穆斯塔法·凯末尔在1919年5月之前,除了宣扬自己的思想和聚集支持者之外,没有从事任何其他活动。那时轮到他了,协约国也开始以另一种方式行事,以实现其目标,即把土耳其从奥斯曼国家的其他部分分离出来,摧毁哈里发制度,并建立一个土耳其共和国。

Mustafa Kemal refrained from undertaking any other activity apart from spreading his thoughts and gathering supporters until May 1919, when his turn came and the allies started working in a different style to achieve their objective, i.e that of separating Turkey from the other parts of the Ottoman State, destroying the Khilafah and establishing a Turkish republic.

这件事发生在他们试图引发政治危机、并通过合法合规的手段把其代理人推上台的努力失败之后。他们的行动是政治性的、国际性的，也是革命性的。促使他们这样做的，是意大利坚持要把西里西亚据为战利品的企图。因此，英国意识到，只要它不从土耳其本土内部对盟国展开行动，就无法在土耳其实施其计划，也无法把它的对手法国和意大利赶出土耳其的战略要地。意大利于1919年4月占领了安塔利亚城及其周边庄园，随后又占领了属于南斯拉夫的法伊尤姆，接着便企图代表协约国占领伊兹密尔。

This took place once their endeavours to cause a political crisis and place their agents in power through legitimate and legal means had failed. Their actions were political, international and revolutionary. What prompted them was Italy’s persistence to seize Cilicia as part of her spoils. Hence, Britain realised that as long as she does not operate from within Turkey proper against the allies, she would not be able to execute her plan in Turkey and chase her opponents, France and Italy, from Turkey’s strategic positions. Once Italy had occupied the city of Antalia and the surrounding estates in April 1919, and once she had occupied Fayum, which was part of Yugoslavia, she attempted to occupy Izmir on behalf of the Allies.

英国和法国反对她的这一举动，并决定与她对抗，阻止她占领士麦那或安纳托利亚西部海岸。

Britain and France opposed her move and decided to confront her and prevent her from occupying Izmir or the western coastline of Anatolia.

然后,他们开始反对她占领安塔利亚,认为这将使她控制地中海东岸。英国、法国、意大利和俄国之间签署的、认可意大利占领伊兹密尔及西海岸的条约被视为无效,因为俄国已退出战争,从未签署该条约。随后,他们制定了由希腊占领伊兹密尔的计划。

Then they started objecting to her occupation of Antalia arguing that this would give her control over the eastern side of the Mediterranean. The treaty that had been signed between Britain, France, Italy and Russia, endorsing Italy’s occupation of Izmir and the western coastline, was considered null and void because Russia had withdrawn form the war and never signed it. They then laid their plan for Greece to occupy Izmir.

他们一方面着手实施这一计划。另一方面,英国同时声称安纳托利亚境内,即小亚细亚腹地,已爆发骚乱,抢劫、掠夺和劫掠事件普遍发生,而且正以令人震惊的速度增长。她还声称安全部队在全国各地漫无目的地游荡,并强调必须维护法律与秩序,必须采取强硬手段来应对破坏安全的人。因此,英国要求伊斯坦布尔政府派遣一位强有力的人物前往东部各省,并交给他恢复法律与秩序、重新树立政府权威的任务。

They set about executing this plan on the one hand. On the other hand, Britain simultaneously claimed that disturbances had broken out in Anatolia, inside Asia Minor, and that robberies, looting and pillaging had become widespread and that it was on an alarming increase. She claimed also that the security forces had been roaming the country aimlessly, streesing that law and order must be observed and that a heavy handed approach was required to deal with those who breached security. Hence, Britain demanded from the government in Istanbul to send a strong man to the eastern provinces and assign to him the task of restoring law and order and re-establishing the government’s authority.

她还非正式地建议穆斯塔法·凯末尔承担这一职务。

She also unofficially recommended Mustafa Kemal to assume this role.

战争部就此事进行了接洽，战争部高级顾问贾瓦德帕夏予以批准。他对穆斯塔法·凯末尔一无所知，但战争大臣怀疑凯末尔的意图，因为他了解凯末尔的计划。尽管如此，他还是立即表示同意，并将消息告知穆斯塔法·凯末尔。凯末尔回复称，要迅速展开调查并采取适当措施，而东部各省动荡频发，这必然要求赋予他广泛的权力，并且他的决定须具有约束力。战争部同意了他的所有要求。

The war ministry was approached pertaining this issue and Jawad Pasha, the Senior Adviser at the war ministry, approved. He knew nothing of Mustafa Kemal, but the war minister was suspicious of Kemal’s intentions, for he was aware of his plans. Nevertheless, he immediately agreed and broke the news to Mustafa Kemal, who replied that for a speedy investigation to be carried out and for the appropriate measures to be executed while unrest was rampant in the eastern provinces, this would inevitably require that he be given wide powers and for his decisions to be binding. The ministry agreed to all his demands.

