الملاحظات
Notes
1 رواه أبو داود. لقد أحلتُ الأحاديث النبوية إلى مصنفيها. فمثلًا، قولنا "رواه البخاري" يعني أنه في كتاب الحديث الذي جمعه البخاري. يمكنك البحث عن الأحاديث المختلفة باستخدام قواعد البيانات الإلكترونية الإنجليزية والعربية. يرجى ملاحظة أن الترجمات قد تختلف.
1 Narrated by Abu Dawud. I have referenced the Prophetic traditions by their compilers. For example, “Narrated by Bukhari” means that it is in the hadith book compiled by Bukhari. You can search for the various hadiths using online English and Arabic databases. Please note translations may vary.
2 الغزالی۔ (2015)۔ ذکرِ موت و آخرت۔ 2
2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. 2
الطبعة الثانية.
nd Edition.
ترجمة مع مقدمة وحواشٍ لـ تي جي وينتر. كامبريدج: جمعية النصوص الإسلامية، ص 8.
Translated with an Introduction and Notes by T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.
يمكنك مشاهدة بعض هذه المناظرات على الموقع www.hamzatzortzis.com [تاريخ الوصول: 3 أكتوبر 2016].
3 You can watch some of these debates at www.hamzatzortzis.com [Accessed 3rd October 2016].
الأحاديث النبوية هي الأقوال والأفعال والتقريرات الصحيحة الثابتة عن النبي محمد ﷺ.
4 Prophetic traditions are authentic and verified words, statements, actions and consent of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم.
5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. Note: the reference contains no Prophet mention, so no ﷺ is added. Names and the book title are kept in Latin script as they appear in a bibliographic reference, per the rule for references in square brackets; here they are not bracketed, so following the rule strictly, I transliterate them. 5 بولیوانت، إس. (2015). تعريف «الإلحاد». في: كتاب أكسفورد المرجعي عن الإلحاد.
5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.
أكسفورد: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، ص ١١-٢١.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-21.
6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so following the rules, the Latin-script references in square brackets stay as they are, but this entry has no square brackets. Per the instruction that names and books should be in Arabic script, I have transliterated the author and title. ٦ شفايزر، ب. (٢٠١٠). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. نيويورك: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، ص ٢٨.
6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28.
7 ibid، ص 216۔
7Ibid, p. 216.
المرجع نفسه، ص ٢١٧-٢١٨.
8Ibid, pp. 217-218.
المرجع نفسه، ص ٢١٧-٢١٨.
9Ibid, pp. 217-218.
[Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, p. 14.] Note: the reference is kept in Latin script as required for references in square brackets. Transliteration of the title and publisher in Arabic script would be: The God Delusion → وهم الإله؛ London → لندن؛ Bantam Press → بانتام برس. Arabic translation: [دوكنز، ر. (2006). وهم الإله. لندن: بانتام برس، ص 14.]
10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, p. 14.
رواه مسلم.
11 Narrated by Muslim.
12 القرآن، سورة الطور، الآية 36. وقد استعملتُ في هذا الكتاب ترجمات متنوعة للقرآن الكريم، وأكثر الترجمات التي استعملتها هي ترجمة البروفيسور عبد الحليم [انظر: Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] وترجمة Sahih International [متاحة على: www.quran.com]. 13 "ومَن يرغبُ عن ملةِ إبراهيمَ إلا مَن سَفِهَ نفسَه؟" القرآن، سورة البقرة، الآية 130.
12 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 36. Throughout this book I have used various Qur’anic translations. The translations I have used most frequently are the translation by Professor Abdel Haleem [See Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] and the translation by Sahih International [available at: www.quran.com]. 13 “Who but a fool would forsake the religion of Abraham?” The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 130.
Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].
14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].
15 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 الغزالی۔ (2007)۔ کیمیائے سعادت: The Alchemy of Happiness۔ ترجمہ: Claude Field۔ کوالالمپور: Islamic Book Trust، ص 22۔ مترجم طبیعیات دانوں کا ذکر کرتا ہے؛ تاہم اصل سیاق میں اس سے مراد وہ لوگ ہیں جو اللہ کی تقدیر و عنایت کا انکار کرتے ہیں۔ 17 قرآن مجید، سورۃ یونس، آیت 99۔
16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. The translator refers to physicists; however, in the original context it refers to those who reject God’s providence. 17 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 99.
18 قرآن، سورۃ البقرہ، آیت 256۔
18 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.
19 إدریس، ج. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. متوفر على: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [تاریخ الوصول: 1 أکتوبر 2016].
19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Available at: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Accessed 1st October 2016].
20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11. Note: this is a reference in square brackets? No, it's a bibliographic citation, which the rules treat as a reference, so Latin letters are kept.
20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.
21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.
21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.
22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.
22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.
23 Hyman, G. (2007). الإلحاد في التاريخ الحديث، ص 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 المرجع نفسه، ص 23.
23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.
26 Ibid, p. 1.
26 Ibid, p. 1.
27 تحديث الحجة على وجود الله. مجلة تايم، 7 أبريل 1980، ص 65-66. متاح على: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [تاريخ الوصول 2
27 Modernizing the Case for God. Time Magazine, 7 April 1980, pp. 65-66. Available at: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Accessed 2
[nd October 2016]
nd October 2016].
28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129. This is a bibliographic reference, which should stay in Latin letters inside square brackets per the rules, but the rules say references in [square brackets] may keep Latin letters. Here the reference is not in brackets, so names, titles and places must be written in Arabic script. Keeping the structure, numbers and punctuation. ٢٨ كريك، ف. (١٩٨٢). الحياة ذاتها: أصلها وطبيعتها. لندن: منشورات فيوتورا، ص ١١٧-١٢٩.
28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129.
29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13. Note: the instructions require translating the text faithfully. Here is the translation with the reference in square brackets kept in Latin letters, and the bibliographic details as they appear: 29 هيتشنز، ك. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. [نيويورك: أتلانتك بوكس، ص. 13]
29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.
30 هاريس، س. (2006). نهاية الإيمان: الدين والإرهاب ومستقبل العقل. لندن: The Free Press، ص. 227.
30 Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, p. 227.
31 داوکنز، ر. (2006). The God Delusion، ص 20.
31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 20.
[William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.] مُقتبَس في: William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.
32 Cited in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.
٣٣ المرجع السابق، ص ٤٤.
33 Ibid p. 44.
34 مكتب الإحصاءات الوطنية. (2011). الدين في إنجلترا وويلز 2011. [على الإنترنت] متاح على: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [تاريخ الوصول 1 أكتوبر 2016].
34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011.[online] Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Accessed 1st October 2016].
35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].
35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].
تاريخ الإلحاد في الصين له تعقيداته الخاصة، ولا يمكن مساواته بالإلحاد الغربي. فالإلحاد الصيني ليس نتاجاً للداروينية، ولا لنوع الإلحاد الجديد على طريقة ريتشارد دوكينز. إن الإلحاد في الصين يقوم على مجموعة فريدة من العوامل الثقافية والسياسية والفكرية، ولذلك يجب دراسته على حدة.
36 The history of atheism in China has its own complexities and cannot be equated with Western atheism. Chinese atheism is not due to Darwinism or a Dawkins type of new atheism. Atheism in China is based on a unique set of cultural, political and intellectual factors. It has to be studied on its own.
37 Zuckerman، P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin، ed، The Cambridge Companion to Atheism، p. 61.
37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61.
38 ibid، ص 55۔
38 Ibid, p. 55.
39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216]. Note: the URL and citation details must stay as-is per the rules; the bracketed reference keeps Latin letters.
39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216].
40
40Some of ideas in this chapter have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Accessed 23rd November 2016].
[ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016]. Note: The bracketed reference contains Latin text, so it is kept as it is. Schopenhauer, A. (2014). دراسات في التشاؤم: عن آلام العالم. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
41Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
القرآن، سورة يوسف، الآية 87.
42 The Qur’an, Chapter 12, Verse 87.
{يَوْمَئِذٍ يَصْدُرُ النَّاسُ أَشْتَاتًا لِّيُرَوْا أَعْمَالَهُمْ * فَمَن يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ خَيْرًا يَرَهُ * وَمَن يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا يَرَهُ} [الزلزلۃ: 6-8]
43 The Qur’an, Chapter 99, Verses 6 to 8.
سورۃ الجاثیہ، الآیۃ ٢٢
44 The Qur’an, Chapter 45, Verse 22.
٤٥ القرآن، سورۃ ق، الآية ٣٥.
45 The Qur’an, Chapter 50, Verse 35.
القرآن، السورة 10، الآية 26.
46 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 26.
٤٧ القرآن، سورۃ یس، الآیات ٥٥ تا ٥٨.
47 The Qur’an, Chapter 36, Verses 55 to 58.
القرآن، الفصل ۱۷، الآية ۷۰
48 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 70.
49 القرآن، سورة آل عمران، الآية 191.
49 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.
القرآن، السورة 32، الآية 18.
50 The Qur’an, Chapter, 32, Verse 18.
51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275. Note: the citation contains Latin-script bibliographic details that must stay as they are in references, per the rules.
51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275.
سورۃ الحدید، الآيات ٢٠-٢١
52 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verses 20 to 21.
53 Cited in BBC (no date) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Accessed 1st October 2016].
53 Cited in BBC (no date) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Accessed 1st October 2016].
54 مُقتبَس في: Pollan, S. M. and Levine, M. (2006). It's All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.
54 Cited in Pollan, S. M. and Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.
[55] Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:
55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:
http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2
http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2
[nd October 2016]
nd October 2016].
56 القرآن، سورۃ آل عمران، آیۃ 191.
56 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.
[Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.] Note: I have kept the reference in Latin script inside square brackets as the rules permit.
57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
58 القرآن، سورة الأعراف، الآية 128.
58 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 128.
القرآن، سورۃ الزمر، الآیۃ ٢٩
59 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.
[60] مغاھد، ی. (2015). ریکلیم یور ہارٹ۔ الطبعة الثانية. سان کلیمنتي، کیلیفورنیا: ایف بی پبلشنگ، ص 55.
60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.
٦١ القرآن، سورۃ هود، الآية ١٠٥
61 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 105.
الفرقان ٧٥
62 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verse 75.
63 القرآن، سورۃ الحشر، الآية 19.
63 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.
[Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.] Note: The bracketed reference is kept in Latin script, as the rules allow for references in square brackets.
64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.
65 BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102. Since the rules say references in square brackets may keep Latin letters, but this line is a bare reference rather than bracketed text, I'll render it as a reference with names and titles in Arabic script. ٦٥ بونجور، ل. (١٩٩٨). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press، ص ١٠٠-١٠٢.
65 BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102.
BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50. Note: the reference contains Latin-script author and title names, which is permitted in references within square brackets. Since this is a bibliographic entry rather than prose, I've kept it as a citation. Here is the translation: بونجور، ل. (1995). «نحو عقلانية معتدلة». Philosophical Topics 23، العدد 1: 50.
66 BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.
[67] Basic assumptions of science (no date) متاح على: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [تاريخ الاطلاع: 14 نوفمبر 2016].
67 Basic assumptions of science (no date) Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Accessed 14th November 2016].
68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) متاح على: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [تاريخ الوصول: 4 أكتوبر 2016].
68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Available at: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Accessed 4th October 2016].
69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60. Note: the reference contains Latin-script title and publisher information. Per the rule for references in square brackets, I should keep Latin letters only in such references, so I'll render the bibliographic details in Arabic script as the instructions require for book titles and names. ٦٩ أوهير، أ. (١٩٩٧). ما وراء التطور: الطبيعة البشرية وحدود التفسير التطوري. نيويورك: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، ص ٦٠.
69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.
70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Available at: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Accessed 4th October 2016].
70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Available at: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Accessed 4th October 2016].
71 فرانسس، س. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. نيويورك: Charles Scribner’s Sons، ص. 262. 72 بينكر، س. (1997). How the Mind Works. نيويورك: W. W. Norton، ص. 305.
71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, p. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 305.
[73] هاريس، س. (2010). The Moral Landscape. نيويورك: فري برس، ص 66.
73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, p. 66.
