This, the second longest sūrah in the Qur’ān was revealed in Madinah, following shortly after Sūrah 60, The Examined Woman, or Al-Mumtaĥanah. Some reports say that this latter sūrah was partly revealed at the time of the expedition that ended in Makkah’s fall to Islam in year 8 of the Islamic calendar, while the other parts were revealed earlier, in year 6, at the time of the expedition ending in the peace treaty of Al-Ĥudaybiyyah.

As stated in Volume I, when we discussed the opening of Sūrah 2, The Cow, the chronological order of revelation of the Qur’ānic sūrahs cannot be totally ascertained.

The longer sūrahs were not revealed in toto, on the same occasion. Rather, several sūrahs continued to be revealed concurrently over the same period of time. When a verse or a passage was revealed, the Prophet was ordered to place it at its position in a particular sūrah. This means that the same sūrah remained unfinished for a period of time, sometimes only briefly but on other occasions this gap could extend over several years. For example, some of the verses of Sūrah 2, the longest in the Qur’ān, were among the first to be revealed in Madinah whilst others were among the last parts of the Qur’ān to be so delivered.

The same applies to this sūrah. Certain parts were revealed after Sūrah 60 in years 6 and 8, but many of its verses were revealed early in the Madinah period. It is felt that the revelation of this sūrah covered a period starting after the Battle of Uĥud in year 3, stretching over to year 8 when the early part of Sūrah 60 was revealed.

We mention by way of example the verse in this sūrah which includes a ruling concerning women found guilty of fornication: “As for those of your women who are guilty of gross immoral conduct, call upon four from among you to bear witness against them. If they so testify, then confine the guilty women to their houses until death takes them or God opens another way for them.” (Verse 15) It is certain that this verse was revealed earlier than the one in Sūrah 24, entitled Light, or al-Nūr, which gives a definitive ruling on the punishment for fornication: “As for the adulteress and the adulterer, flog each of them with a hundred stripes, and let not compassion with them keep you from [carrying out] this law of God, if you truly believe in God and the Last Day; and let a group of the believers witness their punishment.” (24: 2) This verse was revealed after the incident known as “The False Story” in year 5. When it was revealed the Prophet said: “Take this from me. God has opened a way for them...” The way to which he refers is the one prescribed in this latter verse. This sūrah includes several examples which give some indication of the chronology of their revelation, as we explained in the opening remarks of our commentary on Sūrah 2 (Volume I, p. 9).

The sūrah also reflects some of the efforts Islam exerted in bringing into being and protecting the first Muslim community and Islamic society. We see an example of the influence of the Qur’ān on that newly born society which derived its basic and distinctive characteristics from the Qur’ān and the Islamic code of living. Here we have clear evidence of how Islam deals with man and how human nature reacts to it.

We see how Islam takes man by the hand from the lowest of depths, guiding his footsteps up to a higher horizon, steering him along so that he is able to resist temptation, desire, fear and worry, helping him to bear the difficulties he may encounter and to resist whatever his enemies might scheme against him.

Just as in the earlier two Volumes, which discussed Sūrahs 2 and 3 respectively, the Qur’ān here faces all the circumstances prevailing at the time of the birth of the Muslim community in Madinah. It outlines the code of living which lays down the foundation of the Muslim community. It explains the basic principles of the Islamic faith, the values and standards it lays down, and the duties that need to be fulfilled in order to discharge this trust. At the same time, it describes the nature of the forces hostile to the Divine constitution and the community implementing it, warning the Muslim community against these enemies and their schemes. It also exposes the falsehood of their beliefs and their wicked devices.

However, every sūrah of the Qur’ān contains its own unique characteristics and distinctive features, as well as a specific idea which permeates all the themes it discusses. This uniqueness essentially means that the themes of every sūrah should gather together coherently around its central topic in a special system designed to enhance its distinctive features, just like those of a unique living being which remains the only one of its kind.

