This passage concentrates on some of the great wonders in the universe that testify to God’s existence and the unique system He has put in place to control and conduct everything that happens. It directs the Prophet to look carefully at these signs and interact with them. Such interaction, particularly when it is done with an open heart and mind, is sufficient to redress any lingering effects of the hardship caused by the unbelievers. He will be looking at the great horizons against which the unbelievers’ schemes and hostilities are reduced to insignificance.

The Qur’ān always directs people’s hearts and minds to reflect on, and interact with, what they see in the universe. They will then recognize the work of God’s hand in all that they see, hear and feel. They will have much to reflect upon which will strengthen their bond with God through His work.

When man lives in the universe with an open heart and mind, and an alert soul, his life rises above the petty concerns of this world. His sense of life is heightened as he feels, at every moment, that the universe around him is much larger and greater than his own world, while all that he sees and feels comes into being through one and the same will, are subject to the same law, and submit to One Creator. He will realize that he is but one of countless creatures that submit to God, and that God’s hand is visible in all that he sees, hears and feels.

To fear only God will be mixed in anyone’s consciousness with parallel feelings of friendliness and trust. These feelings will fill his soul and his whole world, imparting a mixture of love and reassurance that will accompany him on his life journey and remain with him until he meets God. He cannot fail to experience such feelings when everything around him is made by God, according to His fine and elaborate system of creation.

We see in this passage how the sūrah paints a scene of shadows extending then gently contracting, before we move to a picture of a quiet night of deep slumber and a bustling day of tireless activity. We then see the winds as heralds of God’s mercy, followed by water pouring down from the skies to quicken barren land. We see the salty sea and the sweet river water, and the barrier between them preventing them from mixing. Then we look at a different type of fluid, the semen that gives rise to human life. We contemplate how the heavens and the earth were created in six days, and look at the star constellations in the sky, with the sun as a lamp lightening the world for us, and the moon doing the same at night. We also contemplate the unfailing succession of night and day.

As it paints these images, the sūrah directs our hearts and minds to reflect that they are all of God’s creation, reminding us of His power and fine planning. It shows how singular the unbelievers’ attitude is when they associate partners with God and worship alongside Him entities that can cause them neither benefit nor harm. The unbelievers are so ignorant that they speak impudently about God and support one another in denying Him. This is very strange, particularly when seen against the multitude of universal signs demonstrating God’s creation. It is all a great display that the Creator raises before our eyes for us to contemplate.

Do you not see how your Lord causes the shadow to lengthen when, had He so willed, He could have indeed made it stand still? But then We have made the sun its guide.

And then, little by little, We draw it in towards Ourselves. (Verses 45-46)

This image of shadow and shade imparts to a troubled and tired soul a feeling of comfort, relaxation and security, as if it is a gentle, compassionate hand that wipes away pain and worry, giving comfort and energy. is this God’s purpose as He directs the Prophet, who has suffered the unbelievers’ ridicule and opposition, to contemplate the shadow? In the tough battle the Prophet went through in Makkah, facing determined opposition and wicked scheming, his soul must have felt the burden too heavy, with only a small number of believers supporting him against the overwhelming majority of unbelievers. Not only so, but he was not then even allowed to retaliate against physical aggression or repel hostile ridicule. In this troubled atmosphere passages of the Qur’ān were revealed to Muhammad (peace be upon him) to serve as a healing balsam, a relaxing shade and kind blessing. It provided him with support in the midst of determined denial and opposition. Shade, particularly when considered against a hot desert background, gives an image that is in complete harmony with the whole atmosphere of the sūrah that is full of compassion and blessings.

The sūrah shows the shadow as being gently stretched by God’s hand before it then contracts: “Do you not see how your Lord causes the shadow to lengthen?” (Verse 45)

Some time later, “little by little, We draw it in towards Ourselves.” (Verse 46) The shadow is a faint darkness made by the sun’s rebounding rays. It moves along with the movement of the earth in relation to the sun, changing its position, length and shape. The sun points it with its light and heat, determining its area and length.

