看来，英国直到完成了所有的策略并取得了其所希望的结果，才召集最后的和平会议。仅回顾自《穆德罗斯停战协定》签订以来，直至洛桑第一次会议为止，在土耳其境内所采取的一切行动，便可看出，英国人以极其精明的手段扮演了最肮脏的角色，目的是摧毁哈里发制度。英国将军哈灵顿是占领土耳其领土的盟军总司令，他完全控制着伊斯坦布尔以及所有土耳其领土。

It seems that Britain did not call for the final peace conference until she had finished all her manoeuvres and achieved the results that she had wanted. By reviewing all the actions undertaken in Turkey alone since the holding of the Mondros truce, up until the first conference of Lausanne, it appears that the British had played with utmost shrewdness the dirtiest of roles in order to destroy the Khilafah. The British General Harrington was the Commander in Chief of the Allied armies occupying the Turkish lands and he was in total control of Istanbul and all the Turkish lands.

到那时，土耳其已经与伊斯兰各地分离。因此，他们一直怀有的图谋有了实现的有利时机。他们的活动集中于摧毁哈里发制度，并使法国、意大利和希腊这些盟国与土耳其疏远。

Turkey by then had already been severed from the rest of the Islamic lands. Hence, the prospect of undertaking what they had been harbouring had become favourable. Their activities were focused on destroying the Khilafah and alienating the allies - France, Italy and Greece, from Turkey.

于是他们开始实施各项谋划,同时也清楚地认识到,摧毁哈里发制度和离间盟友这两项任务绝非轻而易举。

So they proceeded to initiate their manoeuvres while realising that these two tasks, of destroying the Khilafah and alienating the allies was not going to be an easy ride.

因此,他们以极大的恶意和精明的手段行事。孤立盟友的过程,是由英国政府通过各种政治和外交手段、国际与军事上的操纵,并通过挑起国内战争来完成的,这也是英国用来摧毁哈里发制度的手段之一。至于摧毁哈里发制度的过程,则是英国政府通过在土耳其境内的直接行动来实施的,由两位英国将军哈林顿和威尔逊来执行,此外还有上述政治手段和国际操纵。穆斯塔法·凯末尔就是协助完成这一可怕角色的人,如果没有他,他们的阴谋本会注定失败。

Therefore, they proceeded with the utmost malice and shrewdness. The process of secluding the allies was assumed by the British government through various political and diplomatic styles, international and military manoeuvring and through flaring up a domestic war, which she also used as one of the means to destroy the Khilafah. As for the process of destroying the Khilafah, this was carried out by the British government through direct actions inside Turkey itself , with the two British Generals, Harrington and Wilson being used to execute it, in addition to these political styles and international manoeuvres. Mustafa Kemal was the man who aided in this horrific role, and had it not been for him their conspiracies would have been doomed to failure.

似乎还有其他一些鲜为人知的英国人，他们在土耳其境内亲自采取了许多行动。看来，H.S.阿姆斯特朗上尉虽然是一名无名的低级军官，但当时仍在从事某些行动。第一次世界大战爆发前不久，他担任英国驻伊斯坦布尔的武官，战争期间，他与整个第六集团军师一同被俘。在被囚期间，他请求会见安瓦尔帕夏。这一请求令人惊讶，因为当时安瓦尔帕夏担任陆军大臣，整个国家都在他的掌控之下。一名英国战俘请求会见他，这是非同寻常的。然而，安瓦尔还是会见了他，两人进行了长时间的谈话，最后安瓦尔下令将他单独监禁作为惩罚。

It appears also that there were other little renowned men from among the British who performed a host of direct actions inside the Turkish territories themselves. It seems that Captain H.S. Armstrong, although he was an unknown and low ranking officer, was nevertheless undertaking certain actions at the time. Just before the First World War, he was the British Military Attaché in Istanbul, and during the war, he was taken prisoner along with the whole of the sixth army division. During his imprisonment, he requested a meeting with Anwar Pasha. His request was astonishing, for Anwar Pasha was at the time the War Minister and the whole country was under his control. For a British prisoner to request a meeting with him was extraordinary. Nonethless Anwar met him and a long conversation took place between them, which ended with Anwar ordering that he should be placed in solitary confinement as a punishment.

