God Himself bears witness, and so do the angels and men of knowledge, that there is no deity save Him, the Executor of Justice. There is no deity save Him, the Almighty, the Wise. (Verse 18)

So far the sūrah has concentrated mainly on establishing the basic fact of the oneness of God, the Lord and sustainer of the whole universe, Who controls all its affairs. It has also emphasised the unity of the Divine revelation and message. It has described the attitudes of the true believers, and those whose hearts have swerved from the truth, towards God’s revelations and His book. It has also threatened the deviants with a doom similar to that which befell those who denied the truth both in the past and in the present. It has further pointed out the natural motives which prevent people from learning these lessons, showing at the same time how the God- fearing turn to their Lord and seek His refuge.

Beginning with verse 18 and continuing up to verse 32, the sūrah now speaks of another fact which logically results from the preceding one. The fact that God is One and has no partners requires practical confirmation in human life and this is clearly stated in this passage of the sūrah.

The passage begins with a reiteration of the fact stated in the opening verses of the sūrah in order to outline its essential consequences. We have here a testimony from God, as well as a testimony from the angels and the people of knowledge that “there is no deity save Him.” Added to this is the Divine attribute which results from the fact that He is the Sustainer of the universe, that is, He maintains justice among people and in the universe at large.

We are required to accept this basic fact of God being the only Lord and Sustainer of the whole universe. Our acceptance is manifested primarily by our submitting ourselves to God alone and referring to Him in all matters. It is further manifested by obeying God, our Eternal Master, and following His messenger and implementing His revelations in our lives.

This is the purport of the Divine Statement: “The only true faith acceptable to God is [man’s] self-surrender to Him.” (Verse 19) He does not accept any other religion or creed from anyone. Islam means willing submission, obedience and conscious following of the Prophet. This means that the religion which God accepts from people is not merely a concept formulated in their minds, nor is it the mere acceptance of a fact. It is, indeed, the practical translation of this acceptance and that concept. It takes the form of implementing the Divine method in all our affairs, total obedience to all God’s laws, and following the guidance of His messenger in His implementation of the Divine Faith.

The passage then moves on to publicise the attitude of the people of earlier revelations, wondering at them. Despite their claim that they follow God’s religion, some of them turn away when they are invited to put their disputes forward to be adjudged according to God’s revelations. Their whole claim is thus rendered baseless. God accepts no religion other than Islam, and Islam means true submission to God, obedience to His Prophet and the implementation of His revelations in all spheres of life.

God Himself bears witness, and so do the angels and men of knowledge, that there is no deity save Him, the Executor of Justice. There is no deity save Him, the Almighty, the Wise. (Verse 18)

We have here a statement of the most essential facet of Islamic ideology, namely the fact of the oneness of God and that He is the Eternal Master of the universe Who maintains and executes justice. It is the same principle with which this sūrah opens:

“God: there is no deity save Him, the Ever-living, the Eternal Master of all.” The ultimate objective of this sūrah is to establish in absolute clarity the true nature of the Islamic faith, and to dispel all doubts about it raised by people of earlier revelations. It seeks to dispel such doubts both from the minds of those unbelievers as also from the minds of those Muslims who may fall under their influence.

A testimony from God that there is no deity other than Him is sufficient for anyone who believes in God. Indeed, such a testimony may be thought sufficient only for a believer in God, for he is not in need of it as such. However, this is not absolutely true. People of earlier revelations believe in God, but at the same time they maintain that He has a son and a partner. The idolaters themselves used to profess that they believed in God. Their deviation and error took the form of ascribing partners and equals and children to God. When both groups of people are told that God Himself bears witness to the fact that there is no deity save Him, then this statement has a marked effect in correcting their beliefs.

The matter, however, is much finer and more profound. God’s testimony that there is no deity except Him is given here as a prelude to outlining what it entails.

Since He Himself stresses His oneness, He, therefore, does not accept from His servants anything other than pure devotion to Him, which takes the form of Islam or submission to Him. Such submission is not confined to the realm of beliefs and feelings; it must be translated into total obedience to God and a conscious implementation of His law outlined in His revelations. If we view the matter from this angle, we will find many people in all ages claiming to believe in God but at the same time ascribing Divinity to others. This they do when they implement a law which is in conflict with His law, and obey those who do not follow His messenger or His book, and when they derive their values, standards and morals from sources other than Him. All such actions run contrary to their claim that they believe in God.

