This second passage of the sūrah, like the first, starts with the allegations, suggestions and objections made by the unbelievers as a prelude to their statements about the Prophet himself. All this is given here with the aim of comforting the Prophet. In this passage, however, we have an early account of the punishment in store for their arrogance, one which is posited in a series of images of the hereafter.

All this is given in reply to their question: “Why have no angels been sent down to us?’– or, ‘Why do we not see our Lord?” (Verse 21)

The sūrah then quotes their objection to the revelation of the Qur’ān over a long period, and explains the purpose behind this, reassuring the Prophet that God’s help is ready at hand whenever the unbelievers challenge him: “Whenever they come to you with an argument, We shall reveal to you the truth and the best explanation.” (Verse 33)

The sūrah describes to the Prophet and the unbelievers the fate suffered by earlier communities which denied God’s messages, reminding them in particular of the destruction suffered by Lot’s people. This has a greater effect, because they pass by that township, with its remains telling its terrible story. Yet they are hardened to it, and its sight does not inspire them to take steps in order to avoid a similar fate.

All this is given by way of introduction to the unbelievers’ ridicule of the Prophet and their offensive remarks about him. The sūrah immediately delivers a strong comment on this portraying them in a very contemptible light: “They are but like cattle.

Nay, they are even far worse astray.” (Verse 44)

Those who entertain no hope of meeting Us say: ‘Why have no angels been sent down to us?’ – or, ‘Why do we not see our Lord?’ Indeed, they are far too proud of themselves and they have been insolently overbearing. On the day when they shall see the angels, the sinners will receive no happy news then, and they will say: ‘a forbidding ban!’ We shall turn to whatever deeds they have done, and We shall transform it all into scattered dust. On that day, those destined for paradise will be graced with the best of abodes and the fairest place of repose. On the day when the skies shall be rent asunder with clouds, and the angels shall be sent down [in ranks].

On that day, true sovereignty belongs to the Most Merciful [alone]. It will be a day of dire distress for the unbelievers. On that day the wrongdoer will bite his hands and say: ‘Would that I had followed the path shown to me by the Messenger. Oh, woe is me! Would that I had never taken so- and-so for a friend! He surely led me astray from the Reminder after it had come to me!’ Satan is ever treacherous to man. (Verses 21- 29)

The unbelievers do not hope to meet God. This means that they do not expect such a meeting and do not take it into account so as to determine their prior behaviour. In their hearts they do not feel any awe of God. Hence, they are ready to make utterances that no one who expects to meet God would entertain. “Those who entertain no hope of meeting Us say: Why have no angels been sent down to us? – or, Why do we not see our Lord?” (Verse 21)

They considered it unreasonable that God’s Messenger should be a man. They demanded that angels be sent to them testifying to the truth of the message in order for them to believe in it. An alternative demand they made was that they should see God, so as to believe in Him. Such an overbearing attitude betrays the sort of ignorance associated with denying God and His attributes, having no proper esteem for Him. Who are they to make such overbearing demands? What are they in comparison with God Almighty? In God’s dominion, they are no more than a particle floating aimlessly in the air, unless they establish a bond between them and God through believing in Him, deriving their strength from Him. Hence, the reply given them in the same verse shows the source of their overbearing attitude: “Indeed, they are far too proud of themselves and they have been insolently overbearing.” (Verse 21)

They have given themselves airs and graces, become conceited, proud and haughty. All of which has led them to great transgression. Their pride is their main preoccupation, which means that they no longer give proper estimation to other things and values. They think themselves too great, or masters of the universe who deserve that God should appear before them in person so that they can believe in Him.

A truly sarcastic reply is given to them as they are informed of the terrible eventuality awaiting them when they see the angels, which is the less overbearing of their demands. For they will only see the angels on a very hard and difficult day on which they will be destined to receive unbearable and inescapable suffering. That is the Day of Reckoning when evil deeds are punished. “On the day when they shall see the angels, the sinners will receive no happy news then, and they will say: ‘a forbidding ban!’” (Verse 22)

In this sūrah God threatens the unbelievers with the sky being rent asunder by clouds. This may be a reference to clouds formed out of the vapours produced by the great explosions. On that day, the angels will go to the unbelievers, as the latter suggested, but their task will not be to confirm the Prophet’s message, but rather to administer punishment to the unbelievers as God will have ordered: “It will be a day of dire distress for the unbelievers.” (Verse 26) So why do they want the angels to go to them when their arrival signals so much distress?