至于安瓦尔为何与这名囚犯发怒，至今无从得知；不过据说，此人曾企图对安瓦尔展开心理战，并侮辱了他或国家，因此受到惩罚。然而，这名囚犯事实上似乎与一些军官有所联系，因为在战争结束前，他越狱逃脱，回到了英国军队那边。谁帮助他脱逃，同样无从得知。战争一结束，英国政府便将他遣返伊斯坦布尔，英国占领当局也委派给他一系列官方职务。他在那里停留了数年，期间与土耳其人整体，特别是与穆斯塔法·凯末尔保持直接接触，并目睹了为废除哈里发制度而采取的每一步行动。因此，他很可能是与穆斯塔法·凯末尔合谋、企图摧毁哈里发制度的人之一。

It never became known what caused Anwar to become angry with this prisoner; however, it is said that he attempted to initiate a war of nerves against Anwar and that he insulted him or the state, thus leading to his punishment. However, it seems that this prisoner was in fact in contact with some of the army officers, for before the end of the war he escaped from prison and returned to the British forces. It never became known who helped him escape. No sooner had the war ended than the British government dispatched him back to Istanbul and the British occupying authorities delegated to him a host of official duties. He remained there for several years, during which time he was in direct contact with the Turks in general and with Mustafa Kemal in particular, and he witnessed all the moves undertaken to remove the Khilafah. Hence, it is very likely that he was from among those who colluded with Mustafa Kemal in his endeavour to destroy the Khilafah.

然而，主要角色被赋予了哈灵顿，因为他是总司令，全面掌控一切事务。看来穆斯塔法·凯末尔在发挥其作用时，主要接触的对象是哈灵顿。英国人视哈灵顿为土耳其的最高权威，并且存在大量官方声明，突出了他在土耳其所扮演的角色。

However, the principal role was assigned to Harrington, for he was the Commander in Chief and he was in total control of all affairs. It seems that when Mustafa Kemal was playing his role, his main contact was with Harrington. The British considered Harrington as the supreme authority in Turkey and there exists a host of official statements highlighting his role in Turkey.

1924年2月25日，达勒马斯中校在下议院发言说：“英国在东方的声誉一片混乱。”他接着补充道：英国不应干预亚美尼亚问题，并提到他收到许多亚美尼亚人来信，表示他们希望与土耳其人和平相处。

On 25th February 1924, Lieutenant-Colonel Dalemass addressed the Commons by saying: “Britain’s reputation in the east is muddled.” He then added: “Britain should not interfere in the Armenian issue”, and referred to many letters reaching him from the Armenians stating that they wished to live with the Turks in peace.

对此,查尔斯·贝特回答说:土耳其人对我们的感情非常友好,我们在那里的行动也非常成功。他的回答基于从查尔斯·哈林顿爵士那里获得的信息,但他并未透露这些信息的性质。1940年3月24日,即哈林顿去世两天后,《泰晤士报》发表了一篇文章,其中提到:1921年希腊人被土耳其人击败之后,协约国部队总司令哈林顿爵士获得了与穆斯塔法·凯末尔合作的广泛权力。然而,文章并未提及这种合作的性质。该报还补充道:哈林顿对政治的涉足掩盖了他的坚定和实现其抱负的决心,而他确实配得上这一点。凭借与穆斯塔法·凯末尔合作的这些广泛权力,解决该问题并给哈里发制度致命一击的最后阶段已经开始。1922年7月停战协定达成,希腊人撤离,法国人和意大利人撤离之后,国家摆脱了除英国驻军之外的所有外国驻军。因此,哈林顿成为唯一的操控者,而穆斯塔法·凯末尔的力量及其在全国范围内的影响力和声望也达到了顶峰。与此同时,伊斯坦布尔政府只是一个名义上的政府,毫无实际发言权,因为全部权力都掌握在安卡拉政府手中,无论是国内事务,如法律的执行、武装力量的控制以及对国家一切事务的监督,还是外交事务,如与其他国家的关系和条约的签署。

