This sūrah describes a practical aspect of the first Muslim community’s life over a period stretching from shortly after the Battle of Badr in year 2 to shortly before the signing of the al-Ĥudaybiyah Peace Treaty four years later. In this respect it gives a true and direct description of the Muslim community in Madinah. It refers to many of the events that took place during that period and outlines certain regulations which it either initiates or endorses for the fledgling Muslim community.

The comments on events and regulations are relatively few, constituting only a small portion of the sūrah. Indeed, these comments serve only to link these events and regulations to the central concept of faith and submission to God. This is how we read the opening verses: “Prophet! Have fear of God and do not yield to the unbelievers and the hypocrites. God is certainly All-Knowing, Wise. Follow what is revealed to you by your Lord; for God is well aware of all that you do. Place your trust in God; for God alone is worthy of all trust. Never has God put two hearts in one man’s body.” (Verses 1-4) Early on, the sūrah comments on some social regulations: “This is written down in God’s decree. We did accept a solemn pledge from all the prophets: from you, [Muĥammad], and from Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus son of Mary. From all did We accept a weighty, solemn pledge. God will question the truthful about the truth [entrusted to them]. He has prepared painful suffering for the unbelievers. “(Verses 6-8) A little further on we are shown the attitude of the weak-hearted when the confederate tribes laid siege to Madinah: “Say: ‘Flight will benefit you nothing. If you flee from natural death or from being slain, you will only be left to enjoy life for a little while. Say: ‘Who can keep you away from God if it he His will to harm you, or if it be His will to show you mercy?’ Other than God they can find none to protect them or to bring them support.” (Verses 16-17) A piece of social legislation that went against the familiar practice in pre-Islamic days is followed by the comment: “Whenever God and His Messenger have decided a matter, it is not for a believing man or a believing woman to claim freedom of choice in that matter.” (Verse 36) Finally, we have a statement that sets the human mission against a universal background: “We offered the trust to the heavens and the earth and the mountains, but they refused to bear it and were afraid to receive it. Yet man took it up. He has always been prone to be wicked, foolish.” (Verse 72)

The sūrah depicts a period of time when the Islamic character of both the community and the state had begun to take shape but had not yet developed sufficiently or acquired its full authority. That took place after Makkah fell to Islam and people began to embrace the new faith in large numbers allowing the Muslim state and its new system to establish their roots.

The sūrah undertakes an important part of social reorganization imparting the distinctive Islamic features of family and community life, outlining their basis in Islamic teachings. It also modifies or outlaws certain practices and traditions, bringing all these within the framework of the Islamic concept of life and society.

It is within the overall discussion of these situations and regulations that the confrontation with the confederate tribes and the Qurayżah expedition are discussed.

We are informed of the attitudes of the unbelievers, the hypocrites and the Jews during these events, their schemes to weaken the Muslim community and how they always tried to undermine Islamic moral standards, even in Muslim homes. It was precisely this sort of derogatory behaviour that aimed at undermining the Muslim community either through direct military action and a corresponding defeatism or through efforts to erode the social and moral fabric of Muslim society. Moreover, these events left clear marks on the Muslim community to the extent that certain social aspects and particular concepts required modification. Thus the sūrah appears to be an integrated unit with a common thread running through its subject matter.

Moreover, the time frame around which it works also constitutes a unifying factor.

The sūrah begins with a directive issued to the Prophet that he must fear God and pay no heed to the unbelievers and the hypocrites. On the contrary, he should obey God and rely on Him alone. This opening relates all that the sūrah includes to the central principle that forms the basis of all Islamic teachings, legislation, its social system and morality. It is the principle that formulates the Islamic concept of God and the requirements to submit to Him, implement the code He has outlined and place all our trust in Him.

A decisive word is then given on certain social traditions and practices. This starts with outlining a basic fact: “Never has God put two hearts in one man’s body.” (Verse 4)

This alludes to the fact that man cannot live in two different universes or follow two different systems. Should he do so he would stumble and become a hypocrite. Since he has only one heart, he must look up to One God and follow one system to the exclusion of all other things, familiar and well established as these may be.