We almost feel that this sūrah is alive, that its well defined objective is pursued diligently and, thereby, successfully attained. It achieves this by words, verses and passages. We almost have the same sympathy with this sūrah as we would have towards a unique living being moving towards his or her clear objectives, making his or her own moves and experiencing the full gamut of feelings and emotions.

The sūrah moves with clear determination to erase all aspects of that ignorant society from which Islam saved the Muslim community. Removing whatever vestiges of that society remained, fashioning the distinctive features of Islamic society and bringing its unique personality into sharp relief. It urges the Muslim community to defend its unique character, outlining its foundation and illustrating the dangers to which it is exposed and from what quarters. It lays down legislation to regulate all this from within its clearly defined line of action.

At the same time, we see the lingering aspects of that ignorant society struggling against the new system, values and standards, trying to overshadow the bright features of the new Islamic society. We actually witness the battle fought by the Qur’ān here, which is by no means less fierce or intransigent than any other physical battle against hostile forces.

When we look carefully at the residue the Muslim society carried over from the old ignorant society, we are surprised at how deeply rooted it was; so much so that its eradication continued over the years taken to reveal this sūrah. Indeed this sūrah deals with certain aspects of that residue, while several other sūrahs deal with other aspects. What is surprising is that such traces of past ignorance continued to be firmly rooted until such a late stage in the life of the Muslim community in Madinah.

We are amazed, however, at the great divide that Islam managed to bring about between the two societies. It picked up this community of new believers from the depths of paganism and moved it upwards to a height that humanity could never achieve in its long history except when so steered by the unique code of life Islam puts in place. What is more, this was all done gently, patiently and with a steady and firm step.

Whoever looks carefully at this phenomenon in the history of mankind is bound to recognise some aspects of God’s wisdom in choosing the unlettered people of Arabia to be entrusted with such a profound message. They actually represented the very depths of ignorance; ideologically, intellectually, morally, socially, economically and politically. That made them the best model against which to demonstrate the effects of the Islamic system and code of living. They, then, provided the portrait depicting how the great miracle, which no other system can work out, is accomplished. The line of its action is thus seen in practice, as it leads the community, stage by stage, from the lowest depths to the highest zenith. Thus humanity, across all subsequent ages, has been able to see the full workings of the system and how it can help any community, regardless of its position, elevate itself to the same heights those unlettered Arabs were able to achieve.

The Islamic constitution has well-established principles and constituent elements, because it deals with man, who has a constant, unchangeable make-up. Nothing of the changes and developments that human life may experience will change human nature and make-up. Nothing will make man a different species. These are merely superficial changes, like waves in the sea: they do not change the nature of its water, or even its undercurrents that are subject to certain constant and natural factors.

Thus, all these unchanging Qur’ānic statements deal with an unchanging human nature. Since both are devised by the same Maker, they are able to deal with the changing circumstances of human life and its developing stages with a flexibility that still enables man to retain his essential elements. Man has deliberately been endowed with all the necessary skills to deal with the constant flux that different life situations bring about. Hence the Divine constitution for human life has been given the same degree of flexibility, because it has been made suitable for human life to the end of time.

Thus the Islamic system, represented by the Qur’ānic and ĥadīth texts, is able to take human individuals and human communities by the hand, from whatever level they may be at, leading them upwards towards the highest zenith. It never forces them backwards, nor does it allow them to descend by even one step. Nor does it ever tire of any community or feel itself unable to take it up the ascending path to the highest level. The primitive, backward community of the Arabs during their days of ignorance was no different to the civilised, industrial societies pertaining in Europe and America in these present days of unenlightenment: both find in the Divine constitution and in the Qur’ān their rightful places. Both will he taken by the hand, from their respective positions, along the rising path until they reach the top. It was Islam that took Arabian society to that very pinnacle in those earlier days of human history and it is Islam that can achieve the same today, as also across the myriad of societies that make up our global system.

