在伦敦会议失败以及穆斯塔法·凯末尔与法国、意大利和俄国签署条约之后，与战争有关的问题中，唯一尚未解决的是希腊危机。因此，穆斯塔法·凯末尔要么获得了充分的自由行动空间，要么受到鼓舞，决定通过战争解决与希腊之间尚未解决的问题。

In the wake of the London conference failure, and the signing of the treaties between Mustafa Kemal and France, Italy and Russia, the only war related issue to remain unsettled was the Greek crisis. Hence, Mustafa Kemal was either given a free rein or inspired to settle the outstanding problems with Greece through war.

因此，穆斯塔法·凯末尔着手大量收集武器、装备和弹药，装备军队并扩充其兵力。武器和弹药源源不断地流向他，其势态清楚地表明他正在备战，这些物资从俄罗斯经由英军在博斯普鲁斯海峡和黑海沿岸的防线送达。法国撤离了西里西亚，并将其部队从那里撤出，于是土耳其军队驻扎于此，约八万名士兵向西线进发，以加强和巩固该防线。

Therefore, Mustafa Kemal set about amassing weapons, equipment and ammunition, equipping the army and increasing his force. Weapons and ammunition started to flow towards him abundantly in a manner that indicated clearly that he was preparing for war, reaching him from Russia via the British lines in the Bosphorus and the Black Sea shores. France evacuated Cilicia and withdrew her troops from there, thus the Turkish forces stationed themselves there and an estimated 80,000 soldiers moved towards the Western front in order to reinforce and consolidate it.

因此,希腊人开始担忧,并意识到这一军备扩充是针对他们的。希腊政府察觉到欧洲各国都与他们为敌,英国已经背弃了他们,并开始怀疑英国在煽动土耳其与他们对抗。

Consequently, the Greeks became worried and realised that this military build-up was against them. The Greek government sensed that the European states were against them, that Britain had turned her back on them and began to suspect that she was inciting Turkey against them.

因此,希腊决定在未征得同盟国许可的情况下对土耳其发动进攻,因为它确信同盟国反对它这样做。同盟国察觉到希腊即将对土耳其发动进攻,便向希腊和土耳其提出一项建议,旨在促使双方和解。然而,希腊似乎察觉到这项建议是一种拖延策略,目的是让土耳其有机会进一步准备和装备其军队。于是,希腊在回应同盟国的建议之前,便先对土耳其发动了战斗。希腊与土耳其之间爆发了战争,这场战争持续了大约一年半。

Therefore, Greece decided to initiate an attack against the Turks without seeking the permission of the Allies, for she became certain that they were against her. When the Allies sensed that Greece was on the verge of launching an attack on the Turks, they put forward a proposal to the Greeks and the Turks with the aim of reconciling them. However, it seemed that the Greeks sensed that this proposal was a delaying tactic aimed at giving the Turks a chance to prepare and equip their forces further. Hence, they initiated the fighting against the Turks before responding to the Allies’ proposal. Fighting broke out between the Greeks and the Turks, and this lasted for approximately a year and a half.

一旦敌对行动爆发,盟国便正式宣布保持中立。然而,这种中立看起来十分怪异,因为奥斯曼帝国当时仍处于英国的实际占领之下,在国际上被视为由盟国占领。因此,土耳其境内发生的任何战事,无疑都会影响占领者的处境。

As soon as the hostilities had broken out, the Allies declared officially their neutrality. However, this neutrality seemed bizarre, for the Ottoman State was still under effective British occupation and was considered internationally to be occupied by the Allies. Hence, any fighting taking place in Turkey would undoubtedly affect the position of the occupiers.

那么，他们怎么可能保持中立呢？自然的做法本应是支持希腊，或者站在希腊的对立面以阻止战争发生。然而，在这样关键的局势下保持中立，是不合常理的。

So how could it be possible for them to remain neutral? The natural course of action would have been for them to support Greece, or to stand against her in order to prevent the fighting from taking place. But to take a neutral stand was unnatural, especially in this critical situation.