The sūrah then portrays an image showing the regret and remorse felt by the unbelievers. It is portrayed at length, in detail, giving the impression that it is unending, where every wrongdoer bites his own hand in a gesture of regret:

On that day the wrongdoer will bite his hands and say: ‘Would that I had followed the path shown to me by the Messenger. Oh, woe is me! Would that I had never taken so- and-so for a friend He surely led me astray from the Reminder after it had come to me!’ Satan is ever treacherous to man. (Verses 27-29)

Everything around the wrongdoing unbeliever is still, while he sends out expressions of regret, with sorrow marking his voice. The rhythm here is deliberately long to add to the sound effects. As we read or hear these verses, we also seem to participate in the expression of regret. “On that day the wrongdoer will bite his hands.” (Verse 27) One hand is not enough. He bites both, alternating from one to the other, because his sorrow and regret are so keen. The movement itself is very common, expressing what the person making it feels. Hence, it is shown in full clarity.

The wrongdoer will also say: “Would that I had followed the path shown to me by the Messenger!” (Verse 27) Would that I followed his way and had not moved a single step away from it! He says this about God’s Messenger despite the fact that he had denied the very possibility that God might have entrusted him with a message.

“Oh, woe is me! Would that I had never taken so-and-so for a friend!” (Verse 28) No name is mentioned here, but the friend is described as ‘so and so’ to include every bad friend who encouraged him to turn away from the path of God’s Messenger and follow the wrong way. “He surely led me astray from the Reminder after it had come to me!” (Verse 29) He was indeed Satan’s aide, or was himself just another Satan. “Satan is ever treacherous to man,” leading him into situations of error and letting him down when he most needs help.

We see how the Qur’ān shakes their hearts, painting these fearful scenes of their fate as though this is already happening before their eyes. Yet still they deny God and speak of Him in a way that shows no respect. Indeed they make careless suggestions when what awaits them is certain to fill them with regret.

Perhaps we should add that some reports mention that these verses were revealed to the Prophet by way of comment on an incident involving `Uqbah ibn Abī Mu`ayţ, who frequently visited and sat with the Prophet. One day he invited the Prophet for a meal. The Prophet said that he would not eat `Uqbah’s food unless `Uqbah uttered the declaration, ‘I bear witness that there is no deity other than God, and that Muhammad is God’s Messenger.’ `Uqbah did so. His friend, Ubayy ibn Khalaf, however later remonstrated with him, saying: ‘You have abandoned your religion.’ `Uqbah said: ‘No, by God! It was only that he refused to eat my food when he was in my home, and I felt embarrassed, so I granted his wish.’ Ubayy said: ‘I will not be satisfied unless you go and step over him and spit in his face.’ `Uqbah looked for the Prophet until he found him in prostration near Dar al-Nadwah, and he did just that.

After these scenes of the Day of Judgement the sūrah brings us back to this world with a discussion of the unbelievers’ attitude towards the Prophet and their objections to the method of revealing the Qur’ān from on high. This part of the sūrah again ends with a scene of what happens to the unbelievers on the Day of Judgement.

And the Messenger will say: My Lord! My people have regarded this Qur’ān as something to be discarded!’ Thus against every prophet We have set up enemies from among those who are guilty. Sufficient is your Lord to provide guidance and support.

The unbelievers ask: ‘Why has not the Qur’ān been revealed to him all at once?’ Thus [it has been revealed] so that We might strengthen your heart with it, and We have imparted it to you by gradual revelation. Whenever they come to you with an argument, We shall reveal to you the truth and the best explanation. Those who will be gathered to hell on their faces – they will be worst in station and still farther away from the [right] path. (Verses 30-34)

They have abandoned the Qur’ān, which God revealed to His Messenger to warn and explain to them what lies ahead for mankind. They refused to listen to it because they feared they would be attracted to its message. Stubbornly, they refused to consider its message which would have guided them to the truth and given them light. Although God revealed it as a constitution for human life, guiding it to all that is best, they shut their minds to it. “And the Messenger will say: My Lord! My people have regarded this Qur’ān as something to he discarded!” (Verse 30) His Lord certainly knew this, but God’s Messenger made his complaint, humbly stating that he had exerted his best efforts, but still his people adamantly refused to listen to the Qur’ān and consider its message.