穆斯塔法·凯末尔此前一直保持沉默和镇定。没有人知道他心中对苏丹和政府怀有敌意,因为他一直在极为秘密地聚集支持者。他渴望获得广泛的强制性权力,因此起初拒绝接受交给他的指示。他重新审阅了这些指示,并以一种旨在实现其目标的格式重新撰写。审阅完指示后,他把自己拟定的格式呈交总理,总理未加核对便签了字。随后他又将文件送交战争大臣,大臣起初犹豫,之后也签了字。副本被分发给英国高级专员、盟军总司令哈林顿,以及盟军的所有军官。

Mustafa Kemal had been up until then silent and calm. No one knew that he harboured feelings of hostility towards the Sultan and the government, for he used to gather supporters in total secrecy. His eagerness to acquire wide mandatory powers led him to reject the instructions handed to him at first. He reviewed them and wrote them anew in a format designed to achieve the goal he was aiming for. Having reviewed the instructions, he then presented his own format to the Prime Minister who signed it without checking them. He then took them to the war minister who at first hesitated and then signed. Copies were dispatched to the British High Commissioner, to Harrington, the General Commander of the allied forces, and to all the officers of the allied forces.

值得一提的是，只有英国对平息这场动乱表现出过度的关切和强烈的愿望。至于法国，她从未预料到这个战败的帝国会爆发任何令人担忧的骚乱，因此并未对此给予任何关注。

What is worth mentioning is that Britain alone was the only country to show excessive concern and desire to quell the unrest. As for France, she never expected the breakout of any alarming disturbances in this vanquished empire, hence she did not pay them any attention.

尽管如此，穆斯塔法·凯末尔在领受指示、并取得所需的全部授权之后，于5月15日乘坐小船“阿尼波利”号离开伊斯坦布尔，驶往安纳托利亚，希望经由黑海抵达萨姆松。

Nevertheless, once Mustafa Kemal was given his instructions, and once he had secured all the mandatory powers he had wanted, he set sail for Anatolia and left Istanbul on 15th May aboard the small ship Anipoli, hoping to reach Samsun via the Black Sea.

与此同时,1919年4月第二周,奥斯曼政府得到通报:根据停战条款中的第七条,协约国即将着手占领士麦那;依据该条款,他们保留在自身利益受到威胁时随时执行此举的权利。因此,首相达马德·法里德帕夏向士麦那总督下达了指示。他强调必须让军队留在营房之内,并强令其以武力禁止当地居民可能举行的任何示威活动。

Meanwhile, in the second week of April 1919, the Ottoman government was briefed that according to the seventh article pertaining to the terms of the truce, the allies were about to carry out their occupation of Izmir, and that according to this article, they reserved the right to execute this whenever their interests were threatened. Therefore, the Prime Minister Damad Farid Pasha gave his instructions to the Wali of Izmir. He emphasised the need to keep the armies inside their barracks and forced him to ban by force any demonstration which the locals may hold.

1919年5月14日，英国舰队出现在士麦那（伊兹密尔）近海。舰队指挥官科尔索普上将告诉瓦利（总督），要为即将登陆的盟军做好准备。随后他召见瓦利与他会面。瓦利到达后，上将对他说："我刚得知，登陆并占领士麦那的将是希腊人。" 瓦利闻言十分震惊，难以置信地看着上将。他忍不住落泪，泪水涌流不止，哽咽着、以一种充满屈辱和沮丧的语气说："希腊人！希腊人要来占领士麦那？" 上将答道："这是我从巴黎收到的命令。" 瓦利说："我不负任何责任，也无法预料将会发生什么。" 指挥官对他说："除了希腊人，不可能由其他人占领士麦那。你明白吗？" 瓦利听后说："我只需要你们三百名士兵，以安抚穆斯林，并向他们证明占领是由盟军而非希腊人进行的，而且这种占领是暂时的，而非永久的。" 指挥官回答："不可能。"随后便结束了谈话。