然而，中立确实有效地发生了，希腊在被英国盟友辜负之后，困惑不解。她本应顺理成章地投降并接受谈判，但她并没有这样做。

Nevertheless the neutrality did effectively occur and Greece was left wondering in confusion after being let down by her British ally. Naturally she should have surrendered and accepted negotiations, but she did not.

她坚持要继续作战。结果，英国政府正式提出充当希腊与土耳其之间的调停人，但希腊断然拒绝了这一提议。看来她对这一调停心存戒备，或许是因为她已察觉英国对穆斯塔法·凯末尔的支持。

She rather insisted to continue the fight. As a result, the British government offered officially to act as a mediator between Greece and Turkey, but Greece rejected this categorically. It seemed that she was wary of this mediation, for she might have sensed Britain’s support of Mustafa Kemal.

因此,她拒绝了英国的调停,并继续作战。

Thus, she rejected Britain’s mediation and continued to fight.

1922年9月7日凌晨2点，传来消息称希腊军队已中止进攻并开始撤退。于是土耳其军队转身反击正在撤退的希腊人；希腊人退过萨卡里亚河，随后退回到安纳托利亚铁路线附近的原先阵地。沿途，他们焚烧村庄，用炸药摧毁水井，驱赶牲畜，并杀害遇到的任何人。他们留下了绵延数百英里的废墟，最终撤离了伊兹密尔。9月9日，土耳其人在没有开一枪的情况下收复了伊兹密尔。然而，他们随后焚毁了半座城市，以抹去希腊占领的最后痕迹。英国、法国和意大利呼吁停战，停战于1922年9月11日生效，希腊人交出了直到马里察（Marij）的色雷斯地区。

On 7th September 1922 at 2.00 am, news came that the Greek army had aborted its offensive and had started to withdraw. At this, the Turkish army turned on the Greeks and launched a counter attack while they were retreating; the Greeks retreated beyond Sakarya then back to their initial position near the Anatolian railway line. Along the way, they burnt the villages and wrecked wells with dynamite, carrying along cattle and killing anyone they encountered. They left behind hundreds of miles of destruction and finally evacuated Izmir. On 9th September, the Turks recaptured Izmir without even firing one single shot. However, they in turn burnt half the city in order to erase the last trace of the Greek occupation. Britain, France and Italy called for a truce, which was held on 11th September 1922 and the Greeks relinquished Trakya up to Marij.

因此，希腊与土耳其之间的战争就此结束。

Thus, the war between Greece and Turkey came to an end.

这是对穆斯塔法·凯末尔与希腊人之间战争事件的概述，记载的是这些事件的真实经过，而非当时西方宣传所描绘的样子。这些事件表明，希腊人的撤退以及他们放弃所占领土地的行动，并不是双方一场决定性战役的结果，而希腊人在那场战役中是失败的一方。恰恰相反，当希腊人开始撤退和撤离时，他们占据上风，土耳其武装力量处于失败的一方，士气非常低落，绝望之情已开始使他们变得虚弱无力。

This was the summary of the war events which took place between Mustafa Kemal and the Greeks as they really occurred, not as the Western propaganda wanted to portray them at the time. These events indicate that the withdrawal of the Greeks and their retraction from the lands they had occupied was not as a consequence of a decisive battle that took place between them and Mustafa Kemal and which they lost. Contrary to this, at the time when the Greeks started to retreat and evacuate, they had the upper hand and the Turkish armed forces were the vanquished, and their morale was very low and despair had started to enfeeble them.

显然，希腊人以这种方式撤退，表明有国际压力施加于希腊人，迫使他们撤退。毫无疑问，压力来自协约国，因为在希腊人已经撤退之后，正是英国、法国和意大利提出了停战。因此，停战实际上是得以维持的。

It is clear that the Greeks’ withdrawal in this manner indicates that an international pressure was applied upon the Greeks, which forced them to withdraw. There is no doubt in the fact that the pressure came from the Allies, because it was Britain, France, and Italy who called for the truce once the Greeks had already retreated and withdrawn. Thus, the truce was effectively held.