God comforts His Messenger, telling him that the same was the case with all earlier messengers. Every prophet has had enemies who discard divine guidance and deliberately turn people away from faith. But God is certain to guide His messengers to the way that ensures their victory over foul and wicked enemies. “Thus against every prophet We have set up enemies from among those who are guilty. Sufficient is your Lord to provide guidance and support.” (Verse 31)

Divine wisdom is perfect indeed. The fact that wicked people wage war against prophets and their messages is certain to strengthen these messages, giving them the sort of seriousness that fits their nature. The struggle of advocates of divine faith against those who fight it may be hard, involving much sacrifice, but it is such struggle that eventually distinguishes true and sincere advocates from false ones, strengthening the former and expelling the latter. Thus, only those who are true to their faith, dedicated to its cause, aspiring to no personal or easy gain remain, dedicating their efforts to God alone.

Had advocacy of the divine faith been comfortable and easy, moving along a smooth way adorned with flowers, and without opposition, everyone would have become an advocate. Indeed true causes would have been muddled with false ones, and much confusion would have resulted. When a message or a cause faces determined opposition, the struggle for it becomes inevitable and sacrifice necessary.

The sūrah goes on examining the arguments of the wicked who stand in opposition to the Qur’ān:

The unbelievers ask: ‘Why has not the Qur’ān been revealed to him all at once?’ Thus [it has been revealed] so that We might strengthen your heart with it, and We have imparted it to you by gradual revelation. (Verse 32)

The purpose of revealing the Qur’ān is to re-educate a community and establish a new social order. Such a task requires time. In a process of proper education it is not enough to understand the words being said, rather one must interact with them as also with the ideas expressed. This interaction should then be brought into the practical world. Human nature does not go through a total transformation overnight, as a result of reading a book which provides a complete new way of life. It is more likely to be influenced day by day, and by one aspect after another. This gives human nature the chance to gradually, but thoroughly understand it, and to get used to it bit by bit, bearing the responsibilities it requires. Thus, people are not scared off as they might be were it presented in full, surrounded by difficulties. This gradual approach is like serving a fresh nourishing meal every day, from which the recipient becomes stronger and better able to benefit by the next meal, enjoying it even more.

The Qur’ān provides a comprehensive way of life, as well as a system of education that suits human nature. For it is revealed by God, the Creator of human nature who knows it thoroughly. For this reason, it was revealed in parts, to suit the real needs of the Muslim community as it came into existence and began to grow. It is not meant to be a theoretical book which is read for enjoyment or increasing one’s knowledge. It is meant to be implemented in full, with every task accomplished and every detailed order carried out. Indeed its verses are ‘orders of the day’ which Muslims receive and start to implement immediately, just like military personnel receive their daily orders on the battlefield. They must understand these orders properly, interact with, and implement them.

For all this, the Qur’ān was revealed in small parts, explaining things first to the Prophet and strengthening his resolve to fulfil his task. Its revelation progressed, one passage or sūrah after another, as suited the different stages along the road the Muslim community travelled. “Thus [it has been revealed] so that We might strengthen your heart with it, and We have imparted it to you by gradual revelation.” (Verse 32) The Arabic term tartīl, translated here as ‘gradual revelation’, indicates successive steps according to God’s knowledge of what suited the Muslims at the time and their readiness to receive more.

This method accomplished miracles in transforming the community which so received it, interacting with it day after day and absorbing its message part after part.

When the Muslims ignored this method, viewing the Qur’ān as a book for theoretical knowledge and recitation in worship only, they no longer benefited by it. They simply abandoned its method which aimed to reshape their way of thinking and their everyday lives.