Upon this Charles Bate replied: “The feeling of the Turks towards us is very friendly and our actions there are very successful.” He was basing his answers on the information that had reached him from Sir Charles Harrington, but he did not disclose the nature of this information. On 24th March 1940, two days after the death of Harrington, the Times newspaper wrote an article in which it mentioned the following: “In the wake of the Greeks’ defeat by the Turks in 1921, the allied forces Commander in Chief Sir Harrington was given wide powers to cooperate with Mustafa Kemal.” However, the nature of this cooperation was not mentioned. The paper added: “Harrington’s flirtation with politics concealed his resoluteness and determination to achieve his ambitions, and he was worthy of this.” With these wide powers to cooperate with Mustafa Kemal, the final phase to settle the issue and deal the Khilafah the fatal blow had started. After the holding of the truce in July 1922, the evacuation of the Greeks and after the evacuation of the French and the Italians, the country was rid of all the foreign garrisons, apart from the British garrison. Accordingly Harrington became the sole operator, and the force of Mustafa Kemal with his influence and popularity throughout the whole country had reached their peak. Meanwhile, the Istanbul government was a nominal government that had no say in matters whatsoever, for the full authority was in the hands of the Ankara government, whether pertaining domestic matters such as the execution of laws, controlling the armed forces and supervising all the state’s affairs, or pertaining foreign matters such as relations with other states and signing of treaties.

与此同时,苏丹在自己的宫殿里承受着巨大的痛苦,却找不到一个愿意倾听他的人。英国人常对他表示同情,并怜悯他。事实上,在国库空虚、他财力耗尽之后,英国人时常给他钱。于是他收到他们的钱财,作为一种赏赐,也就是他们施舍的慈善。正是在土耳其这种现状之中,协约国英国、法国和意大利于1922年10月17日向安卡拉政府发出邀请,同时也向伊斯坦布尔的苏丹政府发出邀请,请他们出席洛桑会议,以签署和约。这国内两个政府同时受邀的做法激怒了国民议会,于是废除哈里发的直接企图开始出现,围绕哈里发的斗争也随之展开。

The Sultan meanwhile was in his palace experiencing a great deal of anguish, without finding anyone to listen to him. The British used to display sympathy towards him and pity him. Indeed, they used to give him money from time to time, after the treasury became empty and he had run out of funds. So he used to receive money from them as a gift, i.e. as a charity from them. It was amidst this status quo in Turkey, that the allied states Britain, France and Italy sent an invitation to the Ankara government and another invitation to the Sultan’s government in Istanbul to attend the Lausanne conference in order to sign the peace treaty. This was on 17th October 1922. This invitation of the two governments in the country was met with anger by the National Assembly, thus the direct attempt at abolishing the Khilafah had started and the struggle over it had also started.

国民议会，即穆斯塔法·凯末尔的议会，对这些把戏感到不满，也就是对两个土耳其政府受邀出席和会一事感到不满；国民议会希望结束这种局面，摆脱国家的双重统治。国民议会想要清算这笔账，一些议员提议伊斯坦布尔政府辞职，并成立由穆斯塔法·凯末尔终身领导的新政府。

The National Assembly, i.e. the assembly of Mustafa Kemal - was unhappy about these games, that is the invitation of two Turkish governments to attend the peace conference; the National Assembly wanted to put an end to this situation and rid the country from its dual rule. The National Assembly wanted to settle the score, and some of the deputies suggested the resignation of the Istanbul government and the establishment of a new government headed by Mustafa Kemal for life.

当国民议会就此问题进行辩论时，穆斯塔法·凯末尔身在伊兹密尔，但他密切关注着当前辩论的最新消息。

Whilst the National Assembly was debating this issue Mustafa Kemal was in Izmir, but he was closely following the news of the current debates.

议会两次与他联系，希望与他商讨即将召开的和平会议相关事宜，但他回信致歉，称自己因军务缠身，无法前来，仍需留在伊兹密尔。于是劳夫与一批政界人士前往伊兹密尔与他会面，征求他对土耳其新政府应当如何组建的意见，因为在他们看来，同时存在两个政府是难以想象的：一个是以安卡拉为中心、掌握实权的临时政府，另一个是设在首都、由苏丹及其内阁大臣领导、名义上的正式政府。他们向穆斯塔法·凯末尔建议，将两个政府合并为一个统一的政府，哈里发转为君主立宪制下的苏丹，由穆斯塔法·凯末尔出任总理。

The Assembly contacted him twice to discuss with him the issue of the forthcoming peace conference, but he replied with apologies for not being able to attend claiming that his military duties are holding him in Izmir. Upon this Ra’uf and a host of politicians joined him in Izmir to seek his opinion on how the new government in Turkey should be, for it was inconceivable to have two governments, one being an interim government in authority with Ankara as its centre and the other an official nominal government in the capital, headed by the Sultan and his ministerial cabinet. They suggested to Mustafa Kemal the merger of the two governments into one single government, with the Khalifah becoming a constitutional Sultan and Mustafa Kemal becoming the Prime Minister.