When we follow how the shadow changes shape and extent, we experience a feeling of comfort and are gently alerted to the fact that it is an aspect of God’s work.

When the sun starts its decline, we see the shadows lengthen and further lengthen.

Suddenly all shadows disappear as the sun sets. Where have all the shadows gone?

God’s unseen hand has collected them all as the deep darkness of the night gathers and spreads over our world. This is all the work of God’s able hand which humans fail to see, but which continues without fail.

“Had He so willed, He could have indeed made it stand still?” (Verse 45) The way the visible universe and solar system are made makes the shadow move in the gentle way it does. Had the system been even slightly different, this would have had a different effect on the shadow. Had the earth been motionless, the shadow cast over it would have stood still, neither extending nor shrinking. On the other hand, if the earth’s movement had been faster or slower, the extension and shrinking of the shadow would have been proportionately slower or faster. It is the way the universe is made, with its operative laws, that gives the shadow its specific features.

At this point the sūrah refers to the Qur’ān which, like pure rain water, descends from on high to purify people’s hearts and souls. It wonders how man warms to rain, which is essential for physical life, but does not warm to the Qur’ān which gives life to hearts and souls.

Many times have We explained this (in the] Qur’ān to them, so that they may take it to heart, but most people refuse to be anything but unbelievers. Had We so willed, We could have sent a warner to every city. Do not obey the unbelievers, but strive most vigorously against them with this Qur’ān. (Verses 50-52)

We have put it to them in a great variety of forms, styles and presentations, addressing it to their minds, hearts, souls and feelings. We sought to awaken their consciences to its import in numerous ways, employing different means to ensure that they interact with it. All it needs from them is that they should ‘take it to heart.’ The point is that the Qur’ān aims to remind people of a truth that is well established in their nature, even though they often forget it. What makes them heedless of it is the fact that they submit to their desires: “but most people refuse to be anything but unbelievers.” (Verse 50)

This means that the mission entrusted to God’s Messenger is a very tough one. He faces the whole of mankind when the great majority of them choose to follow their desires, insisting on unbelief, being ingrate, despite the presence of numerous signs pointing to the truth of faith.

“Had We so willed, We could have sent a warner to every city.” (Verse 51) Such a course would have divided the task and made it easier to carry out. God, however, chose one of His servants, the last of His messengers, and required him to address all mankind, so as to give them the same message which remains free from local variations. God also gave His Messenger the Qur’ān, so as to make it the address he drove home to them: “Do not obey the unbelievers, but strive most vigorously against them with this Qur’ān.” (Verse 52)

This Qur’ān has great power and influence. It is irresistible. When God’s Messenger addressed the Arabs with it, it shook their hearts and consciences. They tried hard to counter its effects, employing every means at their disposal, but all their efforts were useless. The Quraysh elders used to say to their people: “Do not listen to this Qur’ān, but rather talk frivolously about it, so that you might gain the upper hand.” (41:

26) This betrayed their profound fear that the Qur’ān would touch their own hearts and the hearts of their followers and that they would embrace Islam. They were aware that it took only the reading of a couple of verses, or perhaps a sūrah or two, by Muhammad, and listeners were so affected they accepted his message. To them, it seemed like the Qur’ān had a magic effect on people.

The elders of the Quraysh were themselves touched by the power of the Qur’ān. It was only because they were keenly aware of this profound effect that they resorted to such tactics, warning their people against listening to it and encouraging them to take it frivolously. Indeed, their statement is indicative of how worried they were about the effect of the Qur’ān.

The sūrah again portrays images from the world around us. Having spoken about winds heralding rain and its pure water, now it speaks of the great bodies of water, some of which are sweet and some salty, and how they do not mix.