The sūrah then makes some quick and brief references to earlier communities who rejected God’s message, as given to them through His messengers. First we are told about Moses who was granted the support of his brother Aaron. Aaron was to share the task assigned to Moses. They were ordered to confront the people who ‘denied Our signs’, for Pharaoh and his people denied God’s signs even before Moses and Aaron were sent to them with God’s message. Such signs are available all the time, giving clear evidence. God’s messengers simply remind people of their negligence of such signs. Before the second verse speaking about them is completed, a quick picture of their fate is shown: “We utterly destroyed these people.” (Verse 36)

This is followed by a reference to Noah’s people who ‘rejected their messengers’ and in consequence, God ‘caused them to drown’. It should be explained here that Noah’s people denied only Noah’s message and their rejection applied only to him, but we have to remember that Noah only preached the faith advocated by all God’s messengers. Hence, when they rejected what he told them, it was as though they rejected all messengers, most of whom lived after their own time. God states that He ‘made of them an example for mankind.’ (Verse 37) The great floods could not be forgotten despite the passage of time. Anyone who looks carefully at the result of that flood will understand its lesson, provided he approaches it with an open mind.

“For the wrongdoers We have prepared grievous suffering.” (Verse 37) It is now ready, requiring no further waiting. We note that the wrongdoers are mentioned by their attribute, rather than by the use of a pronoun, which would have been perfectly correct from the point of view of style, but mentioning this quality explains the reason behind their punishment.

The next verse groups together the `Ād, Thamūd and the people of al-Rass, as well as many generations in between. Al-Rass refers to a ground well which was not properly built. Its people, who lived in a village in Yamāmah, killed the Prophet sent to them. Al-Ţabarī, however, says that they are the ones mentioned in Sūrah 85, The Constellations, as having lit a fire in a great pit to burn all the believers. Whatever the truth of this, the fact remains that all these communities faced the same fate after they were given a clear message, proffering clear lessons. None heeded what they were told and none averted the terrible fate against which they were warned.

All these peoples, as well as Lot’s township which suffered a shower of evil rained upon it, followed the same line and shared the same fate: “To each of them did We proffer lessons” so that they may take heed. But this was not to be. Hence, the outcome of their stubborn rejection of God’s message was that “each of them did We utterly annihilate.” (Verse 39)

The sūrah makes this very quick reference to all these communities, ending by mentioning the fate of Lot’s people, whose township, Sodom, the Arabs passed by on their summer trade journey to Syria. Sodom was destroyed with a volcanic rain that brought on them gases and stones, destroying the town completely. The sūrah states that they did not take heed because they did not believe in resurrection and did not hope to meet God. Hence, their hearts remained hardened. This gave rise to their objections to, and ridicule of their messengers.

After this quick reference to earlier communities, the sūrah mentions the ridicule faced by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from his people. This follows upon the earlier mention of their arrogance and objection to the method of revelation of the Qur’ān. The sūrah also earlier described what will happen to them on the Day of Resurrection, and also the fate suffered by earlier unbelievers. All this is given by way of solace to the Prophet before mentioning the ridicule they direct at him. They are warned that they will he placed in a position lower than that of animals: “When they see you, they make you a target of their mockery, [saying’: ‘Is this the one whom God has sent as His emissary?” (Verse 41)

Prior to his choice as God’s Messenger, Muhammad was highly respected among his people, being the descendant of a leading family and tribe. His honesty and morality enhanced his position, as he was nicknamed al-amīn, which meant ‘the trustworthy’. When the community faced a serious dispute over which tribe should replace the Black Stone, they accepted him as arbiter. When he gathered them to give them the first news of his mission, he asked them whether they would believe him if he were to tell them that armed people were moving behind the hills, preparing to attack them, they said: “Yes, because you enjoy our full trust.” Yet when he told them of his mission and recited to them this great book of divine revelations, they ridiculed him, saying: ‘Is this the one whom God has sent as His emissary?’ This is cruel ridicule. Yet, were they so convinced that he deserved such ridicule, or that the message he preached also deserved it? Not at all! For it was all a scheme devised by the Quraysh elders to detract from his great personality and to counter the irresistible influence of the Qur’ān. They felt that the new message constituted a threat to their social and economic positions. Hence, they resorted to every conceivable means to counter it.

