务。于是,一个执行委员会成立,受托负责管理国家事务。它由国民大会选出的十一名部长组成,穆斯塔法·凯末尔被推选为其主席。在此之前,他已当选为国民大会议长,之后伊斯梅特上校加入了政府。

He also brought a press and a team of journalists. A newspaper called Hakmit Milla was published and Mustafa Kemal prepared Ankara to become the government centre and the capital of the country. He set about laying the foundations of the Turkish republic. However, he undertook this initiative with extreme caution and total secrecy by pretending that his struggle was a struggle against foreign occupation and that his war was a war against the occupiers. He used to justify his actions by claiming that he was defending the country and used to address the Europeans through official statements in which he would say: “You can occupy all the Arab countries and occupy Syria, but I shall not allow you to occupy Turkey. We are only claiming a right which every single nation should enjoy. We want to be a free nation within our natural national borders. We do not accept one carat less than that.” During and after the inauguration of the National Assembly, he declared: “All the measures to be taken would be aimed at maintaining the Khilafah and the Sultanate and at ridding the Sultan and the country from Western slavery.” He then gave a statement in which he said: “Since the Sultan is prisoner of the Western countries who control the capital as they please, thus he is not a free sovereign, nor does he enjoy any sovereignty whatsoever. Therefore, the Supreme National Assembly is going to assume temporarily the running of the country’s affairs.” Consequently, an executive committee was set up and delegated with the task of running the country’s affairs. It was formed of eleven ministers elected by the National Assembly, and Mustafa Kemal was voted as its president. Prior to this, he had been elected as speaker of the National Assembly, whereafter Colonel Ismat Pasha joined the government.

国民议会开始召开会议并通过决议。

The National Assembly started to hold its meetings and adopt resolutions.

它通过了一系列极为重要的决议，其中一项决定，将伊斯坦布尔政府与外国签订的所有贸易协定和条约视为无效。另一项决议规定，国家的全部收入，甚至包括苏丹的资产、地产和瓦合甫（宗教捐产），都应交由安卡拉政府支配。

苏丹派遣了一支由效忠于他的军官率领的特遣部队前往安卡拉。

The Sultan dispatched a task force to Ankara led by officers loyal to him.

部队向小亚细亚西北方向进军。许多志愿者加入了这支特遣部队，苏丹还派遣了一些支持者前往库尔德斯坦，以煽动该地区的部落。随后，他开始号召整个乌玛捍卫王位与哈里发制度。对哈里发的忠诚依然十分牢固，以至于他的命令受到尊重，他的服从被视为对真主（SWT）的服从，而他的违抗则被视为对真主（SWT）的违抗。因此，各省纷纷归附哈里发，其中一些地区则反叛了安卡拉政府。哈里发的军队成功俘获了整整一个凯末尔主义师。

The troops marched towards the north-west of Asia Minor. Many volunteers joined the task force and the Sultan sent some of his supporters to Kurdistan in order to incite the tribes in that region. Then he started to exhort the whole Ummah to defend the throne and the Khilafah. Loyalty to the Khaleefah was still strong to the point that his orders were met with respect and his obedience was considered to be an obedience to Allah (swt), while his disobedience was considered to be a disobedience to Allah (swt). Hence, all the provinces joined the Khaleefah while some of them revolted against the Ankara government. The army of the Khaleefah succeeded in taking a whole Kemalist division as prisoners.

在1920年5月整个月里，双方军队之间的战斗持续不断，苏丹的军队在各处都击败了穆斯塔法·凯末尔的部队。除安卡拉（叛乱的中心）之外，所有省份都归附了哈里发，民众也站在他一边。安卡拉本身眼看就要沦陷，因为周边的村庄一个接一个地归到苏丹的旗帜之下，并加入了哈里发的军队。

Battles between the two armies went on throughout the month of May 1920 and the Sultan’s army managed to rout Mustafa Kemal’s forces everywhere. All the provinces joined the Khaleefah and the masses were on his side, apart from Ankara, which was the centre of the rebellion. Ankara itself was about to fall, for the neighbouring villages were coming under the Sultan’s banner one after the other and joining the Khaleefah’s army.