He it is who has brought the two bodies of water to meet; the one sweet and thirst- quenching, and the other salty and bitter. Yet between them He has made a barrier and a forbidding ban. (Verse 53)

It is God who created both types and left them to run their courses, meeting at certain points. Nevertheless, their waters do not mix because they have a natural barrier keeping them apart. In most cases, rivers run at a level higher than the sea, which means that at the meeting point, it is the river with its sweet water that runs into the salty sea. It is very rare that a river runs below sea level. Hence, the sea with its much greater body of water does not overpower the river whose water gives life to plants, animals and man. The fact that this is the natural order in practically all cases where a river meets the sea means that it is certainly not coincidental. It happens by the will of the Creator who made the universe in such a way as to fulfil His purpose and remain subject to His laws of nature.

Indeed the natural laws God has set in operation ensure that the salty waters of sea and ocean do not overrun dry land or overpower rivers. This remains so even during high tides caused by the moon’s gravity as it affects the earth’s surface water.

It is useful to cite here some scientific observations that stress the facts mentioned in the Qur’ān:

The moon is 240,000 miles away, and the tides twice a day are usually a gentle reminder of its presence. Tides of the ocean run as high as sixty feet in some places, and even the crust of the earth is twice a day bent outward several inches by the moon’s attraction. All seems so regular that we do not grasp to any degree the vast power that lifts the whole area of the sea several feet and bends the crust of the earth, seemingly so solid. Mars has a moon – a little one – only six thousand miles away from it. If our moon was, say, fifty thousand miles away instead of its present respectable distance, our tides would be so enormous that twice a day all the lowland of all the continents would be submerged by a rush of water so enormous that even the mountains would soon be eroded away, and probably no continent could have risen from the depths fast enough to exist today. The earth would crack with the turmoil and tides in the air would create daily hurricanes. If the continents were washed away, the average depth of water over the whole earth would be about a mile and a half and life could not exist except perhaps in the abysmal depth of the ocean, where it would feed upon itself till extinct. 1

But the hand that manages this universe has let the two bodies of water free, placing between them a barrier that prevents either from encroaching on the other.

This barrier is erected between them through their very nature and the nature of the universe which demonstrates such balances that testify to the wisdom of its Maker.

If we were to look minutely into this fluid, we would be overawed as we look for a complete set of human characteristics in exceedingly minute components that carry the hereditary aspects of the human race, as also the parents and their immediate families, which are then transferred to the fetus, male or female, in accordance with God’s will. Here we quote from the chapter on genes in A.C. Morrison’s Man Does Not Stand Alone:

In every cell, male and female, are chromosomes and genes. Chromosomes form the darkened nucleus which contains the genes. The genes are the main deciding factor as to what every living thing or a human being shall be. The cytoplasm is the extraordinary chemical combinations which surround them both. The genes are so infinitesimal that if all of them which are responsible for all the human beings on earth today, with their individuality, psychology, colour, and race, could be collected and put in one place, there would be less than a thimbleful. These ultra-microscopic genes are the absolute keys to all human, animal, and vegetable characteristics. A thimble is a small place in which to put all the individual characteristics of two billions of human beings. However, the facts are beyond question... The embryo recapitulating in its progressive development from protoplasm to racial identity indicates recorded history retained and expressed by atomic arrangement in the genes and cytoplasm... 1

We have found that genes are recognized to be sub microscopic arrangements of the atoms in the sex cells of all things that have life. They hold the design, ancestral record and characteristics of each living thing. They control in detail root, trunk, leaf, flower and fruit of every plant as exactly as they determine the shape, scales, hair, wings of every animal, including man.2

Such a glimpse into the marvels of life is sufficient as a pointer to the wise Creator’s great hand: “All powerful is your Lord.” (Verse 54)

In this atmosphere of careful planning of creation, and in the light of life that is produced by rain water and human sperm, the very thought of worshipping anyone other than God is incompatible with nature, as also singular and absurd. Hence, the sūrah refers to the unbelievers’ worship and puts it in perspective: “Yet people worship, instead of God, things that can neither benefit nor harm them. An unbeliever always gives support against his Lord.” (Verse 55)

Every single unbeliever, including the idolaters who opposed Islam in Makkah, joins the fight against their Lord who has created them and given them shape and form. How can this be when the unbeliever is so insignificant as to stand in opposition to God? In fact unbelievers oppose God’s faith and the code of living He has laid down for human life. In order to show the enormity of their offence, the sūrah describes them as opponents of God, their Lord and Master.