英国利用土耳其人与希腊人之间的这些战役，作为促使穆斯塔法·凯末尔废除哈里发制度的手段。尤其是英国，她助长了这些消息的传播，并将其广泛散布于整个伊斯兰世界；她为穆斯塔法·凯末尔在土耳其境内外大肆造势，使他在各处都被人们视为击退希腊人、与所有盟国交战并将其驱逐的胜利者，甚至被称为“征服者”。正是这一点，使穆斯塔法·凯末尔得以在国内牢牢确立自己的地位，并给穆斯林和伊斯兰统治以致命打击，其结果便是哈里发制度的废除，以及伊斯兰的权威从地球上被抹去。

The British exploited these battles between the Turks and the Greeks as a means to enable Mustafa Kemal to abolish the Khilafah. Britain in particular, gave wing to the news and spread it widely throughout the Islamic world; she generated a huge publicity for Mustafa Kemal inside and outside Turkey until he became known everywhere as the victor who repelled the Greeks and fought all the allies and expelled them. He was even referred to as the Conqueror. This was what enabled Mustafa Kemal to firmly establish himself in the country and to deal the Muslims and the rule of Islam a fatal blow, reflected in the abolishment of the Khilafah and the removal of the authority of Islam from the face of the earth.

关于驱逐希腊人出色雷斯的问题，这是一场明目张胆的闹剧，其表现就是：希腊军队撤出小亚细亚后，穆斯塔法·凯末尔的军队便北上，以从希腊人手中夺回色雷斯。1921年5月15日，法国、意大利和英国宣布中立立场，并划定了一个中立区，该区域环绕博斯普鲁斯海峡和达达尼尔海峡两岸，同时阻止交战双方通过此区域。事实上，希腊人在准备占领伊斯坦布尔时曾试图穿越该区域，但哈林顿阻止了他们。随后，穆斯塔法·凯末尔也试图穿越，哈林顿同样试图阻止他。然而，穆斯塔法·凯末尔无视这一阻止，军队不顾一切地继续向该地区推进。土耳其武装部队沿海岸集结，并在达达尼尔海峡附近停下。于是哈林顿准备与之摊牌。他集结了驻扎在伊斯坦布尔的部队，并派出数个排前去保卫恰纳克卡莱及亚洲一侧的海岸线。

As for the issue of expelling the Greeks from Trakya, this was a flagrant farce manifested by the fact that once the Greek forces evacuated Asia Minor, the forces of Mustafa Kemal moved northwards in order to recapture Trakya from them. When France, Italy and Britain declared their neutral stand on 15th May 1921, they established a neutral zone which was composed of an area spread around the Bosporus and the Dardanelles shores, and they prevented the two warring factions from passing through this zone. In fact the Greeks had attempted to pass through the zone before when they were about to occupy Istanbul, but Harrington prevented them from doing so. Then Mustafa Kemal attempted to pass through it but Harrington also attempted to prevent him. However, Mustafa Kemal ignored this prevention and the army went on penetrating the area regardless. The Turkish armed forces gathered along the coast and stopped near the Dardanelles. Thus Harrington prepared for a showdown. He gathered the troops deployed in Istanbul and sent several platoons to protect Canak Kale and the Asian coastline.

他的盟友法国和意大利对此感到奇怪。随后,他向土耳其发出警告,英国、法国和意大利三国对此表示认可,并着重强调禁止通过中立区。

His allies, the French and the Italians, found this strange. Then he sent a warning to Turkey, which the three states Britain, France and Italy had approved, stressing the prohibition of passing through the neutral zone.

然而,穆斯塔法·凯末尔对此并不在意,这促使英国将其部队置于高度戒备状态,并下令他们做好战斗准备。英国还要求法国和意大利也将其部队置于高度戒备状态,但两国拒绝了。随后,法国驻军撤出了恰纳卡莱中立区以及亚洲海岸线。意大利效仿法国的做法,英国则独自留了下来。

到此时为止,国内各项事务的阶段已经结束,只剩下和平会议的问题仍有待解决。

By now, the phase of the domestic actions had ended and only the settlement of the issue of the peace conference was still pending.

与此同时,政客和军官们察觉到穆斯塔法·凯末尔打算废除哈里发制度。国民议会中形成了压倒性的多数来反对他在这一关键问题上的主张,他们向他明确表示,自己准备在这件事上与他对抗。武装部队的很大一部分人也察觉到了这一点。

Meanwhile, the politicians and officers sensed that Mustafa Kemal intended to abolish the Khilafah. An overwhelming majority was formed in the National Assembly to oppose him in this critical issue, and they made it clear to him that they were ready to stand against him in it. A large section of the armed forces also sensed this.