然而,他并没有回应这一提议,人们开始怀疑他的意图。劳夫继续用一系列问题追问他,最终穆斯塔法·凯末尔answered 答应在安卡拉与他会面。 Wait, I must correct: the translation should be clean Chinese without stray English. 然而,他没有回应这一提议,人们开始怀疑他的意图。劳夫继续以一系列问题逼问他,最终穆斯塔法·凯末尔允诺在安卡拉与他会面。

He, however, did not reply to this proposal and they began to suspect his intentions. Ra’uf continued to press him with a series of questions and finally Mustafa Kemal promised to meet him in Ankara.

因此，国民议会召开会议，议员们就此问题展开辩论。穆斯塔法·凯末尔的支持者说：伊斯坦布尔政府为挽救土耳其做了什么？土耳其只有一个政府，那就是安卡拉政府。多数议员提议，伊斯坦布尔政府应当辞职，由穆斯塔法·凯末尔组建新政府，而哈利法应当成为立宪苏丹。在这样激烈的辩论和笼罩议会的沉重气氛中，穆斯塔法·凯末尔走上讲台，请求议员们注意听他讲话。随后他提出苏丹国与哈里发制度分离，从而废除苏丹国，并罢免瓦希德丁。此时，哈里发制度所面临的危险变得异常明显，骚动急剧加剧。于是，穆斯塔法·凯末尔在八名亲信的支持下，要求立即进行投票表决；但议会将此事交由外交委员会研究。

Consequently, the National Assembly convened and the deputies debated the issue. Mustafa Kemal’s supporters said: “What did the capital’s government do to salvage Turkey? Turkey has one single government, that is the government of Ankara, and the majority of the deputies suggest that the Istanbul government should resign and that Mustafa Kemal should form the new government, and that the Khaleefah should become a constitutional Sultan.” Amidst such heated debate and the gloomy atmosphere which engulfed the Assembly, Mustafa Kemal took to the podium and requested the deputies to pay attention to him. He then suggested the separation between the Sultanate and the Khilafah, thereby abolishing the Sultanate and removing Wahid-ud-Deen. At this point the danger facing the Khilafah became frightfully apparent and the uproar increased dramatically. Hence, Mustafa Kemal backed by eight of his personal followers demanded the holding of an immediate ballot; but the Assembly referred the matter to the foreign affairs committee in order to study it.

第二天，委员会召开会议。委员会由一群律师和学者组成，他们花了数小时研究将苏丹制与哈里发制分离的问题。委员会成员援引了《古兰经》和圣训的经文，以及巴格达和开罗哈里发历史上的数百个实例。由此可见，委员会整体上反对这一提议，并一致否决了它。

On the following day, the committee gathered, being formed of a group of lawyers and scholars. It spent long hours studying the issue of separating the Sultanate from the Khilafah and its members referred to texts from the Qur’an and the Sunnah, in addition to hundreds of examples from the history of the Khulafa’, both in Baghdad and in Cairo. It followed that the committee as a whole was averse to the proposal and it unanimously rejected it.

穆斯塔法·凯末尔当时也在场。当他听到众人的普遍意见，并意识到委员会的决定是一致拒绝这项提议时，他愤怒地跳上一把椅子，打断了与会者的辩论，大声喊道："先生们！奥斯曼苏丹以武力从人民手中篡夺了权力，人民也必须以武力从他手中夺回权力。苏丹制必须与哈里发制分离并予以废除。无论你们同意与否，这都将发生。唯一的问题是，在这一过程中你们中的一些人可能会人头落地。"委员们听到这话后惊慌失措，双膝发抖。他们所能做的，只是将该提议交由国民议会处理。

Mustafa Kemal was present at the time; so when heard of their general consensus and realised that the committee’s decision was a unanimous rejection of the proposal, he angrily leapt up onto a chair, interrupting the debate of the attendees and shouted: “Sirs! The Ottoman Sultan has usurped the authority from the people by force, and it is by force that the people are determined to regain it from him. The Sultanate must be separated from the Khilafah and abolished. This will happen whether you agree to it or not. All there is to it is that some of your heads will roll in the process.” Upon hearing this the committee members became panic stricken and their knees trembled. All they could do was to refer the proposal to the National Assembly.