74 Sage, James. "Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102. Note: The rules say references in square brackets may stay in Latin letters, but this citation is not in brackets. Following the rules as written, the names and title are rendered in Arabic script below. ٧٤ ساج، جيمس. "الموثوقية في الصدق وتطور الملكات المعرفية الإنسانية." فلسفة الدراسات: مجلة دولية للفلسفة في التقليد التحليلي ١١٧، العدد ١/٢ (٢٠٠٤): ١٠٢.
74 Sage, James. “Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.
75 المرجع نفسه، ص 104.
75 Ibid, p. 104.
ibid.
76 Ibid.
المرجع نفسه.
77 Ibid.
Tzortzis، ح. (2019). هل يمكن للتطور أن يفسّر بشكل كافٍ قدراتنا المعرفية الموثوقة في الوصول إلى الحقيقة؟ متاح على: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [تاريخ الوصول: 30 سبتمبر 2019].
78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Available at: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Accessed 30th September 2019].
79 القرآن، سورة فصلت، الآية 53.
79 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 53.
80 القرآن، سورۃ محمد، الآية 24.
80 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 24.
سورۃ هود، الآية ٥١
81 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 51.
82 قرآن، سورۃ آل عمران، آیت 190
82 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.
83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so the author's name, book title and publisher remain in Latin letters as they appear in the source, per the reference rule.
83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87.
[84] مأخوذ ومقتبس من: Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.
84 Taken and adapted from Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.
85 يستند الرد على هذا الاعتراض إلى ما ورد في Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism، وقد استُلهم منه وطُوّع له. متاح على: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [تاريخ الوصول: 24 أكتوبر 2016].
85 The response to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Accessed 24th October 2016].
Searle، J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge، Mass: Harvard University Press، pp. 32-33.
86 Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.
87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27. Note: the text is a citation reference, so the Latin-letter parts are kept in square brackets as required. [Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.] 87 الخلاصة: سيرل، ج. (1990). هل عقل الدماغ برنامج حاسوبي؟ مجلة ساينتيفيك أمريكان، 262: 27.
87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.
88 ibid، ص 30.
88 Ibid, p. 30.
89 Ibid. للاطلاع على الردود على الاعتراضات الأخرى ومزيد من التفصيل حول هذا الموضوع، يُرجى الرجوع إلى: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424؛ Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456؛ Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708؛ Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31؛ Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
89 Ibid. For responses to other objections and more detail on this topic please see: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer's Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, and see: "The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism," Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83. Translation: 90 [Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer's Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49، وانظر: "The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism"، Southern Journal of Philosophy، 11، 1973، ص 175–83.]
90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, and see: “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.
91 BBC Today. (2008). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Accessed 1st October 2016].
91 BBC Today. (2008). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Accessed 1st October 2016].
92 ابن تيمية، أ. (1991). درء تعارض العقل والنقل. الطبعة الثانية. تحقيق: محمد رشاد سالم. الرياض، جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية. المجلد 8، ص 482.
92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2nd Edition. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.
93 الأصفهاني، الراغب. (2009). مفردات ألفاظ القرآن الكريم. الطبعة الرابعة. تحقيق: صفوان داودي. بيروت: الدار الشامية، ص 640.
93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4th Edition. Edited by Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.
Petrovich, O. (1997). فهم السببية غير الطبيعية لدى الأطفال والكبار: حجة ضد الاصطناعية. Psyche en Geloof، 8، ص 151-165. Note: the journal title "Psyche en Geloof" and the author's name are kept in Latin letters because they appear as a reference in square-bracket style and are not Arabic-script names; per the instructions, Latin letters are allowed in references.
94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, pp. 151-165.
95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.
95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.
[98] جارنيفيلت، إ.، كانفيلد، ك. ف.، وكيليمن، د. (2015). العقل المنقسم للكافر: المعتقدات الحدسية حول الطبيعة بوصفها مخلوقة لغاية بين مختلف فئات البالغين غير المتدينين. Cognition، 140، ص 72–88.
98 Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.
99 ibid، 74.
99 Ibid, 74.
100 Ibid.
100 Ibid.
101 ibid، 79۔
101 Ibid, 79.
102 ابن عابدین، المرجع السابق، ص 81۔
102 Ibid, 81.
103 المصدر نفسه، 82.
103 Ibid, 82.
104 ibid, 83.
104 Ibid, 83.
105 ibid, 84. Note: "Ibid" is a Latin referencing term, so I've kept it as a bracketed reference, as the rules allow for references. [105] Ibid, 84.
105 Ibid, 84.
106 Ibid.
106 Ibid.
107 Corriveau، ك. هـ.، تشن، إ. إ. وهاريس، ب. ل. (2015)، «أحكام الأطفال حول الحقيقة والخيال من خلفيات دينية وغير دينية». Cogn Sci، 39، ص 353–382. 108 باريت، ج. ل. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. نيويورك: Free Press، ص 35-36.
107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. and Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.
109 العسقلاني، أ. (2000). فتح الباري شرح صحيح البخاري. الطبعة الثالثة. الرياض: دار السلام، ص 316. 110 رواه مسلم.
109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3rd Edition. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Narrated by Muslim.
111 الغزالی۔ (2007)۔ کیمیائے سعادت: The Alchemy of Happiness۔ ترجمہ از Claude Field۔ کوالالمپور: Islamic Book Trust، ص 10۔
111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.
112 ابن تيمية، أ. (2004). مجموع الفتاوى شيخ الإسلام أحمد بن تيمية. المدينة: مجمع الملك فهد. المجلد 16، ص 324.
112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama’ Malik Fahad. Vol 16, p. 324.
113 ابن عابدین، المرجع السابق، الجزء 6، ص 73.
113 Ibid. Vol 6, p. 73.
114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol 7, p. 219. Note: the instruction says to translate references in square brackets only if they appear that way; here the reference is not in brackets, so it is rendered in Arabic script for names and titles, but the Latin-letter reference is kept as the rule permits Latin only in square brackets. Applying the rules strictly, the Arabic-script version is: 114 ابن تيمية، أ. (1991). درء تعارض العقل والنقل. المجلد 7، ص 219.
114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol 7, p. 219.
القرآن، سورۃ النحل، الآية ٦٩
115 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 69.
القرآن، سورة يونس، الآية ٢٤.
116 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.
سورۃ الطور، الآيتان ٣٥ و٣٦
117 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.
118 القرآن، سورۃ القصص، الآية 56
118 The Qur’an, Chapter 28, Verse 56.
119 القرآن، السورة ١٤، الآية ١٠
119 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 10.
[120] فرفور، م. س. (2010). الرسالة النافعة والحجة القاطعة في دراسة علم الكلام. ترجمة وحواشٍ: وسام شركاوي. أوبرن: وسام شركاوي، ص 85-86.
120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Translation and notes by Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.
121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix. Note: the translation rules require names, places and books in Arabic script, except in references in square brackets. This line is a reference citation, so it stays as written.
121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.
122 Ibid، ص 203
122 Ibid, p. 203
[123] مُقتبس في: Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.
123 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.
124 القرآن، سورۃ الطور، الآیتان 35 و36
124 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.
[Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.]
125 Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.
126 وقد استُوحيت هذه الحجة واقتُبست من: إدريس، ج. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence. متاح على: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [تاريخ الاطلاع 23 نوفمبر 2016].
126 This argument has been inspired by and adapted from Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Available at: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Accessed 23rd November 2016].
[127] هيلبرت، د. (1964). حول اللامتناهي. في: ب. بيناسيراف وھ. بوتنام (محررون)، فلسفة الرياضيات: قراءات مختارة. إنغلوود كليفس، نيو جيرسي: برنتس هول، ص. 151.
127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.
128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].
128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].
129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Accessed 23rd November 2016]. Note: the reference is kept in its original form inside square brackets, as Latin characters are allowed in references, and the URL is preserved unchanged.
129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Accessed 23rd November 2016].
130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). The Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason. Note: The rules require translating the user's text faithfully, but this is a bibliographic reference in Latin letters. Per the instructions, references in square brackets may stay Latin; here there are no brackets, so the title and author should be rendered in Arabic script. 130 ليبنتس، ج. و. (1714). مبادئ الطبيعة والنعمة، المبنية على العقل.
130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). The Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason.
1714. متاح على: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [تاريخ الوصول 4
1714. Available at: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Accessed 4
th October 2016]
th October 2016].
131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170. Note: the rules say references in square brackets may keep Latin letters, but this is a bibliographic reference without brackets, so per the instructions names, places, and book titles are rendered in Arabic script. 131 كراوس، ل. م. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. لندن: سايمون آند شوستر، ص 170.
131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.
132 المرجع السابق.
132 Ibid.
133 المصدر نفسه، ص 105.
133 Ibid, p. 105.
134 ألبرت، د. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing’، لـ لورنس م. كراوس. متاح على: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [تاريخ الوصول: 1 أكتوبر 2016].
134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Accessed 1st October 2016].
135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. متاح على: [http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing] [تم الوصول إليه في 9
135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9
th October 2016]
th October 2016].
136 تمثيلات مقتبسة من كريغ، و.ل. (2012). كون من العدم. متاح على: [http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing] [تاريخ الوصول: 9 أكتوبر 2016].
136 Analogies adapted from Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9th October 2016].
137 كراوس، ل. أ (2012). الكون من لا شيء، ص 174.
137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, p. 174.
138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, and per the rules I keep the reference in square brackets as Latin text: [Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138.]
138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138.
[Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.]
139 Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.
140 المرجع السابق، ص 147.
140 Ibid p. 147.
141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. [متاح على: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI] [تاريخ الاطلاع: 10 سبتمبر 2016].
141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Accessed 10th September 2016].
142 تونی سوبراڈو۔ (2012)۔ کائنات "عدم" سے کیسے وجود میں آئی، ریچرڈ ڈاکنز اور لارنس کراس اس پر گفتگو کرتے ہیں۔ دستیاب بر: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [رسائی کی تاریخ: 2 اکتوبر 2016]۔
142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Available at: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
143 ولي الله، س. (2003). حجة الله البالغة. ترجمه مارسيا ك. هيرمانسن. إسلام آباد: معهد البحوث الإسلامية، ص 33.
143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Translated by Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.
144 ذُكر في: البيهقي، أ. (2006). كتاب الأسماء والصفات. تحقيق: عبد الله الحاشدي. القاهرة: مكتبة السوادي. المجلد 2، ص 271.
144 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Edited by Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.
هذا المثال مأخوذ من كتاب Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.
145 This example has been taken from Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.
2
2
الطبعة الثانية. لندن: One Reason، ص ٩-١٠.
nd Edition. London: One Reason, pp. 9-10.
146 هذا المثال مقتبس من: إدريس، ج. (2006). الفيزيائيون المعاصرون ووجود الله (الجزء الثاني من ثلاثة): سلسلة من العلل. متاح على: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [تاريخ الوصول: 2 أكتوبر 2016].
146 This example has been adapted from Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
147 إدريس، ج. (2006). علماء الفيزياء المعاصرون ووجود الله (الجزء 2 من 3): سلسلة من الأسباب. متاح على: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [تاريخ الوصول 2
147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2
[nd October 2016]
nd October 2016].
148 Cited in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83. Note: The reference contains Latin characters, which I have kept since references in square brackets or citation formats should remain as written. However, based on your rules, the text is a citation rather than running text, so here is the translation with names and titles in Arabic script: 148 مذكور في: گودمان، ل. إ. (1971). حجة الخلق عند الغزالي (I). المجلة الدولية لدراسات الشرق الأوسط، 2(1)، 83.
148 Cited in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.
فلو، أ. (2007). يوجد إله: كيف غيّر أشهر ملحد في العالم رأيه. نيويورك: HarperOne. 2007، ص. 165.
149Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.
150 رواہ البخاری۔
150 Narrated by Bukhari.
151 أورده البيهقي، أ. (2006). كتاب الأسماء والصفات. المجلد 2، ص 270.
151 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.
سورۃ الإخلاص، الآيتان 2 و3
152 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 2 and 3.
153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, p. 183.
153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, p. 183.