When we speak of an ignorant society, we are not referring to conditions that might have prevailed during a particular period of history. Ignorant is every society in which human beings are subjugated by others. This is the case under all existing systems on earth today. In all these contemporary societies, people look to other human beings for the formulation of their concepts, principles, values, standards, legislation and traditions. This, then, is the essence of an ignorant society, where human beings submit themselves to their fellow human beings.

Islam is the only system of living where people are free from subjugation by other people, because they receive all their concepts, principles, values, standards, legislation and traditions from God. Thus, it is only to God that they bow, only God’s law that they obey, and to God alone that they submit. In this way they are free of all subjugation, because, unlike all other people, they surrender themselves only to God.

This is the parting of ways between Islam and ignorance, in all its shapes and forms.

Such delineation is clearly and precisely demonstrated in this sūrah.

It is well known that every order, prohibition or directive in the Qur’ān was issued in response to a practical situation pertaining in the ignorant society at the time and which aimed either to originate something new or to abolish something in existence, without prejudice to the overall rule that makes “general application supersede special circumstances”. It should be remembered that Qur’ānic texts are meant to be implemented throughout all generations and all communities. Here we see the miracle of the Islamic approach. These texts, which dealt with particular situations, are so designed to assist any human society, no matter what its stage of development may be, to rise up along the path to the pinnacle reached by the first Muslim community. Thus when we read the Qur’ān, we can discern in its orders, prohibitions and directives the features and aspects of ignorant society, and we can also see the new features and aspects Islam wants to initiate and establish in the new community it is building.

So what do we find in this sūrah of the features of that ignorant society which remained extant in the first Muslim community after it was picked tip by Islam?

What new features do we see Islam trying to establish in this new society?

We see addressed the rights of orphans, particularly girls, plundered by the very relatives and guardians who were supposed to look after them; what property of theirs was good and valuable being substituted with foul and less valuable things.

The good of their inheritance being quickly consumed lest these orphans come of age and demand what was rightfully theirs. Young and rich orphaned girls were detained at home until they could be married to their guardians, not because the latter loved them, but rather because they wanted their money. Alternatively, they might be forced to marry their guardians’ sons so as to achieve the same end.

We see a society in which the young and vulnerable, as also women, were wronged and not given their rightful share of any inheritance. Strong-bodied men who were able to fight in war got away with the largest share of any inheritance, whilst the weak and vulnerable were left with only a meagre portion. Yet it was for such miserly shares that young orphan girls and widowed women were detained so that they would be married to either the guardians themselves or to whom the latter so chose. The reason for that was simply to ensure that their property would not fall into the hands of strangers.

Society at that time gave women an ignoble position, ill-treating them throughout their lives. In addition to the practices to which we have referred in cases of inheritance, women themselves were treated as part of the estate. When a husband died, his nearest of kin would throw his robe over the widow, this as a mark of retaining her for himself. Furthermore, he could marry her without paying her any dowry, or he could give her in marriage to someone else, but in this latter case he would receive her dowry for himself. In other instances, if a man no longer wanted his wife then he seemed at liberty to ill-treat her. He could leave her in suspense, neither married nor divorced, until she bought her freedom from him with her own money.

In such a society the foundations of the family were shaken because of the low status attributed to women. Additionally, confusion was created by the rules governing adoption and alliance, for these often conflicted with ties of kinship.

Furthermore, chaos marked much of the relations between the two sexes as also family relations. All this was the result of the various illegitimate relationships common in society at that time.

Furthermore, usurious financial transactions led to the plundering of property, the usurpation of rights and the violation of trust. Attacks on property and people were widespread, justice was limited to the strong, charitable donations were given only for the sake of reputation and personal pride, with only a small proportion of such donations given to the poor and needy.

These represent only some of the features pertaining in that ignorant society which this sūrah deals with. Other features are depicted in other sūrahs, as well as in the history books of both Arabia and its neighbouring nations.1

It was not, however, a society without some redeeming virtues. Indeed, it had virtues which made it both suitable and ready to receive the ultimate Divine message. But these were virtues that Islam saved and directed in a constructive way.

