文化与立法入侵的影响
The Impact Of The Cultural And Legislative Invasion
穆斯林的衰落导致了宪法的颁行,以及从西方宪法与法律衍生而来的各项法律。这使哈里发国家最终采用了库夫尔(kufr,即不信)的法律。无论如何,席卷所有伊斯兰土地的文化入侵,以及国家在统治制度与法律方面所遭受的立法入侵,动摇了穆斯林的信仰(Aqeedah),也撼动了许多穆斯林心中的伊斯兰思想。此外,它彻底动摇了伊斯兰国家的实体,甚至使其在实质上被摧毁,只是在形式上仍予以保留。这是因为国家的实体由一整套概念、标准与信念,以及一群因权威而联结在一起的民众所构成。因此,如果这些概念、标准与信念在穆斯林之中被摧毁,国家的实体也就随之被摧毁。它们的本质是权威得以建立的基础,或至少构成其根基;即便其框架依然完好,这些本质一旦被摧毁,国家也就名存实亡。于是,摧毁这一框架、打破这一外形,便变得容易了。倘若没有这场文化与立法上的入侵,库夫尔国家就无法对伊斯兰国家致以如此致命的一击。当库夫尔国家成功地借助民族主义,尤其是土耳其民族主义与阿拉伯民族主义,使穆斯林分裂;当它们又成功地动摇了穆斯林的概念、标准与信念,并以民主规则和西方法律取代伊斯兰教法,使穆斯林在裁决时依据这些规则,哈里发制度也因此建立在这一基础之上时,他们便意识到,国家所剩下的,只有容纳它的框架和它所呈现的形式。于是,他们开始谋划彻底摧毁哈里发制度,使其永远从世上消失。 第一次世界大战刚一爆发,奥斯曼国家便与德国一同参战,于是那些kufr(不信道)国家认为消灭哈里发的时机已经到来。因此,它们开始为此而努力。
The regression of the Muslims resulted in the enactment of the constitution and the laws derived from the Western constitutions and laws. This resulted in the adoption of Kufr laws by the Khaleefah of the Islamic State. Whatever the case may be, the cultural invasion that swept all the Islamic lands and the legislative invasion of the State in the ruling system and the laws unsettled the Aqeedah of the Muslims and rocked the Islamic thoughts in the minds of many Muslims. Furthermore, it shook the entity of the Islamic State entirely, and even demolished her substantially although sparing her in form only. This is so because the entity of the State is a host of concepts, criteria and convictions and a group of people bound together by the authority. Thus, if these concepts, criteria and convictions were demolished among the Muslims, the entity of the State would be demolished as well. Their essence, which is the basis upon which the authority is built - or at least forms its foundations, would be demolished even if its frame remained intact. Consequently, the destruction of this frame and the striking of this form would be made easy. Had it not been for this cultural and legislative invasion, the Kufr states would not have been able to deal the Islamic State that fatal blow. When the Kufr states succeeded in dividing the Muslims through nationalism, especially Turkish and Arab nationalism, in addition to their success in shaking the Muslims concepts, criteria and convictions and in removing the Shariah rules and replacing them with the democratic rules and Western laws to which the Muslims referred in judgement and upon which the Khilafah became based, they realised that there was nothing left of the State save for the frame that contained her and the form in which she appeared. Thus, they started thinking about destroying the Khilafah and removing her from existence for good. No sooner had the First World War broken out and the Ottoman State had taken part in it alongside Germany, than the Kufr states deemed that the opportunity had come to destroy the Khilafah. Consequently, they started working towards this.