They conflict with God’s own testimony that He is the only God in the universe.

The testimony of the angels and the people of knowledge takes the form of their total obedience to God’s orders and looking to Him alone for guidance, accepting everything which comes to them from Him without doubt or argument, once they are certain that it has come from Him. This sūrah has already referred to the attitude of such people of knowledge: “Those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say: ‘We believe in it; it is all from our Lord.’” This is, then, the testimony of the people of knowledge and the angels: total acceptance, obedience and submission.

Those who deny God’s revelations, and slay the Prophets against all right and slay people who enjoin equity among all people: promise them a painful suffering. It is they whose works shall come to nothing in this world and in the life to come; and they shall have none to help them. Have you considered the case of those who have received a share of revelation? When they are called upon to accept the judgement of God’s book in their affairs, some of them turn away and pay no heed. For they claim: “The fire will most certainly not touch us save for a limited number of days.” They are deceived in their own faith by the false beliefs they used to invent. How, then, will it be with them when We shall gather them all together to witness the Day about which there is no doubt, when every soul will be paid in full what it has earned, and they shall not be wronged? (Verses 21-5)

The first verse in the above passage, verse 21, warns against a painful suffering. Its timing is not specified. Hence, it is to be expected either in this life or in the life to come. It is coupled with an assurance that all their works shall come to nothing in either life. This is given in a highly vivid mode of expression which draws upon a well-known image of an animal grazing in a poisoned area. It swells up before it dies. Similarly, the actions of such people may appear to gather momentum and to yield great results. This is no more than the swelling up of a poisoned animal prior to its death. All their actions are thus aborted and they will have no one to help or defend them.

We note that the denial and rejection of God’s revelation is coupled in the Qur’ānic statement with the totally unjust killing of the Prophets — for there can be no right respected when a Prophet is killed. Furthermore, the killing of those who enjoin equity in human life, which is a reference to those who advocate the implementation of the code God has laid down for human life, which is based on justice and which alone can maintain absolute justice, suggests that the warning is directed at the Jews, for such are their distinctive qualities in history. This does not mean that the warning is not also directed to Christians who in the past killed many thousands of followers of doctrines which were at variance with that adopted by the Roman Empire, including those who declared that God was One and that Jesus Christ was a human being. This latter group are included among those “who enjoin equity among all people.” It is also a permanent warning to anyone who may perpetrate such ghastly crimes, and these may live in any and every age.

It is worth remembering that when the expression “those who deny God’s revelations” is mentioned in the Qur’ān, it does not simply refer to those who may declare themselves to be unbelievers. Instead, anyone who does not acknowledge the oneness of God and that He alone is worthy of worship is included in this group.

Such a recognition entails that the authority to legislate and to set values and standards for human life belongs only to God. Anyone who claims or attributes any measure of that authority to anyone other than God is either an idolater or an unbeliever, even though he may claim a thousand times that he believes in God. The verses which follow confirm this view.

Say: “Lord, Sovereign of all dominion, You grant dominion to whom You will and take dominion away from whom You will. You exalt whom You will and abase whom You will. In Your hand is all that is good. You are able to do all things. You cause the night to pass into the day, and You cause the day to pass into the night. You bring forth the living from the dead, and You bring forth the dead from that which is alive.

You grant sustenance to whom You will, beyond all reckoning.” (Verses 26-7)

These verses take the form of a direct instruction from God to His Messenger and every believer to turn to God, stating the absolute truth of the oneness of God and that He is the only One Who controls human life and the universe at large. This latter quality is simply a demonstration of God’s Lordship of the whole universe in which He has no equals or partners.

When we carry out this instruction we note that it takes the form of an address made with all humility. The rhythm of a prayer is very clear in its construction, and its total effect is that of a heartfelt appeal. Its references to the universe as an open book touch gently on our feelings. It groups together God’s conduct of human life and His full control of the universe, thus stressing the absolute truth of a single Godhead sustaining all. It also stresses the fact that human life is but one ingredient in the life of the universe. Submission to God alone is acknowledged by the universe, as it is indeed the proper attitude expected of man. Any deviation is a folly which leads to perversion.