They convened meetings and conferences to devise plots and strategies, and to agree on what accusations they should level at Muhammad, knowing full well that they were only fabricating blatant lies.

Ibn Isĥāq reports that one year as the pilgrimage season approached, a group of the Quraysh attended al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīrah, who was a high-ranking elderly figure. He said to them: “Now that the pilgrimage season is approaching, people will start arriving from all over the place. They must have heard about your friend (meaning the Prophet). So you had better agree what to say when you are asked about him. We must guard against having too many opinions, particularly if they are mutually contradictory.” When his audience asked his advice as to what they should say, he preferred to listen to their suggestions first. Someone suggested that they should describe Muhammad as a fortune-teller. Al-Walīd said: “It is clearly recognized that he is not.

We have seen fortune-tellers and what he says is nothing like the incomprehensible rhyming phrases they use.” Another suggestion was to say that he was a madman, but al-Walīd rejected this too, saying: “We have seen madness and its effect on people. His is nothing like a madman’s seizure, convulsion or hallucination.” A third suggestion was to say that he was nothing more than a poet, but al-Walīd again told them that it would not do. “We have learnt poetry in all its forms and metres, and what Muhammad says is nothing like poetry.” Someone suggested that they should say that Muhammad was a magician. Al-Walīd said: “He is not a magician. We have seen such people and their gestures as they blow and contract. He is totally unlike them.” Giving up, they said: “What shall we say, then?” Al-Walīd said: “What Muhammad says is certainly beautiful. It is like a date tree with solid roots and rich fruit. Every one of these suggestions you have made is bound to be recognized as false. The least disputable one is to claim that he is a magician who repeats magic words which make a man fall out with his father, mother, wife and clan.” They all approved of al-Walīd’s suggestion and set about preparing their propaganda campaign. They made sure to meet pilgrims as they arrived in Makkah so as to warn them about the Prophet.

The sūrah then addresses the Prophet consoling and comforting him. He did not fail to deliver his message or to employ strong arguments in advocating it. He certainly deserved nothing of the mockery and ridicule they levelled at him. It is they that are wicked. They make their own desires an idol which they worship. They have no argument for the stand they adopted. How could such a person formulate even the semblance of an argument?

“Have you considered the one who makes his desires his deity? Could you then, be held responsible for him?” (Verse 43) This verse is carefully phrased to paint a picture showing the psychological condition of a person who pays no heed to accepted standards or values. Instead, they only submit to their own desires and worship none but their own pleasure. They apply no standard, recognize no value, acknowledge no logic. Once their desire moves clearly in a particular direction, they follow like slaves submitting to a powerful master.

God, who is limitless in His glory, addresses His servant and Messenger in a kindly and compassionate manner, referring to this type of person. He asks him:

“Have you considered...” He follows this by drawing a picture of a man who pays no regard to truth, logic or sound argument. He comforts the Prophet so that he does not feel too disappointed at having failed to guide someone who has no propensity to follow guidance. Hence, the Prophet need not concern himself with such people:

“Could you, then, be held responsible for him?” (Verse 43)

The sūrah hurls further ridicule on those who submit to their lust and worship their desire, turning a blind eye to the truth. It puts them on the same level as animals which are devoid of hearing or logic. This is followed by yet more ridicule which shows such people as even inferior to animals: “Or do you think that most of them listen and use their reason? They are but like cattle. Nay, they are even far worse astray.” (Verse 44)

This very clear statement that maintains accuracy applies, as the sūrah says, to ‘most of them’, because only a minority of unbelievers showed any inclination to accept guidance, or reflect on what they heard. The majority, who took their desires as their gods which they blindly obeyed, ignored all the signs they heard and saw, and were indeed like cattle. Indeed man is distinguished from animals by his propensity to reflect and understand, as well as by his ability to mould his life in accordance with the truth he accepts upon consideration and reflection. His great human quality is that he is able to change course on being convinced by sound argument. When man deliberately abandons such qualities, he puts himself in a position worse than that of animals. An animal is guided to what suits it by the abilities and susceptibilities God has placed within it. Thus, it fulfils its role without deviation. Man, on the other hand, often disregards the qualities God has given him, making little use of them. In this he is worse than an animal who does not neglect any inclination given to it.