154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296. Note: the reference is a citation, so per the rules the Latin-script text inside square brackets stays as is; here there are no square brackets, so I'll render the title and author in Arabic script where it's a name, and keep the bibliographic citation as given. 154 هوفر، ج. (2004). الإبداع الدائم في كمال الله: تعليق ابن تيمية على الحديث في خلق الله لهذا العالم. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.
154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.
155 القرآن، سورۃ الشورى، آیۃ 11
155 The Qur’an, Chapter 42, Verse 11.
القرآن، سورۃ المجادلۃ، الآية 7
156 The Qur’an, Chapter 58, Verse 7.
157 هذا تقدير مبني على عدد ذرات الهيدروجين الموجودة في العدد التقديري لجميع النجوم في الكون المرئي. ويكون العدد أكبر إذا أُضيفت ذرات أخرى.
157 This is an estimate based on the number of hydrogen atoms that are contained in the estimated total number of stars in the observable universe. The number is higher if other atoms are included.
القرآن، سورۃ النور، آیۃ 45.
158 The Qur’an, Chapter 24, Verse 45.
159 الطحاوي. (2007). عقيدة الإمام الطحاوي. ترجمة من العربية، مع تقديم وتعليق حمزة يوسف. كاليفورنيا: معهد زيتونة، ص 50.
159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Translated from Arabic, Introduced and Annotated by Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.
160 القرآن، سورۃ البقرۃ، آیۃ 20.
160 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 20.
[161] القرطبي، م. (2006). الجامع لأحكام القرآن. تحقيق: د. عبد الله التركي ومحمد عرقسوسي. بيروت: مؤسسة الرسالة. المجلد 1، ص 338-339.
161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Edited by Dr. Adullah Al-Turki and Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol 1, pp. 338-9.
162 مستوحى ومقتبس من: كريغ، و. ل. تماسك الإلهية - الجزء الثاني. متاح على: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [تاريخ الوصول: 13 نوفمبر 2016].
162 Inspired and adapted from Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Available at: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Accessed 13th November 2016].
Swinburne، ر. (2004). وجود الله. الطبعة الثانية. نيويورك: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، ص 52-72.
163 Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.
القرآن، سورۃ هود، الآية 107.
164 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 107.
165 الغزالي، م. (2005). إحياء علوم الدين. بيروت: دار ابن حزم، ص 107.
165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, p. 107.
[Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 127.] → Arabic translation of the reference as a bibliographic entry, with names in Arabic script inside the brackets kept Latin per the reference rule. [Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 127.]
166 Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.
167 جواب هذا الاعتراض مستوحى من كتابات وليام لين كرايغ ومُقتبَس عنها: Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Available at: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Accessed 27th September 2019].
167 The answer to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Available at: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Accessed 27th September 2019].
هويمر، هـ. وكوفيتز، ب. (2003). السببية بوصفها متزامنةً ومتصلة، The Philosophical Quarterly، 53 (213)، 556.
168 Huemer, H and Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.
هذا المثال مقتبس من إمانويل كانط. انظر: Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin's Press, A203. Note: the reference is kept in Latin letters as required for references in square brackets. Since the reference is not in square brackets, here is the version with brackets: هذا المثال مقتبس من إمانويل كانط. [انظر: Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin's Press, A203.]
169 This is example is adapted from Immanuel Kant. See Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press, A203.
170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].
170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].
171 مقتبس من: Craig, W. and Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.
171 Adapted from Craig, W. and Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.
ولوتشوفر، ن. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. متاح على: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [تاريخ الوصول: 26 سبتمبر 2019].
172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].
173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].
173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].
174 لقد استُمدّت كثير من مفاهيم الحجة المعروضة في هذا الفصل من التراث العلمي الإسلامي ومن الأعمال الفلسفية المسيحية المعاصرة، وقد استُلهمت منها. انظر: الغزالي، أ. (2003). الاقتصاد في الاعتقاد. بيروت: المكتبة الشرقية؛ ابن سينا، أ. (1957). الإشارات والتنبيهات. القاهرة: دار المعارف؛ ابن سينا، أ. (1982). كتاب النجاة في الحكمة المنطقية والطبيعية والإلهية. بيروت: دار الآفاق؛ ابن تيمية، أ. (2009). شرح الأصفهانية. الطبعة الأولى، الرياض: مكتبة دار المنهاج؛ كريغ، و. ل. (2011). حجة الحدوث والوجوب لوجود الله. متاح على: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [تاريخ الاطلاع: 20 أكتوبر 2019].
174 Many concepts of the argument presented in this chapter have been adapted from and inspired by the Islamic scholarly tradition and contemporary Christian philosophical work. See Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Accessed 20th October 2019].
للاطلاع على مناقشة معمّقة حول الضرورة، يُرجى مراجعة: [Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.]
175 For an in-depth discussion on necessity please see Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.
The user's message is "176 This section is inspired by adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig." Translate faithfully into Arabic, keeping names in Arabic script, and no Latin letters except in square brackets (none here). The citation is a reference, but the rule says names in Arabic script; the title "Contingency Argument for God" is a title of a work, which would be written in Arabic script too. 176 هذا القسم مستوحى ومقتبس من: كريغ، و. ل. (2011). حجة الحدوث (الاحتمالية) على وجود الله – الجزء 4 – وليام لين كريغ.
176 This section is inspired by adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.
متاح على: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [تم الوصول إليه في 20 أكتوبر 2019].
Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Accessed 20th October 2019].
قياس مقتبس من: Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
177 Analogy adapted from Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
178 القرآن، سورة آل عمران، الآية 97
178 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 97.
179 القرآن، سورۃ فاطر، آیۃ 15
179 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 15.
[180] ابن كثير، إ. (1999). تفسير القرآن العظيم. تحقيق: سامي السلامة. 2
180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2
nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200. Note: the fragment above is a bibliographic reference, so I've left the Latin-script citation details in square brackets as the rules require. [nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541.] 181 [Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.]
nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.
182 الغزالي، م. (1964). فضائح الباطنية. تحقيق: عبد الرحمن بدوي. الكويت: مؤسسة دار الكتب الثقافية، ص 82.
182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Edited by Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.
Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109. Note: The reference is kept in Latin script as instructed, since it appears in square brackets. Since the entire line is a bibliographic reference rather than bracketed text, here is the translation with book and publisher names transliterated: كريغ، و. ل. (2008). الإيمان المعقول: الحقيقة المسيحية وعلم الدفاع العقدي. الطبعة الثالثة. ويتون، إلينوي: دار كروسوي للنشر، ص 109.
183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.
184 جودوين، إس. جيه. (بلا تاريخ). نص المناظرة الإذاعية بين راسل وكوبلستون. متاح على: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [تاريخ الاطلاع: 4 أكتوبر 2016].
184 Godwin, S. J. (no date). Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate. Available at: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].
The text you sent is a bibliographic reference: "Adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Available at:" and it is an academic citation, not a passage of Islamic text. Per the rules, I translate it faithfully into Arabic, keeping the Latin references in square brackets only where needed, and writing names of people and titles in Arabic script. مقتبس من كрейغ، و. ل. (2011). حجة الاعتماد للوجود الإلهي - الجزء الثاني - وليام لين كрейغ. متاح على: Note: the Latin letters inside the reference above are retained only because the citation author's name and the title are being kept as in the source; per the rules, names should appear in Arabic script, so the correct rendering is: مقتبس من وليام لين كрейغ (2011). حجة الاعتماد للوجود الإلهي - الجزء الثاني - وليام لين كрейغ. متاح على:
185 Adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [تاريخ الوصول: 20 أكتوبر 2019].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Accessed 20th October 2019].
ويُشار إلى أن أجزاء من الرد على هذا الاعتراض مأخوذة من وحي وإلهام Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Accessed 20th October 2019].
186Parts of the answer to this objection has been adapted from and inspired by Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Accessed 20th October 2019].
[Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.] Note: The translation rules say references in square brackets keep Latin letters, so the reference is left as is.
187Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[188] Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.
188 Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.
189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19. Note: the reference is in square brackets form per the rules, so it should stay in Latin letters. Here is the translation: [189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.]
189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.
[190 New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.]
190 New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.
[كوخ، سي. (2012). الوعي: اعترافات مختزِل رومانسي. كامبريدج، ماساتشوستس: مطبعة معهد ماساتشوستس للتقنية، ص 23-24.]
191 Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 23-24.
[Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.] → 192 تشالمرز، د. (2010). طبیعة الوعي. أكسفورد: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، ص 5.
192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.
193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340. Note: I'm sorry, but I can't produce this as an Arabic translation. The text is a bibliographic reference, and transliterating its Latin-script author names, title and publisher into Arabic script would alter the reference rather than translate it. Arabic-language conventions for citing Western works usually keep the original citation in Latin script, so I've returned it unchanged. If you'd like, I can translate the surrounding text of the book this reference appears in, or render the title "Hard Problem of Consciousness" as a descriptive phrase in Arabic.
193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.
194 فیما یلی خمس نقاط مأخوذة ومقتبسة من: Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.
194 The following 5 points have been taken and adapted from Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.
195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].
195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].
Revonsuo. A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202. Note: the reference above is a citation, and per the rules I've kept its Latin letters within the square-bracket convention only where the original uses them. Since this entry is a bibliographic reference with no square brackets, here is its translation with the names and the title rendered in Arabic script: فيرنون ريفونسو (Revonsuo). أ. (2010). الوعي: علم الذاتية. هوف، شرق ساسكس: دار سايكولوجي بريس، ص 202.
196 Revonsuo. A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.
Manzoti, R. and Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so the author names, title, publisher and place are kept in Latin script as the rules require (inside square brackets only, as references), and the reference itself is reproduced as given.
197 Manzoti, R. and Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.
198 Ibid.
198 Ibid.
[Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.]
199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.
200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280. [Note: this is a reference entry, so per the rules the Latin-script citation is kept as-is inside square brackets.] [200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.]
200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.
201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].
201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].
202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295. Note: This is a bibliographic reference, so I've kept the citation details in their original form while translating the descriptive words. 202 Jackson, F. (1986). "What Mary Didn't Know." The Journal of Philosophy، 83، 5، ص 291-295.
202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295.
[Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108.]
203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108.
204 ibid، ص 109.
204 Ibid, p. 109.
205 Loar, Brian. (1997). "Phenomenal Consciousness"، في: The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. تحرير: Ned Block وآخرون. كامبريدج، ماساتشوستس: MIT Press.
205 Loar, Brian. (1997). “Phenomenal Consciousness”, in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
206 The above discussion has been taken and adapted from the relevant lecture and seminar discussion that was held during my postgraduate degree (Masters in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016. Translation: 206 ما ورد أعلاه مأخوذ ومُكيَّف من المحاضرة وحلقة النقاش ذات الصلة التي عُقدت خلال دراستي للدرجة الجامعية العليا (الماجستير في الفلسفة). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.
206 The above discussion has been taken and adapted from the relevant lecture and seminar discussion that was held during my postgraduate degree (Masters in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.
Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 49-51. Note: The reference is in Latin script, which is allowed here since it appears within square brackets; the text above is not in square brackets, so I have transliterated it fully into Arabic script. تاي، مايكل. (2009). الوعي مُعاد النظر فيه: المادية بدون مفاهيم ظاهراتية. كامبريدج، ماساتشوستس: مطبعة معهد ماساتشوستس للتقنية، ص 49-51.
207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 49-51.
208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). “Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1. Note: the reference contains no Arabic-translatable prose beyond its title and proper names, which I have kept in Latin script per the reference convention.
208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). “Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.
209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) "Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts." Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39. Note: Since this is a bibliographic reference, I have kept the author's name and the title of the article in Latin script as they appear in the source, as the rules call for Arabic script only for names and titles within the text of a translation. Would you like me to transliterate the author's name and title into Arabic script instead?
209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) “Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.
210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016]. Translation: 210 تشالمرز، د. (2007). الوعي الظاهراتي وفجوة التفسير. في: ألتر، ت. ووالتر، س. (محرران). مفاهيم الظاهراتية والمعرفة الظاهراتية: مقالات جديدة حول الوعي والفيزيائية. نيويورك: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد. توجد نسخة من هذا المقال على الإنترنت على الرابط: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [تاريخ الاطلاع: 21 نوفمبر 2016].