穆斯塔法·凯末尔及其在安卡拉的支持者处境危急。就在安卡拉城内，绝望之情也悄然蔓延到与他同在的人心中，他们甚至考虑向哈里发投降并归附于他。穆斯塔法·凯末尔的性命悬于一线，他已处于被摧毁的边缘。

Mustafa Kemal and his supporters in Ankara were in dire straits, and in Ankara itself, despair crept in the hearts of those who were with him and they contemplated surrendering to the Khaleefah and joining him. Mustafa Kemal’s life was hanging by a thread and he was on the verge of being destroyed.

正是在那一刻,一年半前在巴黎签署的停战条款——即《色佛尔条约》——被公之于众。苏丹曾接受这些条款,首相达马德·法里德帕夏也曾签字。这些条款一直被严格保密,土耳其民众对此一无所知。如今,条款内容在土耳其各地广为播发。于是,全国各地的舆论都对哈里发和首相达马德·法里德帕夏感到愤怒。

Precisely at that moment, the terms of truce which had been signed a year and a half before in Paris, known as the Treaty of Sèvres which the Sultan had accepted and the Prime Minister Damad Farid Pasha had signed, were broadcast. These terms had been kept secret and the Turkish people knew nothing about them. They were now broadcast all over Turkey . Hence, public opinion was outraged in every part of the country, against the Khaleefah and against the Prime Minister Damad Farid Pasha.

当愤怒达到顶点时,英国首相劳合·乔治在议会上发表声明说:盟国的目标是把非土耳其民族从土耳其的枷锁下解放出来。这一声明也在民众中传播开来,使愤怒进一步加剧,怨恨的矛头转向了英国人及其傀儡——哈里发以及他的首相达马德·法里德帕夏。

When the outrage was at his highest, the British Prime Minister Lloyd George, made an announcement in the House of Parliament saying: “The aim of the allies is to liberate the non-Turkish nations from the Turkish yoke.” This announcement was also circulated amongst the masses, causing the outrage to intensify, and the resentment became directed at the British and their puppets, the Khaleefah and his Prime Minister Damad Farid Pasha.

这样一来,局势发生了逆转,民众开始离弃哈里发,转而投向穆斯塔法·凯末尔。凡是起而反抗穆斯塔法·凯末尔的地区,都被清除出哈里发的军队,以及那些反对穆斯塔法·凯末尔的人。哈里发的军队遭到惨败,苏丹的权势也随之削弱。人们纷纷发誓要向签署条约、出卖国家的达马德·法里德帕夏复仇。因此,安卡拉重新掌控了局势,所有人都站到了穆斯塔法·凯末尔一边。他们视他为摆脱占领的救星,他又被恢复为国家的领袖。这份条约激怒了土耳其人,因为它意味着奥斯曼帝国的终结,意味着其领土被欧洲人瓜分,或被分裂为若干独立的省区,从而使土耳其沦为小亚细亚境内的一个小国,并使伊斯坦布尔——土耳其的首都以及她通往欧洲的唯一通道——处于国际托管之下。

In this way, the situation was turned upside down and people started to drift away from the Khaleefah and join Mustafa Kemal. The areas which revolted against Mustafa Kemal were all purged from the Khaleefah’s army and from those who were opposed to Mustafa Kemal. The Khaleefah’s army was heavily defeated and the Sultan’s power was diminished. People were vowing to seek revenge from Damad Farid Pasha who had signed the Treaty and surrendered the country. Consequently, Ankara regained control of the situation and all people sided with Mustafa Kemal. They considered him to be the saviour from occupation and he was restored as the leader of the country. This Treaty incensed the Turks, for it meant the end of the Ottoman Empire and its division amongst the Europeans, or its fragmentation into several independent Wilayas, thus turning Turkey into a small country within Asia Minor and bringing Istanbul, the capital of Turkey and her only passage to Europe under an international mandate.

该条约也将苏丹的权力削减为微不足道的形式，并将土耳其降为英国、法国和意大利的势力范围。

The Treaty also changed the Sultan’s authority into insignificant forms and reduced Turkey to areas of influence for Britain, France and Italy.