那段时间，掌控国家的安瓦尔试图召集仍然存留的部队——这些部队在多次战役中取得了胜利——并命令他们立即返回首都，迎战敌人。然而，他身边的人认为时机已经错过。即便是过去支持他的人，也拒绝与他同行，不愿追随他的政策。因此，他被迫投降并请求停战。盟国接受了这一请求，他签署了停战协议。剩下的只是就停战条款进行谈判。奥斯曼帝国投降，盟国占领了它。

During that time Anwar, who dominated the state, was attempting to rally the remaining troops which had emerged victorious from the many battles they had fought, and to give orders to these troops to return to the capital immediately to face the enemy. But people around him thought that the hour had already passed. Even those who had supported him in the past refused to go along with him and follow his policy. Hence, he was forced to surrender and call for a truce. Thus the Allies accepted and he signed the truce treaty. All that was left was for the negotiations over the terms of the truce. The Ottoman State capitulated and the Allies occupied her.

然而，投降以及同盟国对国家的这种占领，并不意味着向同盟国投降，也不意味着国家已沦为他们的殖民地或他们的财产。它也不意味着这种占领是永久的，因为这是两个国家之间的战争，一方将战胜另一方，因此胜利者将向失败者规定和平条款，而战败国作为一个实体仍将保留国内和对外主权，依然是一个国家。另一方面，这次投降并非土耳其国家的投降，而是穆斯林哈里发的投降，或者按照他们自己的说法，是奥斯曼帝国的投降。因此，战败的国家是哈里发国，而非土耳其国家。所以，同盟国作为胜利者所采取的国际措施，以及奥斯曼国作为失败者所采取的国际措施，本质上都是与奥斯曼国相关的措施，换言之，是与生活在哈里发旗帜之下、或向其效忠的所有人相关的措施。

However, the surrender and this occupation of the State by the Allies did not mean a surrender to the Allies which entailed that the State had become a colony of theirs or one of their properties. Nor did it mean that their occupation was permanent, for this was a war between two states, one would vanquish the other, thus the victor would dictate the terms of peace upon the loser, and the defeated state would remain a state as an entity with domestic and foreign sovereignty. This is on the one hand, while on the other hand the surrender was not a surrender by the state of Turkey, but a surrender by the Khaleefah of the Muslims, or according to their own terms a surrender by the Ottoman Empire. Hence the defeated state was the Khilafah, and not the state of Turkey. Therefore, the international measures by the Allies, in their capacity as victors, and by the Ottoman State, in her capacity as the loser, were duly measures related to the Ottoman State, in other words related to everyone who lived under the banner of the Khilafah, or pledged their allegiance to her.

然而，由于英国的目标是以伊斯兰国家的身份肢解奥斯曼国家并废除哈里发制度，他们沿着通向这一目标的道路前行，在处理战败的奥斯曼国家时，采取了与处理战败的德国不同的方式，尽管这两个国家曾并肩作战。事实上，协约国对奥斯曼国家的胜利与其对德国的胜利相似，因此两国本应受到同等对待。然而，英国依照国际法以及战争结束时两国之间的惯例（即一方胜利、另一方战败）所规定的内容，将德国视为战败国予以对待。至于奥斯曼国家，则受到了不同的处理。

However, since the British aim was to dismember the Ottoman State in her quality as an Islamic State and to abolish the Khilafah, they trod the path that led to this and they proceeded in their dealings with the vanquished Ottoman State in a manner different to that proceeded with the vanquished Germany, despite the fact that the two states had fought alongside each other. Indeed the Allied victory over the Ottoman State was similar to their victory over Germany; thus the two states should have been treated equally. However, the British treated Germany as a vanquished state according to international law and what it stipulated in the event of a war coming to an end between two states, with one emerging as the victor and the other the loser. As for the Ottoman State, she was treated differently.

战争一结束,她(指奥斯曼国)就被肢解成碎片,其中大部分领土被英国人占领,并按照战争期间制定的计划加以瓜分。他们还开始回避盟友,以便在战败的奥斯曼国领土上攫取最大的一份。随后,他们将精力集中于哈里发制度的中心,以采取最恰当的手段确保其被废除。

For as soon as the war ended she was dismembered into pieces, most of which the British occupied and divided into parts according to the plan that had been devised during the war. They also started to avoid their Allies in order to gain the lion’s share in the lands of the vanquished Ottoman State. Then they concentrated their efforts on the Khilafah’s centre in order to adopt the most appropriate styles to ensure its abolition.

至于分裂的进程，英国人此前所播下的民族主义倾向与爱国沙文主义的种子，到那时已经开花结果。因此，这正是他们以此为基础推动分裂进程的良机，而他们也确实开始这样做了。

As for the process of dismemberment, the seeds of nationalist tendencies and patriotic chauvinism implanted earlier by the British had by then come to fruition. Thus it was the right time for them to use them as a basis for the process of dismemberment, and they effectively began to do so.

因此,他们将讲突厥语的穆斯林所居住的土地合并为一个单一的实体,并利用其直接统治和压倒性的影响力来煽动突厥民族主义情绪。他们试图唤起土耳其独立的理念,即让土耳其脱离伊斯兰国的其余部分,或者按照他们的说法,脱离奥斯曼帝国;同时,他们将“独立”一词定义为摆脱协约国的占领。尽管如此,他们实际推动人们走向的现实,却是从国家的所有其他部分中独立出来,也就是彻底分离。他们还将讲阿拉伯语的穆斯林所居住的土地分割成了几块。

Accordingly, they turned the lands inhabited by Turkish speaking Muslims into one single entity and started to use their direct rule and overwhelming influence to flare up Turkish nationalist tendencies. They tried to evoke the idea of Turkey’s independence, meaning her separation from the rest of the Islamic State, or according to them the Ottoman Empire, while defining the word independence with the meaning of getting rid of the Allied occupation. This was despite the fact that the practical reality they were actually pushing people towards was the independence from all the other parts of the State, namely a complete separation. They also broke the lands inhabited by Arabic speaking Muslims into several pieces.