随后国民议会召开会议讨论该提案。压倒性多数议员明确表示反对该提案，并对其表示不满，甚至对穆斯塔法·凯末尔本人也心怀怨愤。穆斯塔法·凯末尔察觉到了这一点。当组织公开投票的程序即将开始时，他意识到该提案必然遭到否决，因为压倒性多数都反对它。于是，他把自己的私人支持者聚拢在身边以保护自己，并要求对该提案只进行一次表决。然而一些议员拒绝了，并提议逐一点名进行投票。但穆斯塔法·凯末尔拒绝了这一提议。他的支持者明显都带着武器，他们把手放在手枪上，同时他大声威胁道：我确信议会会以普遍共识接受该提案，只需举手表决即可。于是提案被付诸表决，只有少数人举起了手；然而议长却宣布表决结果如下：议会已以普遍共识通过了该提案。对此，一些议员跳上座位抗议，大喊：这不是真的，我们没有同意这一点。穆斯塔法·凯末尔的支持者随即回应道：坐下！闭嘴。随后混乱爆发，骚乱加剧，会议在一片嘈杂声中草草结束。

The National Assembly then convened to debate the proposal. The overwhelming majority declared their rejection of the proposal and expressed their resentment towards it and even towards Mustafa Kemal himself. Mustafa Kemal sensed this and when the procedures to organise an open ballot on the proposal were about to start, he realised that it was inevitably going to be rejected and that the overwhelming majority was against it. Hence, he gathered his private supporters around him to protect him and demanded that a vote on the proposal should be taken only once, but some deputies refused and suggested taking the vote by calling each one by name. However, Mustafa Kemal refused this. His supporters were clearly armed and he shouted threats while they rested their hands on their pistols: “I am sure that the Assembly would accept the proposal with a general consensus and it will be sufficient to take a vote just by raising hands. Upon this the proposal was put forward to be voted on and few hands were raised; however, the speaker announced the result of the ballot as follows: “The Assembly has endorsed the proposal by a general consensus.” Upon this a number of deputies jumped on to their seats protesting and shouting: “This is not true, we did not agree to this.” So the supporters of Mustafa Kemal shouted back: “Sit down! Shut up.” Then chaos broke out and the uproar intensified, and the session was noisily wound up.

1922年11月初，穆斯塔法·凯末尔在支持者的簇拥下离开了国民大会大楼。这是在赴洛桑会议的邀请函抵达后的第14天。

In the beginning of November 1922, Mustafa Kemal left the building of the National Assembly surrounded by his supporters. This was 14 days after the invitation to attend the Lausanne conference had arrived.

五天后,里法特·帕夏在伊斯坦布尔发动了突然的军事政变,借助军队和军事力量夺取了首都的政权。这一切就发生在哈林顿将军的眼皮底下。于是,他用武力废除了苏丹的政府。苏丹几天来假装对此一无所知;随后,他派人带着苏丹王宫乐队的指挥给哈林顿送去一条口信。口信是口头的,由一名男子转达给哈林顿,内容是:苏丹正在寻求英国指挥官和英国政府的保护,因为陛下确信他的生命处于危险之中。两天后,即1922年11月17日,一辆英国救护车开到了苏丹的王宫,瓦希德-乌德-丁登上车,随后是他的儿子、一名提着小手提箱的宦官,以及一名搬运他行李的脚夫。

Five days after taking this decision, Rif ’at Pasha staged a sudden military coup in Istanbul through which he seized the reins of power in the capital with the help of the army and the military power. This occurred right under the nose of General Harrington. Hence, he abolished the government of the Sultan by force. The Sultan pretended to know nothing about this situation for a few days; then he sent to Harrington a message with the maestro of the musical band at the Sultanic Palace. The message was verbal and a man conveyed it to Harrington by saying: “The Sultan is seeking the protection of the British Commander and the British government, for his majesty is certain that his life is in danger.” Two days later on 17th November 1922, a British ambulance came to the Sultan’s palace and Wahid-ud-Deen climbed on board followed by his son, a eunuch carrying a small suitcase and a porter carrying his baggage.

那辆汽车把他送到一个地方，他在那里登上了一艘蒸汽船，蒸汽船又把他送到停泊在港口的一艘英国军舰上。这艘军舰将他带到了马耳他。

The car took him to where he boarded a steam boat, which in turn took him to a British warship that was waiting in the port. The warship took him to Malta.

