6.12 女权主义与希贾布(或:不加批判地接受现代主义话语的危险)
6.12 Feminism And Hijab (or The Dangers Of Uncritically Adopting Modernist Discourse)
我们的穿着方式(或暴露方式)会对他人产生负面影响。伊斯兰伦理和世俗法律都承认这一点。例如,从伊斯兰的角度看,我们知道目光会影响心灵和思想。如果社会充斥着裸露身体的图像,街头男女炫耀身体,这就会导致腐败和普遍的败坏(fasad)。但即便是世俗文化也认识到这种裸露带来的负面后果。这一点可以从学校和其他机构维持严格的着装规范中得到证明。此外,所有国家都有禁止猥亵暴露的法律。还有大量科学研究阐述了色情内容对心理和神经的危害。
The way we dress (or undress) can negatively impact others. Both Islamic ethics and secular law acknowledge this. Islamically, for example, we know that the gaze affects the heart and mind. If society is saturated with images of people in a state of undress and the streets are full of men and women flaunting their bodies, this leads to corruption and widespread fasad. But even secular culture recognizes the negative consequences of such nudity. This is proven by the fact that schools and other institutions maintain strict dress codes. Also, all countries have indecent exposure laws. And there have even been numerous scientific studies expounded on the psychological and neurological harms of pornography.
这样做的目的是要说明:是的,衣着很重要,女权主义者宣称“女人想怎么穿或脱都可以,任何人都无权干涉”,这种说法是错误的,对社会有极大的破坏性。是的,人确实有权告诉女性应当如何穿着。事实上,西方政府在界定何为“有伤风化的暴露”时,正是在行使这一权力,对女性和男性的穿着加以规定。既然西方政府行使这一权力,为什么伊斯兰教法就不能?两者的基本原则是相同的,只是西方社会认为“不端庄”的标准,与伊斯兰教法所认定的标准并不完全一致。西方社会对“不端庄”的看法在很大程度上受到不断变化的文化影响。相比之下,伊斯兰的标准基于人类的造物主那永恒的智慧,祂了解我们的天性,也知道什么真正有益,什么真正有害。
The point of all this is to show that: Yes, your clothes matter and it is wrong and deeply destructive for feminists to claim that “women can dress or undress however they want and no one has the right to tell them otherwise.” Yes, people do have that right to tell women how to dress. In fact Western governments exercise that right to tell women (and men) how to dress when it comes to what they define as “indecent exposure.” So, if Western governments exercise that right, why can’t Islamic law? It’s the same underlying principle, except that what Western society considers “indecent” is not exactly what Islamic law considers as such. What Western society considers indecent is highly influenced by changing culture. In contrast, Islamic standards are based on the timeless wisdom of the Creator of human beings, who knows our nature and knows what is truly beneficial or harmful.
关于妇女衣着问题,请看《古兰经》的经文:
Consider the Quranic on the issue of women’s dress:
“先知啊!你对你的妻子、女儿和信道的妇女说:她们外出时应当把外衣裹在身上,这样最便于使她们被识别,而不致受到骚扰。真主是至恕的,是至慈的。”
“O Prophet! Tell thy wives and daughters, and the believing women, that they should cast their outer garments over their persons (when abroad): that is most convenient, that they should be known (as such) and not molested. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.”
《艾哈ザーブ》 [Q33:59]
Al-Ahzab [Q33:59]
一个覆盖身体的主要目的,在这节经文中说得非常清楚:避免骚扰和侵扰。在这里,我们看到了希贾布的智慧,它在客观上有益,合乎理性,并最有助于个人和社会层面的公正。与现代主义穆斯林的某些看法相反,希贾布并非只有象征意义的空洞仪式。世俗思想要么把希贾布描绘成没有任何道德意义的文化化石,至多如此;要么把它说成男性压迫的无用工具,仅此而已。把希贾布与比基尼等同起来,声称两者同样体现女性的自由,因为两者都代表女性的选择,因而都是její赋权的表现,这是世俗的心态。不,希贾布在实践上、理性上和道德上都更为优越。应当为此感到自豪,而不是重复那些陈腐的“选择的力量”之类的套话。 你是否相信安拉为某种目的、某种智慧、为人类的益处而颁布了希贾布?如果相信,那么你就应当拒绝现代主义的主张,即人们暴露身体是一件好事;你应当拒绝每个人都有权按自己的喜好暴露自己的观点。你应当相信希贾布有实际的益处,正如我们很容易承认戒酒、戒赌、戒食猪肉等命令有实际益处一样。显然,如果你生活在非穆斯林社会,几乎不可能“强加”这些信念于他人。但这并不意味着你不能相信这些训令是对全人类最正确、最公正、最有益的,并相信我们周围的生活方式是有害的,是腐败与苦难的根源。珍视并培育这一信念是重要的,尤其是当我们希望子孙后代将来能够遵守正当的希贾布时。 如果我们不相信hijab具有这种实际益处,那么下一代中很可能有许多人不会觉得有必要采纳它,因为在他们看来,这不过是空洞的象征性举动,或是前一个蒙昧时代遗留下来的文化遗物。事实上,今天我们不仅在青年人中看到这一现象,前几代人中也是如此。看看我们的现状:今天的穆斯林妇女正大规模地弃戴hijab。这是为什么?这并不是说穆斯林妇女有过错,也不是要指责任何不戴hijab的人。不,我们每个人都负有责任,我们每个人都在挣扎。但让我们以清醒的头脑来面对这场挣扎。
One of the central purposes of covering is spelled out very clearly in this verse: To avoid molestation and harassment. Here we see the wisdom of hijab, how it is objectively beneficial, how it is rational and most conducive to justice on the personal and societal level. Contrary to what modernist Muslims seem to believe, hijab is not an empty ritual with only symbolic significance. It is secular thought that wants to portray the hijab as a mere cultural fossil with no moral relevance at best, and as an impractical tool of oppression by men and nothing else at worst. It is a secular mindset to equate the hijab and the bikini and say that they are both equally expressions of women’s freedom because they both represent a woman’s choice and therefore her empowerment. No, hijab is practically, rationally, and morally superior. Be proud of that instead of repeating stale cliches about “the power of choice.” Do you not believe that Allah has commanded the hijab for a purpose, a wisdom, and the benefit of humanity? If so, then you should reject the modernist claim that it is a good thing for people to expose their bodies. You should reject the idea that everyone has a right to expose themselves to their own liking. You should believe that there is a practical benefit for hijab in the same way that there is a practical benefit that we readily recognize in avoiding alcohol, gambling, pork, etc. Obviously, if you live in a non-Muslim society, there’s hardly ever a possibility of “imposing” these beliefs on others. But that doesn’t mean you cannot believe that these injunctions are the most correct, just, and beneficial for all of humanity and that the way things are done all around us is detrimental and the cause of corruption and suffering. Cherishing and nurturing this belief is important if, among other things, we want our children to observe proper hijab in the future. If we don’t believe that hijab has this practical benefit, there is little chance many in the next generation will feel the need to adopt what they will see as empty symbolic gestures or cultural relics of a prior, unenlightened generation. Indeed, this is what we see today, not only among the youth but also the previous few generations. If you look at our condition, Muslim women today are leaving the hijab en masse. Why is that? And this is not just to say that it is Muslim women who are at fault or to blame anyone who does not wear hijab. No, we are all responsible and we are all struggling. But let’s struggle with clear-mindedness.