尽管英国人占领了其中的大部分地区,他们并没有将这些土地保持为一个整体。相反,他们根据战争期间为这些地区绘制的地图,将这些土地划分成了若干个独立的实体。

Although the British had occupied most of them, they did not keep them as one entity. They rather turned those lands into several entities according to the maps they had drawn for them during the war.

因此,他们实际上亲自肢解了被征服的国家,将其分割成数个国家,然后才与其签订和平条约,甚至在尚未与之商定和平条款之前就已如此。因为他们一占领这些土地,便将其分割为数个国家,并开始像统治刚刚占领的数个国家那样进行统治。这违反了国际法,也与国际公约相悖,因为战胜国在战争中对战败国领土的占领,不足以决定被占领国或被占领领土的命运;决定其命运的乃是和平条约,即便该条约的条款是强加和指定的。与此最接近的例子是柏林:尽管柏林被占领了四十多年,但其命运并非由占领决定,而是由和平条约以及盟国对此达成的协议决定的。

Hence they physically carried out the dismemberment of the conquered State and turned her into several states before holding with her a peace treaty, and before even agreeing with her the terms of peace. For no sooner had they occupied the lands than they divided them into several countries and started ruling them as if they were several states which they had just occupied. This was in violation of international law and contradictory to international conventions, because the occupation by the victorious state in the war of the land of the vanquished state is not sufficient to determine the fate of the occupied state or the occupied territories; what determines this is rather the peace treaty, even if the terms of the treaty were dictated and imposed. The nearest example to this is the fact that although Berlin was occupied for over forty years, her fate was not determined by its occupation but by the peace treaty and the Allies’ agreement upon it.

至于他们将努力集中于哈里发国的中心，以采取导致其废除的各种手段，英国人除了在其盟国之间进行操纵，除了在其所占领的土地上采取行动外，还将全部注意力集中于土耳其，尤其是集中于哈里发国的中心。

As for the concentration of their efforts on the centre of the Khilafah in order to adopt the styles which would lead to its abolition, the British had, in addition to their manoeuvring against their Allies and in addition to their efforts in the lands they had occupied, focused all their attention on Turkey in particular, and more specifically on the centre of the Khilafah.

因此,停战宣布后不久,英国军舰便急速驶入博斯普鲁斯海峡,其军队占领了首都以及达达尼尔海峡沿岸的所有要塞,并占据了土耳其全境所有的战略敏感军事要地。与此同时,法国军队占领了安泰普,意大利军队则占领了比拉以及铁路线。英国指挥官哈灵顿被任命为协约国在土耳其的总指挥官。

Therefore, soon after the declaration of the truce, British warships rushed to seize the Bosphorous and their troops occupied the capital and all the fortresses of the Dardanelles, as well as all the sensitive military areas throughout Turkey. Meanwhile, the French troops occupied Antep, while the Italian troops occupied Bira and the railway lines. The British commander, Harrington was appointed as the Allies General Commander in Turkey.

因此,实际上是英国军队有效地占领了土耳其,并确立了它们对土耳其的霸权。法国和意大利的占领只是名义上的,仅仅是为了确认它们的存在。因此,与战败国在土耳其国内事务上的接触,实际上就是与英国的接触。于是,英国得以独自在土耳其发挥其作用,而其盟国对土耳其国内事务既无作用,也无影响。

Therefore, it was the British troops who effectively occupied Turkey and assumed their hegemony over her. France and Italy’s occupation was merely nominal and merely to confirm their presence. Hence, contact between the vanquished state, pertaining to the domestic matters of Turkey, and the Allies meant in fact contact with the British. Thus the British managed to play their role in Turkey single-handedly and their Allies had no role and no effect on the Turkish domestic matters.

他们在停战宣布之后，还展开了一系列政治手段，意图控制哈里发国家，即他们所称的奥斯曼帝国。他们将政治博弈的重心特别放在土耳其，企图推翻政府，摧毁哈里发制度。

They also embarked upon a host of political manoeuvres in order to control the Khilafah State, or the Ottoman Empire according to them, since the truce was declared. They focused their political game on Turkey in particular in order to overthrow the government and destroy the Khilafah.

为此,英国人在停战宣布的那一刻便着手试图使国家陷入政治危机。他们接受了奥斯曼国家的停战,并与塔拉特和安瓦尔签署了停战条约;但当被要求举行旨在就条款达成一致的谈判时,他们宣称不准备与塔拉特和安瓦尔谈判,因为这两人是奥斯曼国家卷入战争的主要责任人。于是他们要求组建新政府。

To this end, the British set about attempting to plunge the State into political crisis the moment the truce was declared. They accepted from the Ottoman State the truce and they signed its treaty with Tal’at and Anwar, but when they were asked to hold negotiations aimed at agreeing on the terms, they declared that they were not prepared to negotiate with Tal’at and Anwar because they were the ones who had been chiefly responsible for the Ottoman State’s entry into the war. Thus they demanded the forming of a new government.