This last passage of the sūrah contains very important directives from God to those under His patronage, i.e. His Messenger and those who have accepted His message.

They were still in Makkah, facing the onslaught of the ignorant society in Arabia, supported by ignorant, or jāhiliyyah, societies all over the world. These directives define the attitude of the believers in their confrontation with jāhiliyyah and human beings who have gone astray. God’s Messenger (peace be upon him) is called upon to show forbearance and to encourage everything that simple human nature can recognize as good, without any need for complication or rigidity. He is further directed to turn away from the advocates of jāhiliyyah and not to engage in futile argument with them. If they go beyond the limits of reason, so as to infuriate him by their obstinate attitude, and Satan stirs up this anger further, then he should seek refuge with God who alone can give him reassurance: “Make due allowance for man’s nature, and enjoin the doing of what is right; and turn away from those who choose to remain ignorant. If a prompting from Satan stirs you up, seek refuge with God; He hears all and knows all. If those who are God-fearing experience a tempting thought from Satan, they bethink themselves [of God]; and they begin to see things clearly.” (Verses 199-201)

He is then given clear information about the nature of those ignorant people and what prompts them to go further astray. A brief reference is made to their attitude to the Prophet and how they demand miracles from him. He is then given instructions on what to say to them so that they can understand the nature of the message and the Messenger, and his relationship with his Lord: “Their [evil] brethren try to draw them into error with unceasing determination. When you do not bring them a sign, they say: ‘Why do you not seek to have one?’ Say: ‘I only follow what is revealed to me by my Lord: this [revelation] is a means of clear insight from your Lord, and a guidance and grace for people who will believe.’” (Verses 202-203)

With this reference to the Qur’ānic revelations vouchsafed to the Prophet, the believers are given relevant instructions on how to listen to the Qur’ān and the proper attitude to adopt when they remember their Lord, as they should always do.

The angels who do not commit any sin are always glorifying God and prostrating themselves to Him. Human beings who are liable to slip and commit sins have better reasons to be always in remembrance of God, and to glorify Him and prostrate themselves to Him: “When the Qur’ān is recited, hearken to it, and listen in silence, so that you may be graced with God’s mercy. And bethink yourself of your Lord humbly and with awe, and without raising your voice, in the morning and evening; and do not be negligent.

Those who are near to your Lord are never too proud to worship Him. They extol His limitless glory, and before Him alone prostrate themselves.” (Verses 204-206)

Make due allowance for man’s nature, and enjoin the doing of what is right; and turn away from those who choose to remain ignorant. If a prompting from Satan stirs you up, seek refuge with God; He hears all and knows all. If those who are God-fearing experience a tempting thought from Satan, they bethink themselves [of God]; and they begin to see things clearly. (Verses 199-201)

The first directive given in this passage is to make allowances for the weaknesses of human beings and accept what is decent and easy from them. The Prophet is instructed not to require perfection or expect a very high standard of morality. He should overlook their shortfalls and weaknesses. But all that applies in personal matters, not in questions of faith or religious duties. There can be no overlooking of the essentials of faith or Islamic law. Forbearance can apply in business and personal dealings. Such forbearance is the appropriate attitude to be shown by those who are strong towards people who are weak. God’s Messenger (peace be upon him) is a guide and a teacher. Hence, forbearance and forgiveness are appropriate qualities for him. Indeed, these were distinctive qualities of the Prophet Muhammad. He never showed anger over personal matters. But if something related to the faith made him angry, then his anger was feared by all. All advocates of the divine faith are required to follow the Prophet’s suit. An advocate of the divine message, who inevitably deals with human beings, must be kind and easy, but without being negligent.

“Enjoin the doing of what is right.” (Verse 199) This order applies to everything that is clearly good and generally accepted as such by honest people with sound, uncorrupted nature. When people get used to doing what is good, they become ready to do it voluntarily, feeling that it is no burden. Nothing stops people from doing what is good like rigidity and complication particularly in the early days of being aware of their religious duties. In the early stages, they should be given duties that are easy and common to all so that they get used to responding properly. This enables people to get ready for what requires more effort and approach it without difficulty.

“And turn away from those who choose to remain ignorant.” (Verse 199) As used here, ignorance may be understood as the opposite of wisdom, or the opposite of knowledge. Both meanings are closely related. Turning away from them is just to ignore them and show how petty all their ignorant actions are. One must not enter into any argument with them because that is a waste of time. Ignoring them altogether may get them to revise their attitude and soften their hearts. Argument, on the other hand, may lead to polarization and stubbornness. Even if it does not soften their hearts, they remain isolated from anyone who is good at heart. The latter will realize that the advocates of the divine message are forbearing, unwilling to enter into a slanging match while ignorant people continue with their stupid attitude.