继瓦希德丁离去之后,经就此事征得大国民议会同意,其堂兄阿米尔·阿卜杜勒-马吉德·伊本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹被任命为穆斯林的哈里发。因此,许多哈里发制度的支持者纷纷前来向他宣誓效忠。劳夫贝伊、阿德南博士贝伊,以及阿里·富阿德和卡西姆·卡拉·巴基尔也前去拜访他,并公开表示效忠,以让世界知道他们仍然忠于哈里发,哈里发制度依然存在。穆斯塔法·凯末尔对苏丹制与哈里发制的分离感到满意,他掌握了权力,使哈里发被剥夺了一切权威。随后,他便开始为和会做准备。

In the wake of Wahid-ud-Deen’s departure, his cousin the Amir Abdul- Majid ibn Abdul-Aziz was appointed as Khaleefah of the Muslims after the consent of the Greater National Assembly on this matter had been sought. Hence, many men from among the supporters of the Khilafah rushed to him to pledge their support for him. He was also visited by Rauf Beik and Doctor Adnan Beik, as well as Ali Fuad and Kathim Qara Bakir and they openly declared their allegiance to him in order to let the world know that they were still loyal to the Khaleefah and that the Khilafah still existed. Mustafa Kemal was contented with the separation of the Sultanate from the Khilafah and he took over the reins of power, leaving the Khaleefah stripped of all authority. He then started to prepare for the peace conference.

1922年11月20日，洛桑会议正式开幕。奥斯曼国家一方仅由安卡拉政府的代表团出席，作为在世界大战中战败的奥斯曼国家的代表。英国外交大臣寇松作为英国代表团团长也出席了会议，因为劳合·乔治政府已于1922年10月19日辞职。会议开始进行，会议期间，英国代表团团长寇松提出了承认土耳其独立的四项先决条件。这四项条件是：彻底废除哈里发制度，将哈里发驱逐出境，没收其财产，以及宣布国家实行世俗化。会议的成功取决于这四项条件能否得到满足。

On 20th November 1922, the Lausanne conference was inaugurated. It was attended on behalf of the Ottoman State by a delegation of the Ankara government only, who acted as the representative of the Ottoman State that was defeated in the World War. It was also attended by Curzon the British Foreign Secretary, as head of the British delegation, for the government of Lloyd George had resigned on 19th October 1922. The conference started its sessions and during it, the head of the British delegation Curzon, stipulated four conditions prior to recognising the independence of Turkey. These conditions were: the total abolishment of the Khilafah, the expulsion of the Khalifah beyond the borders, the confiscation of his assets and declaration of the state’s secularisation. The success of the conference rested on the fulfilment of these four conditions.

然而，该委员会于1923年2月4日解散，未取得任何成果，被宣布为失败。

However, it was wound up on 4th February 1923 without yielding any result and it was declared a failure.

伊斯麦特返回土耳其，穆斯塔法·凯末尔匆忙赶到埃斯基谢希尔与他会面，从他那里了解了会议上提出的所有事宜；随后他与伊斯麦特一同返回安卡拉。

Ismat returned to Turkey and Mustafa Kemal rushed to meet him in Eskisehir where he learnt from him all the matters which had been raised at the conference; then he returned with him to Ankara.

抵达安卡拉车站时,两人对总理劳夫以及该市议员未到站迎接感到意外。穆斯塔法·凯末尔对此非常愤怒,召见劳夫并要求他解释其行为。劳夫回应说,他对未经政府协商便派遣伊斯麦特出席会议表示抗议,也对穆斯塔法·凯末尔同样未经政府协商便急于在埃斯基谢希尔与伊斯麦特会面表示抗议,并强调这是一种违宪行为;随后,他提交了辞去总理职务的辞呈,以此作为其抗议的结果。

On their arrival at Ankara station, the pair were surprised by the failure of Ra’uf, the Prime Minister, and the city’s deputies to turn up to greet them. Mustafa Kemal was incensed by this and summoned Ra’uf and demanded him to explain his behaviour. Ra’uf replied by expressing his protest against the sending of Ismet to the conference without consulting the government and against Mustafa Kemal’s rushing to meet Ismet in Eskisehir also without consulting the government, stressing that this was an unconstitutional act; he then followed his protest by handing in his resignation from the Premiership.

因此,国民议会召开会议讨论和会事宜。议会站在劳夫一边,聚集起来给予他支持,其大多数成员都反对穆斯塔法·凯末尔。

Consequently, the National Assembly convened to debate the peace conference. The Assembly sided with Ra’uf and gathered to lend him support and the majority of its members were against Mustafa Kemal.