Had it not been for Islam, these virtues would have remained overshadowed by greater vices, lost and working individually to little effect. The Arab nation could never have contributed anything of value to human progress except for the Islamic way of life which erased the ugly features of ignorance and replaced them with the brightness of Islam. It saved and used to good purpose those good qualities the Arabs possessed, which, as in other contemporary societies, were lost and highly unproductive. All such virtues were destined to disappear because they were not saved by any Divine message.

In this sūrah we also see some of the features which Islam aims to consolidate in the practical life of the Muslim community, after purging it of its traces of ignorance and after establishing a proper order so as to ensure their protection. We see first of all a statement of the true nature of Lordship and the fact that God is the only Lord in the universe; this being a reaffirmation of the single origin of all mankind. This makes the family the basis of all human society and ensures that the maintenance of family relationships has a strong effect on human conscience. The family is thus the mainstay of the Islamic society’s structure. The weak and vulnerable in that society are protected through the concept of mutual care within the family, and society itself is protected from indecent conduct, oppression and strife. The family, Islamic society and indeed human society as a whole are all organised on the basis of the Oneness of the Lord and the unity of humanity. (See verse 1.) We will consider this important fact in full when we comment on this first verse in the sūrah.

We also find practical legislation which builds firmly upon the system of mutual care within society on the basis of the family. With regard to the protection of orphans, the sūrah couples inspiring directives with strong warnings and definitive legal provisions. (See verses 2, 6, 9 and 10.) The protection of young orphan girls and oppressed widows, ensuring their rights of inheritance and earnings, and their right of self-determination, as well as saving them from the oppression and unfair traditions of ignorant society are dealt with in many verses of the sūrah. (See, for example, verses 3, 4, 7, 19-21 and 127.)

The establishment of the family on a firm basis coupled with the requirements of human nature, its protection against temporary influences in family and social life are discussed in verses 22-4, 34-5 and 128-30.

Inheritance within the family based on familial organisation and mutual care between family relatives, organising relations between parties to bonds of alliance, as well as the abrogation of adoption are all legislated for in several verses. (See, for example, verses 7, 11-12, 176 and also 33.)

Legislation is also provided to protect society from immorality and to facilitate marriage and the preservation of chastity. (See, for example, verses 15-16 and 25-6.)

Organising relations between individuals in the Muslim community so that they are based on mutual care, compassion, honest counsel, justice and benevolence is the subject dealt with by many verses. (See verses 5, 8, 29-30, 32, 36-8, 59, 85-6, 92-3, 135

and 148-9.)

Another similarly important objective with equally far-reaching effects on the life of Islamic society is the definition of faith. This whereby the conditions and boundaries of Islam are delineated, and which, in turn, relates to all laws and regulations that govern the life of the individual and society with such definitions of faith and religion.

Religion is the system God has laid down for human life and the system to govern its activities. It is God who has the sole right to lay down that system. To believe in religion is to obey the leadership which God has specified as having the right to such obedience and to give guidance. Just as it has its own faith and outlook, Islamic society also has its own leadership represented by God’s Messenger (peace be upon him) and what he has conveyed to us of God’s message outlining Divine law. That message remains in force even after the Prophet passed away. Submission by society to this leadership is what makes that society Islamic. Without such submission, that society is not Muslim. Submission means referring disputes to God and His Messenger for arbitration, leaving all matters to God and accepting whatever rulings the Prophet makes without hesitation.

The sūrah clarifies this concept and principle in such a decisive way that no room is left for argument, loophole or confusion. This comes out in numerous verses, some of which are of a general nature, like verses 1, 27 and 48, while others are more specific. Examples of the latter include verses 59-61, 64, 65, 80 and 115. From all these verses we see that Islam is not mere feelings, conceptions, slogans or worship rituals.

It is also a complete system of government, a leadership to obey, and a regime following a definite code.