On 14th May 1919, the British fleet was seen inshore around Izmir. The commander of the fleet, Admiral Colthorpe, told the Wali to be ready for the allied forces who were about to disembark. Then he summoned the Wali to meet him. When he arrived he said to him : “I have just heard that it will be the Greeks who will be disembarking and occupying Izmir.” The Wali was devastated and looked at the Admiral in disbelief. He could not hold back the tears, so they started flowing profusely and he said with a lump in his throat and in a voice expressing humiliation and dejection : “The Greeks! The Greeks have come to occupy Izmir?” The Admiral replied : “These are the orders I received from Paris.” The Wali said : “I am not responsible and I cannot predict what will happen.” The commander said to him : “It is impossible for other than the Greeks to occupy Izmir. Do you understand?” Upon this the Wali said to him : “I only need three hundred of your soldiers to reassure the Muslims and to prove to them that the occupation is carried out by the allies and not the Greeks, and that this occupation is temporary rather than permanent.” The Commander replied : “Impossible.” Then he ended the conversation.

1919年5月15日早晨，就在穆斯塔法·凯末尔作为英国和奥斯曼政府的代表离开伊斯坦布尔、前往东部省份平息骚乱的同一天，希腊士兵开始在士麦那港的码头登陆。希腊社区的全体成员倾巢而出迎接他们，其兴奋之情难以言表。

In the morning of 15th May 1919, on the same day Mustafa Kemal left Istanbul, as a delegate of the British and the Ottoman government to quell the disturbances in the eastern provinces, the Greek soldiers started disembarking on the quay of Izmir’s seaport. All of the Greek community was out in force to greet them, and their excitement was hard to describe.

由于这份电报，锡诺普的瓦利被革职，首相代表苏丹与穆斯塔法·凯末尔之间互致电报。苏丹坚持要求穆斯塔法·凯末尔立即返回，然而穆斯塔法·凯末尔拒绝了，并发去一封电报，称：我将留在安纳托利亚，直到国家独立实现。这一公然的拒绝是叛乱的第一步；他继续聚集民众，在安纳托利亚各地奔走，直到点燃了叛乱之火。

As a result of this telegram, the Wali of Sinop was dismissed from his post and telegrams were exchanged between the Prime Minister, acting on behalf of the Sultan, and Mustafa Kemal, with the Sultan insisting that Mustafa Kemal should return immediately. However, Mustafa Kemal refused and sent a telegram in which he said : “I shall remain in Anatolia until the country’s independence is achieved.” This flagrant refusal was the first step towards the rebellion; and he went on gathering people and roaming about Anatolia until he had flared up the rebellion.

这就是穆斯塔法·凯末尔发动叛乱的开端，而这场叛乱最终导致哈里发制度被废除，土耳其与奥斯曼国家的其他地区分离，或者按照西方人的说法，奥斯曼帝国因此覆灭。仅凭这些事件，人们就可以毫无疑问地得出结论：是英国人发动了这一切，挑起了这场叛乱，并且是他们派遣穆斯塔法·凯末尔去执行的。因为正是他们宣称东部各省发生了骚乱，正是他们要求穆斯塔法·凯末尔前去平息骚乱，正是他们怂恿希腊人在其舰队的监护和庇护下占领士麦那，并制造此类挑衅。还是英国人把穆斯塔法·凯末尔带到了士麦那，尽管奥斯曼当局恳请他返回，而且是他们为他铺平道路，使他能够立即利用这些挑衅行为，开始在自己周围聚集民众。这些事件意味深长，最明显地表明了每个人都能指出的那个确凿的真相。

This is how Mustafa Kemal started his rebellion which ended in the abolishment of the Khilafah and the severance of Turkey from the other parts of the Ottoman State, or according to the Westerners, the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. From these events alone, one can conclude without any shade of a doubt that it was the British who had initiated everything to flare up this rebellion, and that it was they who had sent Mustafa Kemal to carry it out. For it was they who claimed that there had been disturbances in the eastern provinces, it was they who demanded that Mustafa Kemal should go to quell the disturbances, it was they who inspired the Greeks to occupy Izmir, under the guardianship and protection of their fleet, and to carry out such provocations. Also it was the British who had brought Mustafa Kemal to Izmir, despite the Ottoman authorities’ pleas for him to return, and who paved the way for him to immediately take advantage of those provocations and start gathering people around him. These events speak volumes and indicate most conspicuously the conclusive truth which everyone can put their finger on.