The sūrah immediately moves on to abolish the practice of żihār, which involves a man swearing to his wife that she is to him like his mother’s back, meaning that she is as unlawful to him to marry as his mother: “Nor does He make your wives whom you declare to be as unlawful to you as your mothers’ bodies truly your mothers.” (Verse 4) It makes clear that these are mere words that cannot establish a fact. They do not make a mother out of a wife; the wife remains the man’s wife. It follows this with abolishing the practice of child adoption: “Likewise, He does not make your adopted sons truly your sons.” (Verse 4) Thus inheritance within an adopting family is no longer valid. (We will discuss this in detail later on.) In contrast, the sūrah establishes the overall authority God assigns to His Messenger over all Muslims, placing his authority above what they may wish for themselves. It further establishes a sense of motherly relation between the Prophet’s wives and all believers: “The Prophet has more claim on the believers than they have on their own selves; and his wives are their mothers.” (Verse 6) The practical effects of the bond of brotherhood established between Muslim individuals shortly after the migration of Makkan Muslims to Madinah are terminated, so as to restrict inheritance and the payment of blood money to real kinsfolk: “Blood relatives have, according to God’s decree, a stronger claim upon one another than other believers [of Madinah] and those who have migrated for God’s sake].” (Verse 6) Thus, earlier temporary measures are abrogated in favour of natural and permanent ones.

The following comment makes clear that the new system derives from the Islamic code and from God’s ruling. It is written in God’s book and established in the covenant made with all prophets, particularly those of them endowed with stronger resolve. In this way the Qur’ān gives Islamic legislation and principles their appropriate place within people’s thoughts and consciences.

This then outlines the first part of the sūrah. The second part shows God’s great favour as He repelled the attacking forces of the confederates who besieged Madinah. It describes the confrontation with confederate forces and the Qurayżah Expedition vividly, painting successive images that show inner feelings, outward action and dialogue between groups and individuals. Within the overall picture of the battle and its events relevant directives are issued at the proper junctures.

Furthermore, the reporting of events is followed by comments aimed at establishing sound values for the Muslim community. The Qur’ānic method is to paint the action exactly as it took place, stating both apparent and inner feelings, and bringing these into sharp relief. It then gives believers its verdict about their actions, criticizing any deviation and praising what is sound and correct. It also gives directives to avoid error and confirm right practice and values. It relates all this to God’s will, human nature and universal laws.

Thus, the discussion of the confrontation and the battle starts with the following verse: “Believers! Remember the blessings God bestowed on you when hosts came down upon you. We let loose against them a windstorm and hosts that you could not see. Yet God sees all that you do.” (Verse 9) In the middle of the discussion, the following facts are highlighted: “Say: ‘Flight will benefit you nothing. If you flee from natural death or from being slain, you will only be left to enjoy life for a little while. Say: ‘Who can keep you away from God if it be His will to harm you or if it be His will to show you mercy?’ Other than God they can find none to protect them or to bring them support.” (Verses 16-17) “In God’s Messenger you have a good model for everyone who looks with hope to God and the Last Day, and always remembers God.” (Verse 21) The discussion is finally concluded thus: “God will surely reward the truthful for having been true to their word, and will punish the hypocrites, if that be His will, or accept their repentance. God is indeed Much-Forgiving, Merciful.” (Verse 24)

Alongside its discussion of events the sūrah shows how the true believers looked at the situation as it developed and portrays the contrasting feelings of the hypocrites. This enables us to distinguish sound values from false ones: “The hypocrites and the sick at heart said: ‘God and His Messenger promised us nothing but delusions’.” (Verse 12) “When the believers saw the Confederate forces they said: ‘This is what God and His Messenger have promised us! Truly spoke God and His Messenger.’ This only served to strengthen their faith and their submission to God.” (Verse 22) The outcome is then given in decisive terms: “God turned back the unbelievers in all their rage and fury; they gained no advantage. He spared the believers the need to fight. God is Most Powerful, Almighty.” (Verse 25)

When this second part is concluded we are introduced to the decision that gave the Prophet’s wives a choice. They had asked him for a more comfortable standard of living after the Muslim community became more prosperous, having gained much booty as a result of the siege of Qurayżah. They were asked to choose either the fine things of life or relinquish these in preference for pleasing God and His Messenger and earning a better position in the life to come. They all chose to be with God and His Messenger, preferring this to all worldly riches. They were also told that they would have double the reward if they maintained the path of goodness and remained God-fearing, and double the punishment should they commit any gross indecency. The sūrah explains that this doubling of reward and punishment was a result of their noble status, their relation with the Prophet and the revelation and recitation of the Qur’ān in their own homes, as well as the wisdom they received from the Prophet. This third part of the sūrah concludes with an outline of the reward given to all believers, men and women.