Every advocate of faith should realize the importance of this divine directive, because God knows what influences people and what may get through to them.

The God-fearing, then, remind themselves of God whenever they experience an evil thought that may tempt them away from the right path. But this is given as a side issue that intervenes between the divine order to the Prophet to turn away from ignorant people and an explanation of who and what motivates them to adopt ignorance which determines all their behaviour. When the attitude of the Godfearing has been explained, the sūrah goes back to explaining the motivation of the ignorant: “Their [evil] brethren try to draw them into error with unceasing determination.

When you do not bring them a sign, they say: `Why do you not seek to have one?’ Say: ‘I only follow what is revealed to me by my Lord: this [revelation] is a means of clear insight from your Lord, and a guidance and grace for people who will believe.’” (Verses 202-203)

Their brethren who try to sink them deeper into error are the satans from among the jinn. They may well be the satans of human beings as well. These satans never tire of driving them deeper into error. Hence they continue to act in folly, unaware of where they are being led.

The unbelievers were very persistent in demanding miracles from God’s Messenger (peace be upon him). The sūrah quotes here some of their statements that betray their ignorance of the nature of God’s message and the role of His Messenger:

“When you do not bring them a sign, they say: ‘Why do you not seek to have one?’” (Verse 203) They suggest to the Prophet that he should pray to God to give them a miracle, or they even suggest to him that he himself should perform a miracle. To them, he should be able to do so, since he claims to be a Prophet. This shows that they do not understand the Prophet’s role. They certainly could not appreciate his humble attitude towards his Lord, nor that he only takes what God gives him. He does not suggest approaches or measures to his Lord, nor does he initiate matters at his own behest. God orders him to explain this to them: “Say:’ I only follow what is revealed to me by my Lord.’” (Verse 203) I am not one to suggest to Him or to invent matters. I only have what is revealed to me, and I only do what I am commanded. For their part, they could only think of those impostors who claimed to be prophets in every period of ignorance. Hence, their demands.

The Prophet is also commanded to explain to them the nature of the Qur’ān that has been revealed to him. If they would only consider the plain guidance that is contained in the Qur’ān, they would certainly stop making foolish requests for signs and miracles: “This [revelation] is a means of clear insight from your Lord, and a guidance and grace for people who will believe.” (Verse 203) It provides clear insight and it is an aspect of overflowing blessings and grace. But that is the case only for those who believe and avail themselves of its unending blessing.

In their ignorance, the Arabs at the time of the Prophet turned away from the Qur’ān and sought to have a physical miracle like the ones given to earlier prophets.

The fact is that the Qur’ān has a remarkable method in presenting the truth of existence to human nature. It appeals to it as a whole, yet it addresses every one of its aspects in every single context. It goes through every opening in human nature, deals with all its thoughts and feelings. The Qur’ānic method is also remarkable as it tackles the main issues of existence, revealing certain aspects of it which are readily acknowledged both by human nature and the human intellect. They respond to these and formulate their clear vision on them. It also answers the needs of human nature, releases its potentials and puts it on the right course.

We cannot but marvel at the unique Qur’ānic approach as it takes human nature by the hand and moves up with it gently, step by step, yet with much energy and clarity of vision. It takes it to a sublime height, giving it true knowledge, definite response, firm reassurance, consistency of action and a clear and relaxed awareness of the fundamental truths of existence.

The Qur’ānic approach is unparalleled as it appeals to human nature from angles where no response could have been imagined to come. Yet we find human nature ready with its positive response. The fact is the One who has revealed the Qur’ān is the Creator of man who knows His creation. He is closer to man than his jugular vein.

So far for the approach, but what about the subject matter the Qur’ān tackles?

Here we find ourselves looking at an expanse that no words can adequately describe:

“Say: ‘If the sea were ink for my Lord’s words, the sea would surely dry up before my Lord’s words are exhausted, even though we were to add to it another sea to replenish it.’” (18: 109)

“If all the trees on earth were pens, and the sea were ink, with seven more seas yet added to it, the words of God would not be exhausted. God is almighty, wise.” (31: 27)

The present author spent, by God’s grace, twenty-five years with this Book as his companion, studying carefully the fundamental facts it addresses and the way it tackles various aspects of human knowledge. He has been reading at the same time what human beings have attempted to reveal in some of these aspects. He could see the great wealth and openness of the Qur’ān compared to the attempts of human beings. Compared to the great ocean of the Qur’ān, these attempts are no more than small, isolated lakes, tiny pools or even stagnant pits.

Take, if you will, the Qur’ān’s holistic approach to existence, its nature, truth, aspects, origin, secrets and hidden things, as well as what it contains of living entities and potential life. Human philosophy tackles some of these aspects.