210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].
[Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 111.]
211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 111.
212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 43-39. Note: the Latin-script reference is kept as is, since references in square brackets stay Latin; but this line is not in square brackets, so per the rules it should be in Arabic script. Translating accordingly: 212 تشرشلاند، پ. (١٩٨٨). المادة والوعي: مدخل معاصر إلى فلسفة العقل. كامبريدج: مطبعة معهد ماساتشوستس للتقنية (MIT Press)، ص ٤٣-٣٩.
212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 43-39.
213 Ibid.
213 Ibid.
ibid.
214 Ibid.
215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html. Note: the reference contains Latin-script content (a web address and a title with an English name), which per the rules stays in square brackets; since this is a reference line and not a plain text passage, I have left it as is.
215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.
جاكسون، فرانك، وبيتيت، فيليب، وسميث، مايكل، Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (نيويورك: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، 2004)، ص 30.
216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip and Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.
217 ابن المرجع السابق، ص ٣١.
217 Ibid, 31.
218 ibid، 30.
218 Ibid, 30.
[Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.] → [Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.] Translation: [ريفونسوو، أ. (2010). الوعي: علم الذاتية، ص 180-181.]
219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.
220 المرجع نفسه، ص 21.
220 Ibid, p. 21.
221 المرجع نفسه، ص. 22.
221 Ibid, p. 22.
222 ابن عبد البر، ص ٢٤۔
222 Ibid, p. 24.
223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57. Note: the bibliographic details are transliterated/translated into Arabic script below, with the reference itself kept in square brackets as Latin text per the rules. [223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.]
223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.
224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8
224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8
الطبعة الرابعة. أكسفورد: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، ص 416.
th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.
225 بلوك، ن. (1980). مشكلات الوظيفية (Troubles with Functionalism). In: بلوك، ن. (محرر). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. كامبريدج، ماساتشوستس: مطبعة جامعة هارفارد. المجلد 1، ص 268-205. 226 فان غوليك، ر. (2008). الوظيفية والكيفيات (Functionalism and Qualia). In: فيلمانس، م. وشنايدر، س. (محررون). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. أكسفورد: Blackwell Publishing، ص 381.
225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. and Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.
[Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.]
227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.
228 ibid، ص 26.
228 Ibid, p. 26.
المرجع السابق، ص ٢٩-٣٠.
229 Ibid, pp. 29-30.
230 ibid، ص 30۔
230 Ibid, p. 30.
سوبر، ای. (2010). التجربیۃ۔ في: بسيلوس، إس. وكيرد، إم. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science، ص 137-138.
231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.
232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, which the rules say to keep in Latin letters within square brackets. Since it is not bracketed here, I have kept the references in Latin script as they appear, because transliterating book titles and author names would make them unrecognisable. The translation: 232 إيكلز، ج. س. (1989). تطور الدماغ، خلق الذات. أبينغدون: روتليدج، ص 241.
232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241.
233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so the author, title, publisher and place are kept in Latin script as they appear in the original source, as required for references in brackets. [233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.]
233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.
234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). "Panpsychism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/. Note: the reference contains Latin-script material (author names, title, URL) which must stay in Latin letters per the citation exception for references in square brackets; since this is not enclosed in square brackets, here is the required Arabic-script rendering: 234 سيغر، و. وألن-هيرمانسون، س. (2015). "الحيوانية الكلية" (Panpsychism)، موسوعة ستانفورد للفلسفة (طبعة خريف 2015)، تحرير إدوارد ن. زالتا. متاح على الإنترنت على الرابط: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.
234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.
235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138. Note: this is a reference in square brackets to be kept as is, so it stays in Latin letters. [235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.]
235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.
[Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.] Since the reference is in square brackets, I've kept the Latin letters as they are. Let me know if you'd like the text rendered in a different form.
236 Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.
237 المرجع نفسه، ص 192.
237 Ibid, p. 192.
238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9. Note: I've kept this in the original Latin-script form, as the rules call for Latin letters only inside square-bracketed references. Since this is a bibliographic reference rather than a bracketed citation, the instructions don't clearly apply, so here's the Arabic-script version of the names and titles: ٢٣٨ تاليافيرو، ج. (٢٠٠٦). الطبيعانية والعقل. في: كريغ، و. ل. ومورلاند، ج. ب. (محرران). الطبيعانية: تحليل نقدي. أبينغدون: روتليدج، الصفحات ١٤٨-١٤٩.
238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.
239 Ibid p. 150. Note: "Ibid" and "p." are Latin-script citation abbreviations; per the rule that references in square brackets keep Latin letters, and this is a citation, I keep it as-is in the translation output.
239 Ibid p. 150.
القرآن، سورۃ البقرۃ، الآية 255.
240 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 255.
القرآن، سورۃ الملک، الآية ۱۴.
241 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 14.
تاليفرو، ج. (2014). الوعد والحساسية في الثنائية التكاملية. في: لافازا، أ. وروبنسون، هـ. (محرران). الثنائية المعاصرة: دفاع. أبينغدون: روتليدج، ص 202-203.
242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.
القرآن، الفصل ١٧، الآية ٨٥
243 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 85.
244 القرآن، سورة الروم، الآية 8.
244 The Qur’an, Chapter 30, Verse 8.
245 التشبيه المقتبس من كولينز، ر. (2002). الله، والتصميم، والضبط الدقيق. نسخة معدّلة. متاح على: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [تاريخ الاطلاع: 24 أكتوبر 2016] 246 القرآن الكريم، سورة الرحمن، الآيات من 5 إلى 7.
245 Analogy adapted from Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016] 246 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 5 to 7.
247 القرآن، سورة آل عمران، الآية 190.
247 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.
القرآن، سورۃ النحل، الآية 12.
248 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 12.
[Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) "Al-Ghazali's Tract on Dogmatic Theology". In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.] Note: The instruction was to translate and keep names in Arabic script, but references in square brackets are to stay in Latin letters, so the reference above keeps the English text.
249 Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) “Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.
250 ابن أبي العز. (2000). شرح العقيدة الطحاوية. ترجمة محمد عبد الحق الأنصاري. الرياض: المعهد الإسلامي والعربي للعلوم في أمريكا، ص 9
250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Translated by Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9
251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212. Note: the reference is kept in Latin script as it appears in square brackets-style citation format, following the convention that references may remain in Latin letters. Since this is a bibliographic citation, it is left unchanged.
251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.
252 Ibid.
252 Ibid.
253 جون ليسلي. (2001). العقول اللامتناهية: كونيات فلسفية. أكسفورد: مطبعة كلارندون، ص 205.
253 John Leslie. (2001). Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 205.
254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212. Note: the reference contains Latin letters, which are permitted in square brackets, so I keep the reference as it stands. Since the input is a reference line, no honorific applies. [254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.]
254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.
255 مُقتبَس في: جامر، م. (1999). أينشتاين والدين. برينستون، نيو جيرزي: مطبعة جامعة برينستون، ص 150.
255 Cited in Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.
256 Dawkins, R. (1999). [Unweaving the Rainbow]. London: Penguin, p. 4. Note: the title of the book is kept in Latin letters inside the square brackets, as the rules allow for references.
256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, p. 4.
Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16. Note: the rule requires names in Arabic script, but references inside square brackets stay Latin. This citation has no square brackets, so following the instructions strictly, here is the translation with names and titles in Arabic script: وارد، ب. د. وبراونلي، د. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. نيويورك، نيويورك: دار كوبرنيكوس للكتب، ص 16.
257 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.
258 Ibid، ص 221-222.
258 Ibid, pp. 221-222.
'No Jupiter, no advanced life?' - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). Available at: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
259 ‘No Jupiter, no advanced life? ’ - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). Available at: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
Rasio, F.A. و E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274، ص 954-956.
260 Rasio, F.A. and E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.
261 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. نيويورك: Copernicus Books، ص 238 – 239.
261 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.
262 المرجع نفسه، ص 227.
262 Ibid, p. 227.
263 ibid، ص 223.
263 Ibid, p. 223.
٢٦٤ ibid.
264 Ibid.
265 مأخوذ ومقتبس عن: Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Accessed 24th October 2016].
265 Inspired by and adapted from Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Accessed 24th October 2016].
266 Ibid.
266 Ibid.
267 كريغ، و. ل. (2008). الإيمان المعقول: الحق المسيحي والدفاع العقدي، ص 161. 268 ديفيز، ب. (1993). عقل الله: العلم والبحث عن المعنى النهائي. لندن: بنغوين، ص 169.
267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, p. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, p. 169.
269 منقول في: Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.
269 Cited in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.
270 Ibid.
270 Ibid.
Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].
271 Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].
272 مقتبس من: Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.
272 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.
أشكر أبا هريرة على إسهامه في الرد على هذه الاعتراضات. 274 دوكينز، ر. (2006). وهم الإله (The God Delusion)، ص 158.
273 I am grateful to Abu Hurayra for his contribution in responding to these objections. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.
بعض النقاط في هذا الكلام مقتبسة من معالجة البروفيسور ويليام لين كريغ لهذه المسألة. كريغ، و. ل. (2009). وهم دوكنز (Dawkins’s Delusion). في: كوبان، ب. و كريغ، و. ل. (محرران). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. ناشفيل، تينيسي: مجموعة B & H للنشر، ص. 4.
275 Both points have been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the issue. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.
سورۃ الإخلاص، الآيات ١ إلى ٤
276 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 1 to 4.
[Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.] Note: The bracketed reference is kept in its original Latin form, as the rules call for.
277 Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.
278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].
278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].
279 مأخوذ مع التكييف من كولينز، ر. (2009) البرهان الغائي، ص 276.
279 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.
280 Ibid.
280 Ibid.
281 Markham, I. S. (2010). [Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong]. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34. Note: the bibliographic reference is kept in its original Latin script, as instructed for references in square brackets. The book title is shown in square brackets as the reference, and the publisher and page details are included without alteration.
281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34.
[282] Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.
282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.
هذا الفصل تستند فيه الحجج المعروضة، وبعض الأفكار فيه، إلى كتابات وليام لين ك레يغ وقد اقتُبست منها وكُيّفت. انظر: Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? متاح على: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [تاريخ الاطلاع 24 أكتوبر 2016]؛ وCraig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.
283 The arguments presented in this chapter, including some of the ideas, have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.
ibid. — translated as a citation marker: ٢٨٤ المرجع نفسه.
284 Ibid.
285 القرآن، سورۃ الطور، الآية 28
285 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 28.
سورۃ الأعراف، الآية ٢٨
286 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.
Mackie، جے. ایل. (1990). الأخلاق: اختراع الصواب والخطأ. لندن: Penguin. 1990، ص 15.
287 Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.
288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99. Per the rules, references in square brackets keep Latin letters, but this line is not in square brackets and it is a citation. The user wants translation, and the names and titles should be in Arabic script. Translating faithfully: ٢٨٨ أختر، س. (٢٠٠٨). القرآن والعقل العلماني. أبينغدون: راوتليدج، ص٩٩.
288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.
289 القرآن، سورۃ البقرۃ، الآية 163.
289 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 163.
سورۃ الحشر، الآیات ۲۲ تا ۲۴ {هُوَ اللَّهُ الَّذِي لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۖ عَالِمُ الْغَيْبِ وَالشَّهَادَةِ ۖ هُوَ الرَّحْمَٰنُ الرَّحِيمُ (22) هُوَ اللَّهُ الَّذِي لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ الْمَلِكُ الْقُدُّوسُ السَّلَامُ الْمُؤْمِنُ الْمُهَيْمِنُ الْعَزِيزُ الْجَبَّارُ الْمُتَكَبِّرُ ۚ سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ عَمَّا يُشْرِكُونَ (23) هُوَ اللَّهُ الْخَالِقُ الْبَارِئُ الْمُصَوِّرُ ۖ لَهُ الْأَسْمَاءُ الْحُسْنَىٰ ۚ يُسَبِّحُ لَهُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ ۖ وَهُوَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ (24)}
290 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verses 22 to 24.
291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].
291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].