The sūrah indeed contains numerous directives based on this essential principle:

1. As with rituals of worship, all social regulations are based on the basic principle defining religion and faith. They are not merely regulations for society, they are, in effect, part of believing in the oneness of God, acknowledging Him as the only God and Lord of the universe, and a readiness to receive orders and directives from the leadership He has assigned. Thus, we see that all the legislation to which we have referred have their foundation in this concept, which is re-emphasised in the comments at the end of each relevant verse. The opening verse, for example, affirms the single origin of all mankind, calling on people to nurture their ties with their kin. It serves as an introduction for all the regulations which follow in the sūrah. It starts with calling on people to fear their Lord who created them all from a single soul, and concludes with further emphasis on fearing God who is ever watchful. Similarly, the verses which stress the duty of taking proper care of orphans conclude with a reminder that God will hold people to account. Dividing any inheritance according to the defined shares is shown to be something that God Himself enjoins. Fearing God is an ever- present element in all legislation regulating the family and its affairs. Thus all legislation is derived from God and all matters should be referred to Him alone.

2. Another result of that essential principle is that the loyalty of the believers remains, in totality, to their own leadership and to their faithful community.

They do not enter into a patronage relationship with anyone who does not believe in their faith, follow their system, or who does not show loyalty to their leadership. It does not matter what sort of ties they may have with that particular person: to befriend such a person is bound to lead to hypocrisy or idolatry, which, in itself, means abandoning the Muslim community as a whole. (See verses 115-16, 139 and 144-6.)

3. It is imperative, as a result, that Muslims should abandon any land where Islam is not the ruling system and where Islamic leadership does not rule. This so that they may join the Muslim community where it is established and holds sway in the world. This so that they will be able to live under Islamic leadership and not under the banner of disbelief. If they do not do so, they may be guilty of hypocrisy or disbelief, which means abandoning the Muslim camp. (See verses 88-9 and 97-100.)

4. Muslims should fight to save their oppressed Muslim brethren who cannot emigrate from the land of war. In this way, the latter will be able to join the Muslim community in its land and will not be subject to persecution that aims to turn them away from their faith. They will not have to suffer life under a system other than Islam, and will he able, instead, to enjoy life in a pure Islamic society. This is the right of every Muslim. To deny it is to deprive people of the best of God’s favours in this world. (See verse 75.)

The sūrah follows this with a campaign encouraging Muslims to undertake a struggle for God’s cause, i.e. jihād, laying down, if necessary, their wealth and lives. It denounces those who sit idle or try to dissuade others from joining such a struggle.

This occupies much of the sūrah which itself is characterised by a faster rhythm. A full discussion of this campaign will be dealt with later but what we can say now is that glimpses of this campaign may be seen in verses 71-6, 84, 95-6 and 105.

Within this campaign to encourage people to struggle for God’s cause come rules to regulate international relations between the land of Islam and other nations and groups. We see for example comments and directives on how to deal with those hypocrites who visited Madinah for trade and other purposes, maintaining links with its people, but who, when they left, turned their allegiance to the enemy camp.

(See verses 89-91 and 94.)

Within the context of jihād certain rules are outlined on how to offer prayers in a state of fear and insecurity. We note how the believers are repeatedly urged to take care and make precautions against any surprise attack. This is outlined in verses 101- 3. These verses show the important position of prayer in Islamic life. Within this context elaborate details are given on how to offer prayer when the enemy is close by and war is imminent. We see clearly the integrity of the Islamic system which deals with human life in all its manifestations, looking after the individual and the community at all times.

Associated with the orders concerning jihād is a strong denunciation of the hypocrites and their alliance with the Jews of Madinah who schemed in every possible way against Islam and the Muslim community. The hypocrites are also denounced for the tricks and ploys they resorted to in the hope of diluting Islamic values. This is very clear in the verses dealing with jihād to which we have already referred. In addition reference in this connection may be made to verses 81-3 and 137-45.