When someone stands in opposition to God’s Messenger and his message, he is actually fighting against God. The Prophet need not worry about this person, because his opponent is God, who will certainly ensure that he cannot do the Prophet any harm.

God then reassures His Messenger, lightening his burden. He assures him that once he has discharged his duty, delivering his message, with what it brings to people of good news and warnings, striving hard against the unbelievers through the Qur’ān, then there is no reason for him to be troubled at the unbelievers’ stubborn rejection of his message. God will take over the fight against those who oppose him.

All he needs to do is to place his trust in God and leave matters to Him.

We have sent you only as a herald of good news and a warner. Say: ‘No reward do I ask of you for this. All ask is that he who so wills may find a way leading to his Lord.

Hence, place your trust in the Living One who does not die, and extol His limitless glory and praise. Sufficient is it that He is well aware of his servants’ sins. (Verses 56- 58)

Thus the task of God’s Messenger is defined: it is to give happy news and issue a warning. At the time this sūrah was revealed, the Prophet was still in Makkah and had not yet received orders to take up arms against the idolaters to ensure the freedom of expression and advocacy of his message. That order was given to him later, after his immigration to Madīnah. There was certainly a definite purpose behind withholding such an order at the time, and this is best known to God Himself. However, we think that at the time the Prophet was still inculcating the new faith in the minds and hearts of his followers. He wanted it to sink deep so as to impart its distinctive character to them and for it to become manifest in their lives and actions. Thus, they would become the nucleus of the Muslim society which moulds itself on the basis of its Islamic faith. Moreover, the order to refrain from fighting during the Makkan period avoided bloody hostilities and vengeance killing which could have shut the door firmly between the Quraysh and Islam. God certainly knew that eventually they would all embrace Islam, with some of them doing so before the Prophet’s immigration to Madīnah and the rest after the Muslims’ re-entry into Makkah. They would form the solid base of the new faith.

“Say: ‘No reward do I ask of you for this. All I ask is that he who so wills may find a way leading to his Lord.’” (Verse 57) God’s Messenger does not entertain any thought of making any worldly gain or profit as a result of people’s acceptance of Islam. None will have to pay any fee or make any offering as he embraces the Islamic faith. All that he needs to do is to say certain words verbally, provided that he believes in them with his heart. This is the distinctive feature of Islam which has no room for any priesthood of any kind, which would charge fees for services rendered. There is no ‘joining fee’, and no price has to be paid to reveal a mystery or bestow a blessing or organize entry. Islam is free of all that may deter anyone from faith. It allows no room for anyone to stand as an intermediary between people and their Lord. God’s Messenger receives only one reward for all his troubles in advocating God’s faith, and this reward is nothing other than the fact that someone answers the divine call and receives God’s guidance: “that he who so wills may find a way leading to his Lord.” (Verse 57) Such are his only wages. When the Prophet sees someone accepting divine guidance and seeking to earn God’s pleasure, then his compassionate heart finds comfort, and his noble conscience is set at ease.