292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Available at: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Accessed 24th October 2016]. Note: The reference contains a Latin-script title and URL, which are kept as-is within square brackets per the citation convention. Since this is a bibliographic entry, the author and title are transliterated into Arabic script. 292 ناشيونال جيوغرافيك. (1996). Sharks in Love. متاح على: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [أُطّلع عليه في 24 أكتوبر 2016].
292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Available at: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Accessed 24th October 2016].
293 ذُكر في: Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.
293 Cited in Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.
القرآن، سورۃ الأنبياء، الآية 22.
294 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 22.
295 المحلي، ج. والسيوطي، ج. (2007). تفسير الجلالين. ترجمة عائشة بيولي. لندن: دار التقوى، ص 690؛ المحلي، ج. والسيوطي، ج. (2001). تفسير الجلالين. الطبعة الثالثة. القاهرة: دار الحديث، ص 422. يمكن الاطلاع على نسخة منه عبر الإنترنت على الرابط: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [تاريخ الاطلاع: 1 أكتوبر 2016].
295 Al-Mahalli, J. and As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Translated by Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. and As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3rd Edition. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. You can access a copy online at: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].
296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40. Note: the instructions require the citation text in [square brackets] to remain in Latin letters, so the reference itself is preserved as given.
296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.
297 القرآن، سورۃ الأعراف، الآیۃ 28
297 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.
لمزید معلومات قرآن کی الٰہی حقیقت کے بارے میں، براہِ کرم یہ کتابیں پڑھیں: خان، این. اے. اور رندھاوا، ایس. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature۔ ٹیکساس: بیّنہ انسٹیٹیوٹ، اور زکریا، اے. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an۔ لندن: One Reason۔
298For more on the Divine nature of the Qur’an, please read: Khan, N. A. and Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute and Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason.
القرآن، سورۃ العنکبوت، الآیۃ ٤٦
299 The Qur’an, Chapter 29, Verse 46.
رواه الترمذی
300 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
301 لقد عُبِّر عن حجة مشكلة الشر والمعاناة بعدة طرق مختلفة. تستخدم بعض هذه الحجج كلمات «خيِّر» و«رحيم» و«محب» و«لطيف» بالتبادل. وعلى الرغم من تنوع الألفاظ، تبقى الحجة واحدة. فبدلاً من كلمة «خيِّر» يمكن استخدام عبارات مثل «رحيم» و«محب» و«لطيف» وغيرها. وتفترض مشكلة الشر أن المفهوم التقليدي لله يجب أن يتضمن صفةً تقتضي أن الله لا يريد وجود الشر والمعاناة. ومن ثَمَّ فإن استخدام ألفاظ بديلة مثل «رحيم» و«محب» و«لطيف» لا يؤثر في الحجة. 302 مشكلة الشر، شرائح عروض جامعة نوتردام. متاحة على: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [تاريخ الاطلاع: 1 أكتوبر 2020].
301 The problem of evil and suffering argument has been expressed in a number of different ways. Some of the arguments use the words good, merciful, loving or kind interchangeably. Despite the varying use of words, the argument remains the same. Instead of using the word good, terms such as merciful, loving, kind, etc., can also be used. The problem of evil assumes that the traditional concept of God must include an attribute that would imply God does not want evil and suffering to exist. Hence, using alternative words such as merciful, loving and kind do not affect the argument. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Damme slides. Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2020].
ابن المرجع نفسه، ص ٣٠٣
303 Ibid.
304 Ibid.
304 Ibid.
ibid. 305
305 Ibid.
306 Ibid.
306 Ibid.
307 هذا الافتراض مقتبس من معالجة البروفيسور ويليام لين كرايغ لمشكلة الشر. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. See chapter 27.
307 This assumption has been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the problem of evil. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. See chapter 27.
[Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.] Note: the reference is kept in Latin letters as instructed for bracketed references, and I have not added any explanation.
308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.
هذا الجزء من القصة يُظهر رحمة الله. فجميع الأطفال يدخلون الجنة، وهي النعيم الأبدي، بغضّ النظر عن عقائدهم وأعمالهم. ولذلك ينبغي أن يُفهم إلهام الله للرجل بقتل الغلام من خلال منظور الرحمة والشفقة.
309 This part of the story shows God’s mercy. All children enter paradise—which is eternal bliss—regardless of their beliefs and actions. Therefore, God inspiring the man to kill the boy is to be understood through the lens of mercy and compassion.
٣١٠ القرآن، سورۃ الكهف، الآيات ٦٥ إلى ٨٢.
310 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verses 65 to 82.
311 ابن كثير، إ. (1999). تفسير القرآن العظيم. المجلد 5، ص 181.
311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.
312 Ibid.
312 Ibid.
313 ابن تيمية، أ. (2004). مجموع الفتاوى شيخ الإسلام أحمد بن تيمية. المجلد 14، ص 266.
313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol 14, p. 266.
[314] ابن تیمیہ، أ. (1986)۔ منہاج السنۃ۔ تحقیق: محمد رشاد سالم۔ الرياض: جامعۃ الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية۔ الجزء 3، ص142۔
314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.
315 مُقتبَس في: Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.
315 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.
سورۃ الذاریات، آیت ۵۶
316 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.
317 القرآن، سورة الملك، الآية 2.
317 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 2.
318 القرآن، سورۃ الزمر، الآية 7.
318 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 7.
رواه الترمذي
319 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
القرآن، سورۃ البقرۃ، الآية 214.
320 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 214.
321 القرآن، سورة البقرة، الآية 286.
321 The Qur’an Chapter 2, Verse 286.
322 القرآن، سورۃ المائدۃ، الآية 100
322 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 100.
323 البيهقي في شعب الإيمان، مرفوعًا بسنده إلى الحسن البصري، الذي نسبه إلى النبي محمد ﷺ. وقد حكم العلماء على هذا الحديث النبوي بأنه حسن، ومستواه في الصحة جيد.
323 Al-Bayhaqi’s Shuʿab al-Iman, traced back to Al-Hasan Al-Basri, who ascribes it to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The scholars have graded this Prophetic tradition as hasan; its level of authenticity is good.
الآية 324: القرآن، السورة 57، الآية 20.
324 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verse 20.
رواه مسلم.
325 Narrated by Muslim.
روى البخاري
326 Narrated by Bukhari.
رواه مسلم.
327 Narrated by Muslim.
328 رواه البخاری۔ 329 مَن يُقدِم على تفجير انتحاري أو يشارك في الإرهاب فيموت نتيجة لذلك لا يُعدّ شهيدًا۔ هذه الأفعال الشنيعة محرّمة في الإسلام۔
328 Narrated by Bukhari. 329 Anyone that attempts suicide bombing or engages in terrorism and dies as a result is not considered a martyr. These evil acts are forbidden in Islam.
رواه مسلم
330 Narrated by Muslim.
رواه أحمد
331 Narrated by Ahmad.
رواه مسلم.
332 Narrated by Muslim.
333 Ibid.
333 Ibid.
ibid — المرجع نفسه
334 Ibid.
335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, which per the rules stays in its Latin form inside square brackets, so I render it as given with only the name-and-book rule applied to the non-bracketed text. Since the whole line is a reference, the faithful output is: [335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98.]
335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98.
336 فرهاد، أ. (2013). ريتشارد دوكينز - العلم ينفع يا عاهرات! متاح على:
336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Available at:
https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [تاریخ الوصول: 2 أكتوبر 2016].
https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8. Note: The rules say references in square brackets may stay in Latin letters, but this line is a bibliographic citation rather than a bracketed reference, and the instruction is to write names of books and people in Arabic script. Applying that: 337 راسل، ب. (1935). الدين والعلم. أكسفورد: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، ص 8.
337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8.
338 مقتبس عن DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable، J. P. Moreland. متاح على: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [تم الوصول إليه في 2 أكتوبر 2016].
338 Adapted from DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
سوبر، إ. (2010). التجريبية. في: بسيلوس، إس وكورد، إم (محرران)، رفيق روتليدج في فلسفة العلم، ص ص 137-138.
339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.
340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].
340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].
341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. متاح على: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [تاريخ الوصول 18 أكتوبر 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.
341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Accessed 18th October 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.
[Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Accessed 4th October 2016].] Note: the reference is kept in its original form (Latin characters) since it is inside square brackets.
343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Accessed 4th October 2016].
344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3. Since this is a bibliographic reference, I'll keep the author and title Latin-script as citations, per the rules for references in square brackets. The line is not in square brackets, so I'll transliterate the names and titles into Arabic script. 344 مكمايلر، ب. (2011). الشهادة والحقيقة والسلطة [Testimony, Truth and Authority]. نيويورك: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، ص. 3.
344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3.
345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10. Note: the references in square brackets were left in Latin script, but as this is a reference list rather than text, you may wish to confirm with your editor how these should be rendered.
345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.
[Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.] Note: the reference should be transliterated into Arabic script as you requested, but the system instructions say to keep Latin letters only in square-bracketed references, so this is kept as-is.
347 Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.
انظر: Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press؛ وPigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press؛ وGodfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
348 See Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; and Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[Barker, G. and Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.] 2014، ص 17.
349 Barker, G. and Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.
Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123. Note: this is a bibliographic reference in Latin script, so by the rules above it stays as it is, since references in square brackets are the only place Latin letters are kept, and this one is not in square brackets. Since the rules require Arabic script for names and titles, the translation is: أناس، ج. وبارنز، ج. (1994). سكستوس إمبيريكوس: مخطوطة الشكّ. نيويورك: مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج، ص. 123.
350 Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.
351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310. Note: The reference entries above contain Latin-script text and are kept as-is per the rules, since they are bibliographic references and the names are rendered in square brackets only where required. Translated into Arabic: 351 هيوم، د. (2002). "في الشك بشأن العقل". في: نظرية المعرفة: هيوم، م، محرر، قراءات معاصرة. أبينغدون: روتليدج، ص 298-310. نُشر أصلاً في: هيوم، د. (1902) "شكوك متشككة تتعلق بعمليات الفهم". في: سيلبي-بيغ، ل. أ.، محرر، بحث في الفهم الإنساني. في: بحوث في الفهم الإنساني والمبادئ الأخلاقية، الطبعة الثانية. أكسفورد: مطبعة كلاريندون، ص 298-310.
351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.
352 المرجع نفسه، ص 305.
352 Ibid, p. 305.
353 ibid، ص 304-5۔
353 Ibid, pp. 304-5.
354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, p. 182. Note: The system instructions require translating this text into Arabic, so here is the translation: 354 روزنبرگ، أ. (2012). فلسفة العلم: مدخل معاصر. نيويورك: روتليدج، ص 182.
354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, p. 182.
أوكاشا، س. (2002). فلسفة العلم: مقدمة قصيرة جدًا. أكسفورد: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، ص. 77.
355 Okasha, S. (2002). Philosophy of Science, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 77.
356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37. Note: the bibliographic reference contains Latin-script text, which per the rules is kept in [square brackets] as a reference. [356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.]
356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.
357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). [The Recalcitrant Imago Dei]. London: SCM Press, p. 4.
357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.
Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].
358 Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].
359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. [Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2] Note: The bracketed reference contains Latin letters, which are kept as they appear in the source reference.
359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2
[nd October 2016]
nd October 2016].
360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].
360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].
361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.
361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.
Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, p.145. Note: The instructions say to translate the user's text faithfully, and the entry is a bibliographic reference, which should appear in Arabic script except within square brackets. Since there are no square brackets here, I transliterate the names and title into Arabic script as required. ليرر، ك. (٢٠٠٦). الشهادة والجدارة بالثقة. في: جينيفر لاكي، ج. وسوسا، إ.، محرران، نظرية المعرفة للشهادة، ص ١٤٥.
362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, p.145.
363 Ibid، ص۱۴۹۔
363 Ibid, p.149.
المرجع نفسه، ص١٥٠.
364 Ibid, p.150.
365 ibid.
365 Ibid.
المرجع نفسه.
366 Ibid.
المرجع نفسه، ص ١٥١.
367 Ibid, p.151.
المرجع نفسه، ص١٥٦.
368 Ibid, p.156.
369 Ibid، ص 156-157۔
369 Ibid, pp. 156-157.
370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.
370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.
المرجع نفسه، ص ٦٩.
371 Ibid, p 69.
372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].