尽管如此,卡希姆·卡拉·巴基尔帕夏(Kathim Qara Bakir Pasha)是军中对苏丹最为忠诚的支持者。因此,他在一次演讲中警告穆斯塔法·凯末尔,他说:新宪法从合法的角度看不能被视为一部健全的法律,因为国家没有被征询意见,在如此重大的问题上也没有征求她的意见。只有民族才能决定她想要的统治制度类型。随后,他以下面这些威胁性的话语结束了演讲:无论付出多么珍贵的牺牲,我都发誓阻止任何旨在将国家从苏丹制转变为共和国的举措。 由于卡希姆·卡拉·巴基尔在整个军队中是一位受人尊敬的人物,而且群众欣赏他的良好见解和远见,并信任他,他有能力煽动民众和军队反对穆斯塔法·凯末尔。凯末尔意识到了这一点,并立即采取行动安抚他。于是他写信给他说: 国民议会起草的宪法并非最终版本。它只是一系列总体原则,旨在为那些希望以无混乱的民主制度治理国家的人提供方向和指导。这些法律中没有任何内容表明神圣的苏丹制和神圣的哈里发制将被削弱,也没有任何内容表明鼓动采用共和制度。那些以为我们希望摧毁苏丹制、以共和统治取代苏丹统治的人,实际上生活在另一个星球上,那是一个虚构与想象的星球,而非我们所生活的星球。 这封信对卡希姆·卡拉·巴基尔以及其他所有人都产生了作用。于是风暴平息了,穆斯塔法·凯末尔意识到,除非他依靠一支强大的力量,能够压倒这些反对者,否则他将无法建立共和国。因此,他竭尽全力着手组建这样一支力量。 他得到了英国人在土耳其国内以及整个伊斯兰世界大肆宣传的帮助。因此,当他察觉自己已经获得了必要的力量,并且能够依靠军队中一股强大的支持力量时,他便着手实现他长期以来对哈里发制度所怀有的目标——在和平会议召开、商讨国家事务期间,他开始考虑废除哈里发制度。

General Kathim Qara Bakir Pasha was the most ardent supporter of the Sultan among them; thus he warned Mustafa Kemal in a speech in which he said: “The new constitution could not be regarded from a legitimate angle as a sound law since the country has not been consulted and her opinion has not been sought regarding such a critical matter. Only the nation can decide on the type of ruling system she wants.” He then ended his speech with the following threatening words: “I have vowed to prevent any steps undertaken with the aim of transforming the country from a Sultanate to a republic, no matter how dear the sacrifice.” Since Kathim Qara Bakir was a respected personality among the whole army, and since the masses appreciated his sound reasoning and his foresight and trusted him, he was capable of inciting the nation and the army against Mustafa Kemal, who realised this and immediately moved to calm him. Thus he wrote to him saying: “ The constitution drafted by the National Assembly is not final. It is rather a host of general principles which have been drafted to act as leads and guidelines to those who wish to rule the country by a democratic system free of chaos. There is nothing in these laws to suggest that the sacred Sultanate and the sacred Khilafah would be undermined, or to suggest an incitement towards adopting a republican ruling system. Those who imagine that we wish to destroy the Sultanate and substitute the Sultanic rule by the republican rule are in fact living in another planet than the one we live in, that is the planet of fiction and imagination.” This letter had its effect upon Kathim Qara Bakir and upon everyone else. Thus, the storm was calmed and Mustafa Kemal realised that he would not be able to establish a republic unless he relied on a formidable force that would enable him to overwhelm these opponents. So, he set about preparing such a force with all his efforts. He was assisted by the huge publicity which the British had spread about him inside Turkey and throughout the Islamic world. Therefore, when he sensed that he had acquired the necessary force, and when he was able to rely upon a formidable force supporting him within the army, he set about executing the aims he had been harbouring for the Khilafah - he started thinking about abolishing it while the peace conference was being held to look into the country’s matters.