颠覆哈里发国家的企图
The Attempt At Dismembering The Khilafah State
欧洲列强无法想象,有一天穆斯林会被非伊斯兰的统治者统治,或者他们会直接统治穆斯林,而在穆斯林眼中,他们是异教徒(Kuffar)。因此,为了削弱哈里发国并将其废除,他们的注意力集中在将伊斯兰国分裂为处于其影响之下的若干伊斯兰政权上。事实上,1915年俄国、英国和法国之间战争期间进行的谈判就提到了这一点。英法在回复俄国自身就此问题提交的备忘录时,所提交的备忘录中包含一项条款,内容为:在独立伊斯兰国统治下的伊斯兰土地和阿拉伯土地上,保障圣地的安全。而在俄国回复英法提案的备忘录中,有一项条款称:关于你们拟在奥斯曼国废墟之上建立、并使其脱离哈里发的伊斯兰国家之间未来关系的重大决定,属于沙皇陛下政府的事务。该备忘录还补充道:沙皇陛下政府衷心希望将哈里发从土耳其人手中夺走,但同时也衷心希望保障朝觐的自由,且不干涉任何可能冒犯穆斯林的微小事务。在一封列明意大利要求、发给俄国外交大臣的电报中,俄国驻伦敦大使写道:意大利政府赞同俄国政府的观点,即应将在奥斯曼苏丹国残骸之上建立的希贾兹伊斯兰政府与哈里发分离,并将其置于英国的绝对控制之下。意大利政府以其全部力量支持将哈里发从土耳其人手中夺走,必要时将其彻底废除。 所有这些表明,协约国的主要目的是削弱并废除哈里发制度。然而,穆斯林中没有任何人希望或接受废除哈里发。即便是与英国人勾结的阿拉伯穆斯林叛徒,也曾呼吁哈里发应由阿拉伯人担任。至于土耳其人,他们都虔诚地坚守哈里发制度;他们对哈里发的热爱与忠诚深植于灵魂之中。即便是青年土耳其党委员会,也坚持哈里发制度,并主张保持伊斯兰国家的各个部分原样不变。从未听说有谁希望或接受废除哈里发,更不用说有人为废除它而努力。因此,即便所有伊斯兰土地都被占领,废除哈里发也是难以实现的目标。于是,协约国隐藏了自己的意图,这成为无人知晓的秘密。相反,他们转而从内部打击奥斯曼国家,采取了一系列举措,迫使其退出战争并与之单独媾和。他们专注于这一想法,并开始为之努力。
The European states could not imagine that one day the Muslims could be ruled by other than Islam, or that they could rule the Muslims directly, being seen as Kuffar in the eyes of the Muslims. Therefore, in order to weaken the Khilafah and remove her, their attention was focused on dismembering the Islamic State into Islamic governments who would be under their influence. Indeed, the negotiations which took place in 1915, during the war between Russia, Britain and France, made mention of this. In a memorandum presented to Russia as a reply to her own memorandum pertaining to this issue, France and Britain included one clause which stated : Safeguarding the sacred places in the Islamic lands and the Arab lands under the rule of an independent Islamic state. And in the Russian memorandum, sent in reply to the Anglo-French proposals, there was a clause stating : The undertaking of a crucial decision pertaining to the future relations between the Islamic states which you aim at establishing over the ruins of the Ottoman State and at separating them from the Khilafah, is a matter that concerns the government of his majesty the Czar. It also added : The government of his majesty the Czar would wish wholeheartedly to remove the Khilafah from the Turks, but at the same time they wish wholeheartedly to secure the freedom of Hajj and not to interfere in any little thing that may offend the Muslims. In a telegram listing the Italian demands and sent to the Russian foreign minister, the Russian ambassador to London wrote : The Italian government supports the opinion of the Russian government about the need to separate the Islamic government to be established in Hijaz, over the debris of the Ottoman Sultanate, from the Khilafah and to place it under the absolute control of Britain. The Italian government support with all its force the removal of the Khilafah from the Turks and its total abolition if necessary. All this indicates that the main aim of the Allies was to weaken and remove the Khilafah. However, there existed no one from among the Muslims who would have wanted or accepted the removal of the Khilafah. Even the traitors from amongst the Arab Muslims who were collaborating with the British, used to call for the Khilafah to be with the Arabs. As for the Turks, they were all assiduously committed to the Khilafah; their love and their devotion to it was deeply rooted in their souls. Even the Committee of Young Turks was committed to the Khilafah and committed to maintaining all the parts of the Islamic State as they were. It was never heard of anyone who wanted or accepted the removal of the Khilafah, let alone who would be working towards its removal. Hence, its removal was a tall order even if all the Islamic lands were occupied. Therefore, the Allies concealed their intentions and these were a guarded secret that no one knew of. Instead, they worked towards dealing the Ottoman State a blow from within by undertaking a host of initiatives to make her withdraw from the war and hold a separate peace with her. They concentrated on this idea and started working towards it.