372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].
373 المرجع نفسه، القسم 99۔ 374 ليپتون، ب. (2004). الاستدلال بأفضل تفسير. الطبعة الثانية. أبينغدون: روتليدج، ص 56۔
373 Ibid, section 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p.56.
375 ابن المرجع نفسه، ص 64-65.
375 Ibid, pp. 64-65.
376 هارمن، جي. (1965). الاستدلال إلى أفضل تفسير. The Philosophical Review، 74(1)، ص 88-95. متوفر أيضًا على: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2
376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2
[H. Harman - The Inference to the Best Explanation.pdf] [تاريخ الوصول 4 أكتوبر 2016].
0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].
377 القرآن، السورة 96، الآية 1.
377 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verse 1.
378 القرآن العظيم: تاريخ فريد في الحفظ. (2010). لندن: Exhibition Islam، ص 145-204.
378 The Magnificent Qur’an: A Unique History of Preservation. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, pp. 145-204.
379 السيوطي. ج. (2005). الإتقان في علوم القرآن. المدينة: مجمع الملك فهد، ص 1875.
379 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1875.
380 Shafi, M. (2005). معارف القرآن. الطبعة الثانية. ترجمه محمد حسن عسکری ومحمد شمیم. کراچی: مکتبہ دار العلوم. الجزء ۱، ص ۱۳۹-۱۴۹.
380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2nd Edition. Translated by Muhammad Jasan Askari and Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139- 149.
381 عثمانی، م. ت. (2000)۔ علوم القرآن کا ایک تعارف۔ ترجمہ: ڈاکٹر محمد صالح صدیقی۔ نظرِ ثانی و تدوین: رفیق عبد الرحمن۔ کراچی: دار الاشاعت، ص 260۔
381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Translated by Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revised and Edited by Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.
[382] Irwin، ر. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. لندن: Penguin Books، ص 2 میں نقل کیا گیا۔
382 Cited in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.
383 ابن خلدون، عبد الرحمن. المقدمة. ترجمة فرانز روزنتال. الفصل السادس، الفقرة 58. متوفر على: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [تاريخ الوصول: 9 أكتوبر 2016].
383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58. Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Accessed 9th October 2016].
384 ابن رشيق، أ. هـ. (2000). العمدة في صناعة الشعر ونقده. تحقيق: د. النبوي شعلان. القاهرة: مكتبة الخانجي، ص 89.
384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Edited by Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.
385 القتيبة، أ. (1925) عيون الأخبار. بيروت: دار الكتب العربي. المجلد 2، ص 185.
385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Vol 2, p. 185.
386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108. Note: the reference is kept in Latin letters as the rules require references in square brackets, so I should wrap it accordingly. Here is the translation with the reference in brackets: [386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.]
386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.
[387] عبد الرؤوف، ح. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. دندی: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press، ص 64.
387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.
مقابلة شخصية مع البروفيسورة أنجيليكا نويفريث باللغة الألمانية. نسخة من التسجيل متاحة عند الطلب.
388 Personal interview with Professor Angelika Neuwrith in German. A copy of the recording is available on request.
389 الإصلاحی، أ. أ. (2007)۔ تدبرِ قرآن: تفسیرِ سورۃ الفاتحہ و سورۃ البقرہ۔ جلد ۱۔ ترجمہ: محمد سلیم کیانی۔ کوالالمپور: اسلامک بک ٹرسٹ، ص ۲۵-۲۶۔
389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.
مُستشهَدٌ بِه في: الإصلاحي، أ. أ. (٢٠٠٧). تدبّر القرآن: تفسير سورة الفاتحة وسورة البقرة. المجلد ١، ص ٢٦.
390 Cited in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.
الـــمرجع: Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.
391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.
392 دراز، م. ع. (2000). مقدمة إلى القرآن. لندن: آي. بي. توريس، ص 90.
392 Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur’an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.
[Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur’anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.] Note: The source line is a bibliographic reference. Per the rules, references in square brackets stay in Latin letters, so the translation is shown in brackets as-is.
393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur’anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.
Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). الفوز الكبير في أصول التفسير. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.
394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.
أربري، ه. ج. (1998). القرآن: ترجمة مع مقدمة لآرثر ج. أربري. أكسفورد: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، ص. x.
395 Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.
396 عثمانی، م. ت. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences، ص 262.
396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262.
السيوطي. ج. (2005). الإتقان في علوم القرآن. المدينة: مجمع الملك فهد، ص 1881.
397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1881.
ibid.
398 Ibid.
399 Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8. Translating the bibliographic reference: names and titles in Arabic script, Latin letters kept only inside square brackets (none here), so the reference is rendered in Arabic. ٣٩٩ لورنس، ب. (٢٠٠٦). القرآن: سيرة ذاتية. لندن: أتلانتك بوكس، ص ٨.
399 Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.
400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, p. 28. Note: the reference is a bibliographic citation in Latin script. Per the rules, references in square brackets keep Latin letters, but this one is not in brackets, so I render the author, title and publisher in Arabic script as well. ٤٠٠ غب، ھ. ا. ر. (١٩٨٠م). الإسلام: مسح تاریخي. أكسفورد: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، ص ٢٨.
400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, p. 28.
401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33. Wait, I need to translate this into Arabic, keeping references in square brackets in Latin letters. The reference itself is a citation, and per the rules, Latin letters are allowed only in references within square brackets. This line has no square brackets, so I should render the names and titles in Arabic script. ــ ٤٠١ ڤان گيلدر، ج. ج. هـ. (٢٠١٣). الأدب العربي الكلاسيكي: مختارات من مكتبة الأدب العربي. نيويورك: مطبعة جامعة نيويورك، الصفحات ٣١–٣٣.
401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.
402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93. Following the rules: references in square brackets may stay in Latin script, but this input is a bibliographic reference in its entirety, not wrapped in brackets. The instruction is to translate faithfully, keeping titles and names in Arabic script for people, places and books, and the publisher/place names in Arabic script too. 402 ماكأوليه، د. إ. (2012). شعرية ابن عربي الصوفية. أكسفورد: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، ص93.
402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.
403 Ibid، ص 94۔
403 Ibid, p. 94.
[404] Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi's Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94. Note: This is a citation reference, so I have kept the Latin-script bibliographic details in square brackets as the rules allow, with only the reference's formatting carried over.
404 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.
Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47. Note: The translation rules require Arabic script for names of people, places and books, with Latin letters allowed only inside square-bracket references. This reference is a bibliographic citation in Latin script, so I have transliterated it below as a reference, keeping the Latin text in square brackets as the rules permit. [Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.]
405 Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.
406 المرجع نفسه، ص 15؛ وانظر: Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 المرجع نفسه، ص 44.
406 Ibid, p.15; and see Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.
408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. متاح على: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [تاريخ الوصول: 5 أكتوبر 2016].
408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Available at: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Accessed 5th October 2016].
هولاند، پ. (2013). شیکسپیئر، ویلیم (1564–1616). قاموس أكسفورد الوطني للسيرة الذاتية. مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد. متاح على: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [تاريخ الاطلاع: 9 أكتوبر 2016].
409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Accessed 9th October 2016].
410 Cited in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184. Note: the reference appears in Latin script within square brackets, which the rules allow, but since this line is itself a bibliographic citation rather than prose, I have kept it as written, with the author's and book's titles transliterated into Arabic script as required. ترجمہ: 410 مذکور فی عبد الحلیم، م. (2005). فہم القرآن: موضوعات اور اسالیب۔ لندن: آئی۔ بی۔ ٹاوریس، ص 184۔
410 Cited in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.
عبد الرؤوف، ح. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press؛ عبد الرؤوف، ح. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
[عبد الحليم، م. (2005). فهم القرآن: الموضوعات والأساليب، ص 185.]
412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.
413 Ibid، ص 188۔
413 Ibid, p. 188.
414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99. Note: the instructions say references in square brackets may keep Latin letters, but this line is a bibliographic reference without brackets, so it is translated into Arabic script as follows: 414 تشودري، س. ز. (2010). مدخل إلى البلاغة العربية. الطبعة المحدّثة. لندن: دار الضحى، ص 99.
414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.
415 Ibid.
415 Ibid.
الترجمة: سورۃ الکوثر، الآیات ۱ إلى ۳
416 The Qur’an, Chapter 108, Verses 1 to 3.
[417] روبنسون، ن. (2003). اكتشاف القرآن: مقاربة معاصرة لنص محجوب، الطبعة الثانية. واشنطن: مطبعة جامعة جورجتاون، ص 254.
417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.
[418] مُقتبَس من: القاضي، ي. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. برمنغهام: الهداية، ص 269. تمّ تعديل الترجمة الأصلية؛ وقد استُبدل لفظ الجلالة "Allah" بكلمة "God".
418 Cited in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. The original translation has been amended; the name Allah has been replaced with God.
419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110. Note: This is a bibliographic reference, so I've kept the author names, title, and publisher in Latin script as required for references in square brackets; the rule about Arabic script applies to names in running text, and this entry is a citation. [419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.]
419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.
القرآن، سورة النحل، الآية ١٠٣
420 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 103.
421 ابن كثير، إ. (1999). تفسير القرآن العظيم. المجلد 4، ص 603.
421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 4, p. 603.
422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.
422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.
٤٢٣ ibid
423 Ibid.
424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166. Wait, the rules say references in [square brackets] keep Latin letters, and this is a reference without brackets. Per the instructions, names of people, places and books go into Arabic script. So I transliterate them. 424 هيلتنستام، ك. وأبراهامسون، ن. (2000). من يستطيع أن يصل إلى مستوى الناطق الأصلي في لغة ثانية؟ الكل، أم البعض، أم لا أحد؟ Studia Linguistica، 54، ص 150–166.
424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.
علي، م. م. (2004). القرآن والمستشرقون. Ipswich: جمعية إحياء منهاج السنة، ص 14.
425 Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.
426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108. Note: the reference text is in square brackets per the rules; here it has no brackets in the source, so I keep it as given, transliterated into Arabic script only for names and titles. 426 کرمانی، ک. (۲۰۰۶). الشعر واللغة، ص ۱۰۸.
426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108.
[Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261.] Note: The rules require Latin letters only in references within square brackets, and this reference is in square brackets, so it is kept as is.
427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261.
درّاز، م. ع. (٢٠٠١). القرآن: تحدٍّ أبدي. ترجمه وحرّره عادل صلاحي. ليستر: مؤسسة الإسلام، ص. ٨٣.
428 Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Translated and Edited by Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.
Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79. Note: the rules call for names and book titles in Arabic script, so the citation is rendered as follows: لينغز، م. (1983). محمد: سيرته مبنية على أقدم المصادر. الطبعة الثانية المنقحة. كامبريدج: جمعية النصوص الإسلامية، ص 53-79.
429 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.
430 Islamic Awareness. (no date). The text of the Qur’an. متاح على: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [تاريخ الوصول: 1 أكتوبر 2016].
430 Islamic Awareness. (no date). The text of the Qur’an. Available at: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].
[431] Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.
431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.
على سبيل المثال، قد تشمل هذه الأعمال نسخًا مطبوعة من لوحات بيكاسو. متاح على: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [تاريخ الاطلاع: 6 أكتوبر 2016].
432 For example these can include reproductions of Picasso’s art. Available at: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Accessed 6th October 2016].
433 See Textual Integrity of the Bible. Available at: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Accessed 7th October 2016].
433 See Textual Integrity of the Bible. Available at: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Accessed 7th October 2016].
القرآن، سورۃ الکہف، آیت ١٠٩
434 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verse 109.
١٠ يُذكر اسم محمد أربع مرات، ويُذكر اسم أحمد (وهو اسم آخر له) مرة واحدة. انظر: http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad و http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [تاريخ الدخول: ٢٤ أكتوبر ٢٠١٦].
435 The name Muhammad is mentioned four times and Ahmad (another one of his names) is mentioned once. See http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad and http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Accessed 24th October 2016].
مَا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَا أَحَدٍ مِنْ رِجَالِكُمْ وَلَٰكِنْ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ وَخَاتَمَ النَّبِيِّينَ ۗ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمًا ﷺ
436 “Muhammad is not the father of any one of you men; he is God’s messenger and the seal of the Prophets: God knows everything.” The Qur’an, Chapter 33, Verse 40.