“Hence, place your trust in the Living One who does not die, and extol His limitless glory and praise.” (Verse 58) Everyone other than God is dead, because life comes to an end with death. The only one that remains is God, the Living One who does not die. If we rely on someone whose life comes to an end after a short or long time, then we are only putting our weight against a wall that will eventually collapse, or seeking shade that will inevitably fade away. To be truly assured one must rely only on the One who never dies, and place one’s trust solely in Him. “Extol His limitless glory and praise.” (Verse 58) The only one worthy of praise is God who grants all favours and blessings. Hence the Prophet is instructed to leave alone those unbelievers who heed no warning and care for no happy news. He should give them up to Him since He knows their sins. Nothing is hidden from Him: “Sufficient is it that He is well aware of his servants’ sins.” (Verse 58)

Within the same context of God’s limitless knowledge and His power to grant reward and inflict punishment, the sūrah mentions the facts that He is the One who has created the heavens and the earth, and established Himself on the Throne:

He it is who has created the heavens and the earth and all that is between them in six days, and is established on the throne of His Almightiness, the Most Merciful. Ask, then, about Him, the One who knows everything. (Verse 59)

The days in which God created the heavens and the earth are certainly different from our earth days. For our days are only a product of the solar system, measuring a celestial cycle that came into existence after the creation of the heavens and the earth. Our days are equivalent to the time the earth rotates in its position relevant to the sun. Besides, creation does not require more than God should will something to exist. This is given the verbal symbol ‘Be’, and whatever is intended comes into existence. Perhaps these six days, whose measure is known only to God, refer to long stages that brought the heavens and the earth to their present status.

Yet those impudent, shameless people behave discourteously when they are called upon to believe in God, the Most Merciful, and worship Him:

Yet when they are told, ‘Prostrate yourselves before the Most Merciful,’ they ask, ‘What is the Most Merciful? Are we to prostrate ourselves before whatever you bid us?’ And they grow more rebellious. (Verse 60)

This is a particularly distasteful picture of impudence, mentioned here to comfort the Prophet who was at the receiving end of their insolence and disrespect. These people have no respect for their Lord. They speak in such an impudent way about God Almighty. Is it surprising, then, that they should say whatever they do about His Messenger? They even dislike God’s name, and say that they do not know His attribute, the Most Merciful. Hence, they ask the Prophet about Him, using the interrogative word ‘what’, thus adding insult to injury. Their rudeness was at its worst when they said that the only Raĥmān, which is the Arabic word for the Most Merciful, they knew was the one in Yamāmah, referring to Musaylamah, the liar who claimed that he was a prophet.

Their shameless impertinence is answered by stressing that all glory belongs to God, highlighting His greatness and the great signs He has placed in the universe:

Blessed is He who has set up in the skies great constellations, and has placed among them a lamp and a light giving moon. And He it is who causes the night and the day to succeed one another; [a clear sign] for him who would take heed or would show gratitude. (Verses 61-62)

Most probably the term ‘constellations’, as mentioned here, refers to the positions of the planets and their great orbits. Their mention contrasts with the mockery sensed in the unbelievers’ question: ‘What is the Most Merciful?’ These constellations, in their real and perceived greatness, are only one aspect of His creation. In these the sun takes its position, and the sun is called here ‘a lamp’ as it sends light to our planet as well as to other planets. And among them there is a light- giving moon, which spreads a gentle air of calm.

The sūrah also refers to the succession of day and night, which are two of God’s great signs that people always overlook, although reflection on them is enough for anyone ‘who would take heed or would show gratitude.’ Had it not been for the fact that God made the day and night to succeed each other in this fashion, no vegetal, animal or human life could have emerged on this planet. Indeed, life would not be possible if the length of the day and night cycle were changed. Scientists tell us:

The earth rotates on its axis in twenty-four hours or at the rate of one thousand miles an hour. Suppose it turned at the rate of a hundred miles an hour. Why not? Our days and nights would then be ten times as long as now.

The hot sun of summer would then burn up our vegetation each long day and every sprout would freeze in such a night. 1

Blessed, then, is the One who created the heavens and the earth, and created everything according to a definite measure. Blessed is the One who “Set up in the skies great constellations, and has placed among them a lamp and a light giving moon. And He it is who causes the night and the day to succeed one another; [a clear sign] for him who would take heed or would show gratitude.” (Verses 61-62)