“Say: ‘Lord, Sovereign of all dominion, You grant dominion to whom You will and take dominion away from whom You will. You exalt whom you will and abase whom You will.” This expresses the natural result of the oneness of God. Since there is only a single deity, He is then the only Master, “the Sovereign of all dominion” Who has no partners.

He gives whatever portion He wishes of His dominion to whomever He wants of His servants. What is given becomes simply like a borrowed article. Its owner retains his absolute right of taking it back whenever he wants. No one, then, has any claim of original dominion giving him the right of absolute power. It is simply a received dominion, subject to the terms and conditions stipulated by the original Sovereign. If the recipient behaves in any way which constitutes a violation of these conditions, his action is invalid. Believers have a duty to stop him from that violation in this life.

In the life to come, he will have to account for his violation of the terms stipulated by the original Sovereign.

He is also the One Who exalts whom He wills and abases whom He wills. He needs no one to ratify His judgement. No one grants protection against the will of God, and no one has the power to prevent His will taking its full course. His power is absolute and His control is total.

The authority of God ensures the realisation of all goodness. He exercises it with justice. When He gives dominion to anyone or takes it away from him, He does so with justice. Similarly, it is with justice that He exalts or abases any of His servants.

Let not the believers take unbelievers for their allies in preference to the believers. He who does this has cut himself off from God, unless it be that you protect yourselves against them in this way. God warns you to beware of Him: for to God you shall all return. Say: “Whether you conceal what is in your hearts or bring it into the open, it is known to God. He knows all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth; and God has the power to accomplish anything. On the day when every soul will find itself confronted with whatever good it has done and whatever evil it has done, they will wish that there were a long span of time between them and that day. God warns you to beware of Him; and God is Most Compassionate towards His servants. “Say: “If you love God, follow me; God will love you and forgive you your sins. God is Much- Forgiving, Merciful. “Say: “Obey God and the messenger.” If they turn their backs, God does not love the unbelievers. (Verses 28-32)

In these verses, we have first a statement confirming the denunciation made in the preceding verses of the attitude of those who have been given a share of God’s revelations, but who have nevertheless turned their backs and refused to submit their disputes for arbitration according to God’s book which lays down God’s code for human life. They have rejected the Divine code which regulates the life of the universe as well as human life. The preceding verses were also a prelude to the stern warning included in the current passage against the believers forging an alliance with the unbelievers. Since the unbelievers have no power to control the universe, and since all power belongs to God, He alone is the guardian of the believers and their allies.

In the preceding passage, the sūrah placed much emphasis on the fact that all power belongs to God, Who is in absolute control of the universe and Who alone provides sustenance to all His creation. How, then, can a believer be justified in forming an alliance with the enemies of God? True faith in God cannot be combined with an alliance with, or patronage of the enemies of God, who are themselves called upon to implement God’s revelations, but who instead turn their backs in contempt.

Hence, we have this very stern warning in verse 28, making it absolutely clear that a Muslim disowns Islam if he forges a relationship of alliance or patronage with someone who refuses to acknowledge God’s revelation as the arbiter in life: “Let not the believers take unbelievers for their allies in preference to the believers. He who does this has cut himself off from God.” What a decisive statement! He has cut himself off from God. He has no relationship whatsoever with Him: no faith, no tie, no support. He never comes near to God nor has any contact with Him whatsoever.

Concessions are only granted to those who find themselves in a state of fear. Such people may try to protect themselves by pretending to support the unbelievers, but this must be understood to be only a verbal support given for a specific purpose. It cannot be an expression of any firmly established alliance or deeply rooted love. Ibn `Abbās says: “The concession here must not be understood as to seek protection through acting in support of unbelievers; it must be limited only to verbal statements.” There is no concession whatsoever for a relationship of love between a believer and an unbeliever. It is implied here and explicitly stated elsewhere in this sūrah that an unbeliever is a person who does not accept that God’s revelation be implemented in all aspects of life. Nor does this concession permit a believer to aid an unbeliever, in any form or way, pretending that he only seeks to protect himself.