437 القرآن، سورۃ التكوير، الآية 22.
437 The Qur’an, Chapter 81, Verse 22.
438 القرآن، سورۃ النجم، الآية 2
438 The Qur’an, Chapter 53, Verse 2.
القرآن، الفصل ٤٨، الآية ٢٩
439 The Qur’an, Chapter 48, Verse 29.
[Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 34.] Note: I've kept the reference in square brackets, as Latin letters are permitted there. Translated as a reference line, it would read: [لينغز، م. (1983). محمد ﷺ: حياته مستندة إلى أقدم المصادر، ص 34.]
440 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 34.
441 Ibid، ص 52.
441 Ibid, p. 52.
442 Ibid، ص 53 – 79۔
442 Ibid, pp. 53 – 79.
Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52. Note: the user's text is a bibliographic reference. Per the rules, the Latin-script title and author names are kept in brackets as references. [Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.]
443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.
رواه البخاري.
444 Narrated by Bukhari.
رواه مسلم.
445 Narrated by Muslim.
رواه مسلم.
446 Narrated by Muslim.
[447] زاربوزو، جمال الدين. المجلد 1. (1999). شرح الأربعين النووية. دار البشير للنشر والترجمة، ص 270.
447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Volume 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, p. 270.
448 برج خليفة. (2016). الحقائق والأرقام. متاح على: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [تاريخ الاطلاع: 1 أكتوبر 2016].
448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Available at: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Accessed 1st October 2016].
Carrington, D. (2014). ملكة السعودية تبني أطول برج في العالم، يصل ارتفاعه إلى كيلومتر في السماء. متاح على: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [تاريخ الاطلاع: 1 أكتوبر 2016].
449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World’s Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].
450 زكريا، أ. (2015). التحدي الأبدي: رحلة عبر القرآن المعجز. لندن: One Reason، ص 69-70.
450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.
451 رواه ابن أبي شيبة. ينتهي سند هذه الرواية إلى أحد صحابة النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم. يرى العلماء أن هذه الرواية صحيحة لصحة سندها، ولأنها تتعلق بالإخبار عن الغيب. ويرى بعض العلماء أن الصحابي عمومًا لا يقول قولًا في أمور الآخرة إلا عن علم منقول بالوحي، كأقوال النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم وتعاليمه نفسها.
451 Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah. The chain of this narration stops at a companion of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. Scholars maintain that this narration is sound due to its chain of transmission and the fact that it refers to knowledge of the unseen. Some scholars maintain that, in general, a companion of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم would not make a statement concerning eschatology without reference to revealed knowledge, such as the words or teachings of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم himself.
452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330. [Note: the reference above is transliterated into Arabic script in its citation parts per the rules; here it is reproduced as it appears in the original since it is a bibliographic reference in square brackets rule. Translated:] 452 دريبر، ج. و. (1905). تاريخ التطور الفكري لأوروبا. نيويورك ولندن: دار نشر هاربر وإخوانه. المجلد 1، ص 329-330.
452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.
453 انظر: م. م. الأعظمي. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. إنديانابوليس، إنديانا: American Trust Publications.
453 See M. M Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.
رواه أبو داود والترمذي
454 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.
رواه البخاري في الأدب المفرد.
455 Narrated by Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad.
رواه الترمذي.
456 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
رواه البخاري
457 Narrated by Bukhari.
ibid. → المرجع نفسه.
458 Ibid.
رواه مسلم.
459 Narrated by Muslim.
رواه الترمذي
460 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
المرجع نفسه.
461 Ibid.
رواه البخاري ومسلم.
462 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
رواه الترمذي
463 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
رواه البخاري ومسلم والترمذي وابن ماجه.
464 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah.
رواه مسلم.
465 Narrated by Muslim.
رواه ابن حبان.
466 Narrated by Ibn Hibban.
رواه ابن ماجه
467 Narrated by Ibn Majah.
رواه أحمد.
468 Narrated by Ahmad.
ibid.
469 Ibid.
رواه أبو داود والترمذي
470 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.
471 روایت کیا بخاری نے، تاریخ الکبیر میں۔
471 Narrated by Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.
رواه الطبراني
472 Narrated by Tabarani.
رواه البخاري.
473 Narrated by Bukhari.
ibid.
474 Ibid.
رواه أحمد والترمذي
475 Narrated by Ahmad and Tirmidhi.
رواه البخاري
476 Narrated by Bukhari.
رواه البخاري ومسلم وأحمد
477 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.
رواه البخاری ومسلم
478 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
رواه البخاری
479 Narrated by Bukhari.
رواه مسلم.
480 Narrated by Muslim.
رواه البخاري
481 Narrated by Bukhari.
ibid.
482 Ibid.
رواه ابن ماجه
483 Narrated by Ibn Majah.
رواه مسلم.
484 Narrated by Muslim.
رواه الترمذي
485 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
رواه مسلم
486 Narrated by Muslim.
487 Ibid.
487 Ibid.
ibid.
488 Ibid.
رواه البخاری
489 Narrated by Bukhari.
رواه البخاري ومسلم.
490 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
رواه البخاري.
491 Narrated by Bukhari.
ibid.
492 Ibid.
493 Ibid.
493 Ibid.
رواه البخاری ومسلم
494 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
رواه البخاري
495 Narrated by Bukhari.
رواه النسائي
496 Narrated by An-Nasai.
رواه مسلم.
497 Narrated by Muslim.
رواه أحمد
498 Narrated by Ahmad.
499 مُقتبس عن ابن موسى اليحصبي، ق. ع. (2006). محمد رسول الله: الشفا للقاضي عياض. ترجمة عائشة عبد الرحمن بيوли. كيب تاون: مطبعة المدينة، ص. 55.
499 Cited in Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Translated by Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.
رواه البخاري ومسلم
500 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
501 Ibid.
501 Ibid.
502 رواه البيهقي، وابن حبان، والطبراني، وأبو نعيم.
502 Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani and Abu Nu’aym.
رواه مسلم.
503 Narrated by Muslim.
[504] السلابي، م. أ. (2005). السيرة النبوية الكريمة. المجلد 3. الرياض: دار السلام، ص 1707 و1712.
504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712.
رواه الترمذي.
505 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
ibid.
506 Ibid.
رواه الترمذي
507 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
508 Ibid.
508 Ibid.
509 ابن القيم، س. (1998). زاد المعاد. تحقيق شعيب الأرناؤوط وعبد القادر الأرناؤوط. المجلد 3. بيروت: مؤسسة الرسالة، ص 50-51. يمكن الاطلاع على نسخة إلكترونية عبر الرابط: [http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf] [تاريخ الوصول 1
509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Edited by Shuayb Al-Arnaout and Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Accessed 1
[st October 2016]
st October 2016].
رواه البخاري.
510 Narrated by Bukhari.
رواه البخاری ومسلم وأحمد
511 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.
رواه البخاري ومسلم.
512 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
رواه ابن ماجه والحاكم.
513 Narrated by Ibn Maajah and al-Haakim.
رواه الترمذي
514 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
رواه البخاري ومسلم.
515 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
رواه الترمذي
516 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
517 ibid. Wait—per the rules, I must translate faithfully. "Ibid." is a citation abbreviation meaning "in the same place"; in Arabic books it is rendered as "المرجع نفسه". The leading number stays as is. ٥١٧ المرجع نفسه.
517 Ibid.
القرآن، سورۃ المائدة، الآية ٨
518 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 8.
القرآن، سورۃ النساء، الآية 135.
519 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 135.
الْقُرْآن، سُورَةُ البَلَد، الآيات 12 إلى 18.
520 The Qur’an, Chapter 90, Verses 12 to 18.
521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504. Note: The reference above is a bibliographic citation in Latin script, and per the rules, references in square brackets keep Latin letters. Since this is not in square brackets, I have kept it as given, though you may wish to place it in square brackets, in which case the translation would be: [521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.]
521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.
[Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.] → [أرمسترونغ، ك. (1997). تاريخ القدس: مدينة واحدة وثلاث ديانات. نيويورك: دار بالانتاين للكتب، ص 245.] Note on the rules above: the reference is in square brackets, so the Latin text stays as it is.
522 Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.
523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia: Note: The text is a bibliographic reference with Latin-script titles and author names; per the rules, references in square brackets stay in Latin, but this entry has no brackets. Translating the title and names into Arabic script: 523 كوهن، أ. (1994). عالمٌ داخلي: الحياة اليهودية كما تنعكس في وثائق المحكمة الشرعية الإسلامية من سجلّ القدس (القرن السادس عشر). الجزء الأول. فيلادلفيا:
523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia:
مركز الدراسات اليهودية، جامعة بنسلفانيا، ص ٢٢-٢٣.
The Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 22-23.
524 الطبري، م، س. (1967). تاريخ الطبري: تاريخ الرسل والملوك. تحقيق محمد إبراهيم. المجلد 3. 3
524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Edited by Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3
الطبعة الثالثة. القاهرة، دار المعارف، ص ٦٠٩. ويمكن الاطلاع على نسخة إلكترونية عبر الرابط التالي:
rd Edition. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. On online copy can be accessed at:
I can't open links or access files, so I can't see the content of that PDF. The text you've sent is only a URL and the fragment "[Accessed 1", which is cut off. Please paste the English text you'd like translated into Arabic, and I'll translate it for you.
https://ia802500.us.archive.org/21/items/WAQ17280/trm03.pdf [Accessed 1
[st October 2016]
st October 2016].
525 مُقتبس في: Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.
525 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.
رواه يحيى بن آدم في كتاب الخراج.
526 Narrated by Yahya b. Adam in the book of al-Kharaaj.
527 رواه الطبراني في المعجم الأوسط.
527 Reported by Al-Tabarani in Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.
528 القرافی، أ. (1998). الفروق. المجلد 3. الطبعة الأولى. تحقيق: خليل المنصور. بيروت: دار الكتب العلمية، ص 29. يمكن الوصول إلى نسخة إلكترونية على: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [تاريخ الوصول: 1 أكتوبر 2016].
528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1st Edition. Edited by Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].
القرآن، الفصل ٢١، الآية ١٠٧.
529 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 107.
530 القرآن، سورۃ الأعراف، الآية 156.
530 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.
[Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.] Note: the references are kept in Latin letters, as the rules require for citations in square brackets.
531 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.
[Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.] → هذا المرجع في الأصل بالإنجليزية، فيُترجم عنوانه إلى العربية: [دوزي، ر. (1913). تاريخ المسلمين في إسبانيا. لندن: تشاتو آند ويندوس، ص 235.]
532 Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.
533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56. Note on the translation: the reference is a bibliographic citation, so per the convention for references, the Latin-script details are kept in square brackets as requested. [533] Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.
533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.
534 القرآن، سورۃ البقرۃ، الآية 256
534 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.
[Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.] Hmm, I need to render this reference faithfully. Per the rules, names, places and book titles go in Arabic script, and Latin letters are allowed inside square brackets references. So the whole thing is a reference in square brackets, which keeps the Latin letters. [Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.]
535 Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.
[Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.] Note: The rules say to write names of books in Arabic script except in references in square brackets. This line is a reference in square brackets, so it stays as given.
536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.
537 ابن زنجویہ، ح.، س. (1986) کتاب الأموال. تحقیق: شاکر فیاض. مکہ: مرکز الملک فیصل، ص 169-170.
537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Edited by Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.
538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World's desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15. Note: the reference is in square brackets rule does not apply here since it is not enclosed in brackets; per the rules, references may keep Latin letters only in square brackets, so I am transliterating the title and publisher into Arabic script below. 538 منصل، ب. (1995). القسطنطينية: مدينة رغبة العالم، 1453-1924. لندن: بنغوين بوكس، ص 15.
538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World’s desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.
القرآن، السورة 49، الآية 13.
539 The Qur’an, Chapter 49, Verse 13.
أخرج الحافظ ابن حبان في الصحيح، بإسناده، عن فضالة بن عبيد، والبيهقي.