The fourth part makes an indirect reference to the case of Zaynab bint Jaĥsh, a cousin of the Prophet belonging to a noble Qurayshi family and her marriage to Zayd ibn Ĥārithah, a former slave given as a gift to Muĥammad long before his prophethood. The first thing it says about Zayd makes it clear that all believers, men and women, are subject to God’s decision in any matter; they do not even have a say in their own personal business. It is God’s will that determines everything, and they have to submit to it fully: “Whenever God and His Messenger have decided a matter, it is not for a believing man or a believing woman to claim freedom of choice in that matter.

Whoever disobeys God and His Messenger strays far into error.” (Verse 36)

This marriage soon ends in divorce and the situation provides a practical example for the abolition of the effects of child adoption. God’s Messenger himself is chosen to provide this example, because adoption was a deeply rooted tradition in the Arabian environment, and its practical effects were very difficult to break. Hence, God’s Messenger was to bear this new burden as part of his mission to shape the new Muslim society: “Then, when Zayd had come to the end of his union with her, We gave her to you in marriage, so that no blame should attach to the believers for marrying the spouses of their adopted sons when the latter have come to the end of their union with them. God’s will must be fulfilled.” (Verse 37) A clear statement of the nature of the relation between the Prophet and the believer then follows: “Muĥammad is not the father of any one of your men, but is God’s Messenger and the seal of all prophets.” (Verse 40)

This part concludes with clear directives to the Prophet and the believers: “Do not yield to the unbelievers and the hypocrites, and disregard their hurting actions. Place your trust in God; for God alone is worthy of all trust.” (Verse 48)

The fifth part begins by making a statement on the status of a woman who gets divorced before the consummation of her marriage. It moves on to organize the Prophet’s marital life, stating which women are lawful for him to marry and which are not. This is followed by directives defining the relation between Muslims and the Prophet’s homes and wives, both during his lifetime and after his death. It requires them not to mix with any men other than their fathers, sons, brothers, paternal and maternal nephews, other women and their slaves. It states that those who sought to disparage the Prophet and his wives would face severe punishment; they would be punished both in this life and the life to come. This gives us an impression that the hypocrites and others frequently resort to such disparagement.

Then follows a directive to the Prophet’s wives, daughters and all Muslim women, to draw some of their outer garments over their bodies. “This will be more conducive to their being recognized and not affronted.” (Verse 59) It warns the hypocrites and others similar to them that they may be made to evacuate Madinah in a similar way as the two Jewish tribes of Qaynuqā` and al-Nađīr were made to do, or that they might be dealt with in the same way as the Qurayżah Jews. All this implies that these people resorted to foul methods to harm the Muslim community in Madinah.

The final part of the sūrah mentions that people frequently ask about the Last Hour. Such questions are answered simply by saying that its knowledge belongs to God. They only need to know that it could be very close. This is followed by an image of the punishment meted out on the Day of Judgement. “On the day when their faces shall be tossed about in the fire, they will say: ‘Would that we had obeyed God and obeyed His Messenger.’“ (Verse 66) It also describes how unbelievers then feel towards their leaders for having led them astray: “And they shall say: ‘Our Lord! We have paid heed to our masters and our leaders, but they have led us astray from the right path. Our Lord! Give double suffering, and banish them utterly from Your grace.’“ (Verses 67-68)

The sūrah ends on a highly powerful note that leaves a strong and lasting effect:

“We offered the trust to the heavens and the earth and the mountains, but they refused to bear it and were afraid to receive it. Yet man took it up. He has always been prone to be wicked, foolish. So it is that God will punish the hypocrites, men and women, as well as the men and women who associate partners with Him; and He will turn in mercy to the believers, both men and women. God is Much-Forgiving, Merciful.” (Verses 72-73)

This conclusion illustrates the heavy burden placed on humanity in general and the Muslim community in particular, since it is this community that shoulders this great trust of faith as well as its advocacy and implementation at individual and community levels. This is in perfect harmony with the particular atmosphere of the sūrah, and with the nature of the social system Islam lays down.