In this and other sections of the sūrah we encounter references to the war against Islam and the Muslim community and leadership, launched by the followers of earlier religions, particularly the Jews, and their hypocrite allies in Madinah and the pagan Arabs of Makkah and surrounding areas. This is the same war which was discussed in the previous two sūrahs, The Cow and The House of `Imrān, as contained in Volumes I and II of this work. Here again we see how the Islamic system leads the Muslim community showing it how to deal with hostile forces, exposing the nature of its enemies, warning it against their schemes and the nature of the fight it is engaged in.

One aspect of the miraculous nature of the Qur’ān is that these very verses which were revealed to deal with a particular battle continue to describe the ever-renewing battle waged everywhere and across all generations against Islam and the Muslim community. The enemies are the same, pursuing the same objectives despite changing shapes and appearances, immediate causes and methods. Those enemies continue to pursue their aims to weaken the faith of the Muslim community, by sowing discord within its ranks and raising doubts with regard to the integrity of the Muslim leadership. They hope ultimately that they will be able to gain control of the Muslim community, its land, resources, and property, just like the Jews of Madinah exploited the two Arab tribes which lived there, the Aws and the Khazraj, before they embraced Islam and benefited by the unity and strength which Islam gave them.

The sūrah examines, in detail, the discussion started in the previous two sūrahs about the successive plots hatched by the Jews against the Muslim community in Madinah. In all these, they collaborated with the hypocrites living in Madinah itself as also the idolaters in Makkah. (See verses 44-55, 150-1 and 153-61.) The Qur’ān exposes, denounces and refutes the Jews’ wicked plots. We note that the Jews are described here as non-believers and enemies, giving us an idea of just how hard such plots were for the Muslim community to endure. It was necessary that God in His glory took it upon Himself to refute the allegations of the Jews, expose their wicked motives, aims and objectives. It should be noted that the Israelites, in their long history, never accepted Divine guidance except for short bursts, but were soon wont to wickedly murder their prophets. In their grudge and envy against the Prophet Muĥammad for being chosen to carry God’s final message to mankind, and against the Muslim community for being united under God’s guidance, the Jews have continued their hostility towards Islam ever since it arrived in Madinah. Every Muslim community and every Islamic revival has had to cope with their hostility.

The first aim of the Jews in Madinah was to raise doubts as to the truth of the message and prophethood of Muĥammad (peace be upon him). They realised that once this was done, it would be much easier to divert the Muslims away from their faith and their faithful leadership. This would inevitably lead to the fragmentation of the community. They knew that when the Muslims are united by their faith, under their own leadership, they are very hard to overcome. Hence the Jews always try first to weaken their unity and sow discord between them; this being certain to lead their leadership to become motivated only by personal desires and prejudices. That would ensure their loss of strength.

Hence, the sūrah explains the simple truth of Muĥammad’s message, which was by no means a unique or strange development. The Israelites themselves knew much about Divine messages to mankind. Muĥammad’s message was merely one in a chain of messages through which God puts the argument for faith in Him clearly in front of human beings, before He holds them accountable. God bestowed His revelations on Muĥammad just like He did with earlier messengers. He granted Muĥammad prophethood and wisdom in the same way as He granted these to the Israelite prophets. There is nothing to wonder about, then, in God choosing one of His servants to be the bearer of His last message and to give him the leadership over mankind. All excuses advanced by the Jews are false. Indeed they resorted to the same wicked devices with their greatest messenger, Moses (peace be upon him), and with other prophets, but particularly so with Jesus (peace be upon him). Hence, Muslims must pay no attention to what they claim. Many verses in the sūrah explain this, but particular reference may be made to verses 163-6, 153-7 and 54-5.