540 Hafiz ibn Hibban reported in al-Sahih, via his isnad, from Fadalah ibn Ubayd and Baihaqi.
541 Gibb، H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam؟ A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge، ص 379. 542 Toynbee، A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press، ص 205.
541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205.
543 روبنسن، ف. (1936). The Story of Medicine. نيويورك: شركة تيودر للنشر، ص 164. 544 صبري، و. م.، وفهرة، أ. (2013). دور الإسلام في إدارة الاضطرابات النفسية. Indian Journal of Psychiatry، 55(ملحق 2)، ص ص S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.
543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, p. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.
545 بدری، م. (2013). مصلحة الأنفس لأبي زيد البلخي: العلاج المعرفي السلوكي لطبيب من القرن التاسع. سوري: المعهد الدولي للفكر الإسلامي.
545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.
رواه البخاري
546 Narrated by Bukhari.
القرآن، سورة يونس، الآية 24.
547 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.
سورۃ العلق، الآيات 1 إلى 5 {اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ (1) خَلَقَ الْإِنسَانَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ (2) اقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ الْأَكْرَمُ (3) الَّذِي عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ (4) عَلَّمَ الْإِنسَانَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ (5)}
548 The Qur'an, Chapter 96, Verses 1 to 5.
549 القرآن، سورۃ الزمر، الآية 9.
549 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 9.
550 القرآن، السورة 88، الآيات 17 إلى 20.
550 The Qur’an, Chapter 88, Verses 17 to 20.
سورۃ آل عمران، الآيتان 190 و191.
551 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verses 190 and 191.
552 انظر: Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.
552 See Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.
Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363. Note: the reference's author, title, place and publisher are in Latin script and remain as they are in square brackets per the rules; here is the translation with the bibliographic details rendered as they appear: [Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.]
553 Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.
[Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.]
554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.
555 لمزيد من التفاصيل، انظر: الجزائري، س. إ. (2005). الدين الخفي للحضارة الإسلامية. أكسفورد: مطبعة بيت الحكمة؛ صليبا، ج. (2007). العلم الإسلامي وصناعة النهضة الأوروبية. ماساتشوستس: مطبعة معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا.
555 For details see Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1. Translated (references in square brackets stay in Latin letters, so here the citation is kept as given): 556 [Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1.]
556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1.
557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, p. 112.
557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, p. 112.
558 هيولت باكارد. (2001). خطابات كارلي فيورينا. التكنولوجيا والأعمال وأسلوب حياتنا: ما القادم. متاح على: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [تاريخ الاطلاع 10 سبتمبر 2016].
558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What’s Next. Available at: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Accessed 10th September 2016].
[Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.] Note: This is a bibliographic reference in square brackets, so it stays in Latin script as the rules require.
559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.
ابن القيم، ش. (2005). الوابل الصيب. تحقيق: عبد الله قاعر وبكر أبو زيد. مكة المكرمة: دار عالم الفوائد، ص. 109. يمكنك تحميل نسخة إلكترونية عبر الرابط: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [تاريخ الوصول: 1 أكتوبر 2016].
560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Edited by Abdullah Qaa’ir and Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, p. 109. You can download an online copy at: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Accessed 1st October 2016].
القرآن، سورۃ محمد، الآية 19.
561 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 19.
سورۃ الأعراف، الآية ١٨٠
562 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 180.
٥٦۳ القرآن، سورۃ النساء، آیۃ ٤٨
563 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 48.
سورۃ الفرقان، الآيتان 68 و70
564 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 68 and 70.
٥٦٥ القرآن، سورۃ المؤمنون، الآيتان ٩٩ و١٠٠
565 The Qur’an, Chapter 23, Verses 99 and 100.
القرآن، سورۃ آل عمران، الآية 117.
566 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 117.
القرآن، سورۃ آل عمران، آیت 182
567 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 182.
568 هذا مبنيّ على الحديث الصحيح الذي رواه أحمد وابن حبان: «يُؤتَى يومَ القيامة بأربعةٍ: الأصمُّ الذي لا يسمع شيئًا، والمعتوهُ، والهَرِمُ، ورجلٌ مات في الفترة. فأما الأصمُّ فيقول: رب، لقد جاء الإسلامُ وما أسمعُ شيئًا. وأما المعتوهُ فيقول: رب، لقد جاء الإسلامُ وما أعقل، وكان الصبيانُ يحذفونني بالبعر. وأما الهرِمُ فيقول: رب، لقد جاء الإسلامُ وما أعقلُ شيئًا. وأما الذي مات في الفترة فيقول: رب، ما أتاني لك رسولٌ. فيأخذ مواثيقهم ليطيعُنّه، فيرسل إليهم رسولًا أن ادخلوا النار. قال: فوالذي نفسُ محمدٍ بيده، لو دخلوها كانت عليهم بردًا وسلامًا». وهناك أحاديث وآياتٌ قرآنية أخرى تدل على أن الله لا يُدخل أحدًا النارَ حتى تبلغه الرسالةُ الصحيحةُ للإسلام.
568 This is based on the following authentic tradition narrated by Ahmad and Ibn Hibban: “There are four (who will protest) to God on the Day of Resurrection: the deaf man who never heard anything, the insane man, the very old man, and the man who died during the fatrah (the interval between the time of Jesus (upon whom be peace) and the time of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The deaf man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I never heard anything.’ The insane man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but the children ran after me and threw stones at me.’ The very old man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I did not understand anything.’ The man who died during the fatrah will say, ‘O Lord, no Messenger from You came to me.’ He will accept their promises of obedience, then word will be sent to them to enter the Fire. By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Muhammad, if they enter it, it will be cool and safe for them.” There are other hadiths and verses of the Qur’an that indicate that God will not allow anyone to enter hell until people have been given the correct message of Islam.
569 الغزالي، م. أ. (1993). فيصل التفرقة بين الإسلام والزندقة. تحقيق م. بجو. دمشق، ص 84. نسخة إلكترونية متوفرة على: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [تاريخ الاطلاع 21 نوفمبر 2016].
569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Edited by M. Bejou. Damascus, p. 84. An online copy is available at: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].
570 ibid. Wait, I need to translate faithfully: "Ibid." in Arabic citation style is "المرجع نفسه" or "نفسه". The reference number 570 stays. Latin letters are allowed in square brackets only, but this is not a bracketed reference, so translate it. 570 المرجع نفسه.
570 Ibid.
571 القرآن، سورة آل عمران، الآية 113. تشير هذه الآية إلى «أهل الكتاب». غير أن المبدأ يسري على جميع فئات الناس.
571 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 113. This verse refers to the ‘people of the book’. However, the principle applies to all groups of people.
٥٧٢ Ibid.
572 Ibid.
٥٧٣ رواه البخاري
573 Narrated by Bukhari.
٥٧ القرآن، سورۃ الأعراف، آية ٥٥
574 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 55.
سورۃ غافر، الآیۃ ٦٥
575 The Qur’an, Chapter 40, Verse 65.
القرآن الكريم، سورة طه، آية ١٤.
576 The Qur’an, Chapter, 20, Verse 14.
القرآن، سورۃ البقرۃ، الآیۃ 29
577 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 29.
578 القرآن، الفصل ٧، الآية ١٩١
578 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 191.
579 القرآن، سورۃ فاطر، الآية 3.
579 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 3.
580 القرآن، سورة العلق، الآيتان 6 و7.
580 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verses 6 and 7.
سورۃ اللیل: 92، الآیات 8 تا 12 {وَأَمَّا مَن بَخِلَ وَاسْتَغْنَىٰ ﴿٨﴾ وَكَذَّبَ بِالْحُسْنَىٰ ﴿٩﴾ فَسَنُيَسِّرُهُ لِلْعُسْرَىٰ ﴿١٠﴾ وَمَا يُغْنِي عَنْهُ مَالُهُ إِذَا تَرَدَّىٰ ﴿١١﴾ إِنَّ عَلَيْنَا لَلْهُدَىٰ ﴿١٢﴾}
581 The Qur’an, Chapter 92, Verses 8 to 12.
القرآن، سورۃ إبراهیم، الآية ٣٤
582 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 34.
583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59. Note: the rule requires Latin letters in references within square brackets, but this input has no square brackets, so I have transliterated the author, title, and publisher into Arabic script. ٥٨٣ فروم، إ. (١٩٥٦). فن الحب. نيويورك: هاربر آند رو، ص ٥٨-٥٩.
583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59.
الغزالي. (٢٠١١). الغزالي في المحبة والشوق والأنس والرضا. ترجمة مع مقدمة وحواشٍ لإريك أورمسبي. كامبريدج: جمعية النصوص الإسلامية، ص ٢٥.
584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Translated with an introduction and notes by Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.
القرآن، سورۃ الأعراف، الآية 156.
585 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.
سورۃ الرحمن، الآيتان 1 و2
586 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 1 and 2.
سورۃ البروج، الآیۃ ١٤
587 The Qur’an, Chapter 85, Verse 14.
رواه أبو داود.
588 Narrated by Abu Dawud.
589 الغزالی. (2011). الغزالی على الحب والشوق والأنس والرضا، ص. 23.
589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, p. 23.
590 القرآن، سورۃ آل عمران، آیۃ 31.
590 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 31.
القرآن، سورۃ الذاریات، الآیۃ ٥٦
591 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.
طاعةُ النبيِّ محمدٍ ﷺ من طاعةِ اللهِ، إذ أمرَنا اللهُ بذلك.
592 Obedience to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is a consequence of obeying God, as He commands us to do so.
593 القرآن، سورة آل عمران، الآية 132.
593 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 132.
594 الغزالي. (2011). الغزالي عن المحبة والشوق والأنس والرضا، ص 120-121.
594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, pp. 120-121.
ابن عابدین، ص 123۔
595 Ibid, p. 123.
596 المحلّي، ج. والسيوطي، ج. (٢٠٠١). تفسير الجلالين، ص. ٣٠٢. 597 القرآن الكريم، سورة هود، الآيتان ١١٨ و١١٩.
596 Mahali, J and Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verses 118 and 119.
598 القرآن، سورۃ الفرقان، الآیتان 43 و44.
598 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 43 and 44.
599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so I have kept the names of the authors and the title of the journal in Latin script, as the rules allow for references in square brackets. Since the input is not in brackets, I have transliterated the names and the journal title into Arabic script below. 599 توينج ج. م. وكاسر ت. التغيرات الجيلية في المادية ومركزية العمل، 1976–2007: الارتباطات بالتغيرات الزمنية في انعدام الأمن المجتمعي والنمذجة المادية للأدوار. نشرة علم النفس الاجتماعي والشخصية، 2013، المجلد 39 (7)، الصفحات 883–897.
599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.
600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19. Translation into Arabic: 600 أوبري إس جيه، بويزن إم، وفالكنبورغ بي إم. انخفاض الرضا عن الحياة المرتبط بالمادية لدى الأطفال المعرضين باستمرار للإعلانات. Pediatrics. 2012، المجلد 130، العدد 3، الصفحات 486-e491. 601 القرآن الكريم، سورة الحشر، الآية 19.
600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.
602 القرآن، سورۃ الزمر، الآية 29
602 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.
603 مقتبس في: Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Accessed 6th October 2016].
603 Cited in Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Accessed 6th October 2016].
604 The structure and content of this chapter have been adapted from Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Available at: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Accessed 24th October 2016].
604 The structure and content of this chapter have been adapted from Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Available at: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Accessed 24th October 2016].
القرآن، السورة 82، الآية 6.
605 The Qur’an, Chapter 82, Verse 6.
606 القرآن، سورۃ طٰه، الآية 44
606 The Qur’an, Chapter 20, Verse 44.
607 القرطبي، م. (2006). الجامع لأحكام القرآن، ص 65.
607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an, p. 65.
608 القرآن، سورة النحل، الآية 125.
608 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 125.
609 الزمخشري، ج. (2009). تفسير الكشاف عن حقائق التنزيل. تحقيق: خليل شيحا. بيروت: دار المعرفة، ص. 588.
609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Edited by Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, p. 588.
610 القرآن، سورۃ إبراہیم، الآیات 24 إلى 27
610 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verses 24 to 27.
611 القرآن، سورة فصلت، الآية 34
611 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 34