The sūrah also explains some of the most essential elements in the basic concepts of the Islamic faith, purging it of all ambiguity. Refuting all the false allegations the Jews circulated against Jesus (peace be upon him) and his pure, virgin mother, the sūrah also outlines the excesses introduced into Christian beliefs. It re-asserts the concepts of the oneness of God and man’s servitude to God. It also clarifies the concept of fate and the relationship between God and His servants, the nature of life, its duration, death and its relation to fate, what sins God may forgive, the truth of repentance and the rules governing action and reward. (See verses 17-18, 26-8, 31, 40, 77-9, 123-4, 147, 150-2 and 171-3.)

The sūrah also includes a number of the moral principles basic to Islamic society, some of which have already been mentioned. It must be said here that the moral aspect is not only profound and central to the Islamic concept of human life but also to the type of society Islam builds. Hardly any aspect of life is found without an integral element of morality. We will only refer to some basic points of this highly important aspect in the life of the Muslim community.

Since Islamic society is based on the guiding principle of ascribing Divinity to God alone, it is free of any form of submission to His creatures. Indeed, it is the only society on earth where all attributes of Godhead are ascribed firmly and absolutely to God alone. None of these is associated with any of His creatures. It is from such freedom of submission to others that all virtues and moral principles originate. For all these are directed to the overall goal of seeking God’s pleasure, and their basic objective is to acquire the moral standards acceptable to God. Hence, they are free of all egotism and hypocrisy and of currying favour with any creature. That is the essence of Islamic morality.

We are then given some of the components behind Islam’s moral concept. We see that Islamic society is based on honesty, fairness, and the prohibition of all illegitimate gains. It ensures that private talks and collaborations are aimed at what is good and beneficial, refraining from foul and abusive language except in the case of the oppressed. In this way, it promotes kindly intercession, friendly greetings, outlaws all indecency and sexual relations outside the marriage bond, prohibits arrogant behaviour, pride, miserliness, envy and the harbouring of grudges. It promotes mutual co-operation, counselling, forbearance, forgiveness, mutual help, and obedience to the Islamic leadership, etc. We will discuss all of these in detail when commenting on the relevant verses. However, we will only refer here to a single and remarkable incident which demonstrates the sublime heights which mankind can only attain under Islam, and in a community conducting its life according to its precepts.

Whilst the Jews of Madinah were scheming endlessly against Islam, the Prophet and the Muslim community as a whole, the Qur’ān was moulding that community with great care, raising its standards of morality and giving it the proper motivation to always aspire to ideals that cannot be compromised. Then an incident occurred involving a Jewish individual.

God commanded the Muslim community to maintain absolute honesty and complete justice between all people, regardless of their race, belief, ethnic origin or nationality. (Verses 58 and 135.) Then a whole passage, running into eleven verses, was revealed to acquit a Jewish person from an unfair accusation levelled against him by a group of Muslims who had not yet fully understood these principles and the need to implement them in practice. They were still influenced by practices of the old, pre-Islamic days. Hence, loyalty to clan and blood relations induced them to divert the blame for a certain offence from one of their number to the Jew. The incident involved the theft of some body armour. A number of Muslims testified in front of the Prophet against the Jew. The Prophet was about to issue a sentence against the Jew, which would have implemented the prescribed punishment for theft. That would have meant punishment of an innocent person, while the real culprit would have escaped.

This passage was revealed containing as it does a clear reproach of the Prophet (peace be upon him), and a strong reprimand for a group of the people of Madinah who had given refuge and support to the Prophet. And what was the cause of all this blame and censure? The only purpose was to do justice to one Jew who belonged to a group that was very hostile to the Prophet and his message, engaging in unceasing, wicked scheming against all the Muslims. The passage issues very stern warnings to anyone who commits a sin or an offence and then wilfully puts the blame on another innocent person. Thus, the passage represents a clear ascendance towards the sublime. The passage to read in this connection runs from verse 105 to verse 116.

What can we say except that it is only the unique method of the Qur’ān and Islam that can pick up a human community from the depths of ignorance and darkness and take it by the hand along an inclining path until it attains sublimity. All this within a short period of time.