Reflect also on how the Qur’ān takes man as a complete entity, and explains his origin, potentials, fields of action, moulding, reactions and responses, as well as his different modes and inner self. Biology, psychology, sociology, education and religious studies address certain aspects of these. Consider also the unique Qur’ānic approach to the system of human life, its practical activities, areas of collaboration, renewed human needs and how these should be organized. Social, economic and political theories and doctrines may address some of these.

Because the Qur’ān is such, the believers are given an express directive: “When the Qur’ān is recited, hearken to it, and listen in silence, so that you may be graced with God’s mercy.” (Verse 204) This verse comes towards the end of the sūrah which begins with a clear reference to the Qur’ān: “This is a book that has been bestowed on you from on high — so do not entertain any doubt about it — in order that you may warn people with its message, and admonish the believers.” (Verse 2)

There are various reports suggesting different situations when the order applies to listen attentively and in silence to Qur’ānic recitation. Some scholars are of the view that it applies in obligatory prayer when the imām reads aloud. An authentic ĥadīth related by Imām Aĥmad as well as Abū Dāwūd, al-Tirmidhī, al-Nasā’ī and Ibn Mājah mentions a report by Abū Hurayrah that one day, on finishing a prayer in which he recited aloud, the Prophet said: “Has any of you read something of the Qur’ān while I was reading?” A man said: “Yes, Messenger of God!” The Prophet said: “I was wondering why the Qur’ān was being pulled away from me.” From that day, people stopped reading the Qur’ān in prayer when the Prophet was reading aloud. Another report mentions that `Abdullāh ibn Mas`ūd, a leading scholar among the Prophet’s companions, was praying when he heard some people in the congregation reading the Qur’ān with the imām. When he finished, he said: “When will you understand? When will you use your reason? You must do as God has commanded you: “When the Qur’ān is recited, hearken to it and listen in silence.” (Verse 204)

Other scholars say that this was a directive to the Muslims so that they do not do like the unbelievers who used to come to the Prophet when he stood for prayer and would say to one another in Makkah: “Do not listen to this Qur’ān. Cut short its recital with booing and laughter, so that you may gain the upper hand.” (41: 26) In reply to them, God revealed this verse: “When the Qur’ān is recited hearken to it and listen in silence.” (Verse 204) Al-Qurţubī mentions this and says that it was revealed in relation to prayer.

Another reason for revealing this verse is mentioned by Ibn Jarīr al- Ţabarī who quotes `Abdullāh ibn Mas`ūd as saying: “Some of us used to greet others in prayer, but then the Qur’ānic verse was revealed which says, “When the Qur’ān is recited, hearken to it, and listen in silence, so that you may be graced with God’s mercy.” In his commentary on the Qur’ān, al-Qurţubī mentions a report by Muhammad ibn Ka`b al-Qurażī who says, “When God’s Messenger used to read the Qur’ān aloud in prayer, those in the congregation read with him. When he said, `In the name of God, the Merciful, the Beneficent,’ they would say likewise, until he finished reading the Fāţiĥah and another sūrah. The situation continued like that for some time until the verse was revealed which says, “When the Qur’ān is recited, hearken to it, and listen in silence, so that you may be graced with God’s mercy.” This suggests that the order to listen attentively to the Qur’ān means to stop reading it aloud with the Prophet when he recited it in prayer.

The sūrah then gives a final directive: “And bethink yourself of your Lord humbly and with awe, and without raising your voice, in the morning and evening; and do not be negligent. Those who are near to your Lord are never too proud to worship Him. They extol His limitless glory, and before Him alone prostrate themselves.” (Verses 205-206)

In his commentary on the Qur’ān, the famous scholar, Ibn Kathīr says: “God gives this general order that we should remember Him often at the beginning and end of each day, just as He ordered that we should worship Him at these two times, when He says: “Extol your Lord’s limitless glory and praise before the rising of the sun and before its setting.” (50: 39) This used to be the case before the daily prayers were made obligatory during the Prophet’s night journey.” This present verse was revealed in Makkah. Here God says that we should remember Him “in the morning and evening”, and this should be done humbly, and with awe, without raising our voices; this is the best way to remember God, not to address Him loudly. The Prophet’s companions asked him: “Is our Lord near to be addressed softly, or distant so that we should appeal to Him aloud?” In reply God revealed the Qur’ānic verse: “When My servants ask you about Me, well, I am near. I answer the prayer of the supplicant when he calls to Me.” (2: 186) Both al-Bukhārī and Muslim relate in their Şahīh collections on the authority of Abū Mūsā al-Ash`arī: “Once on a journey, people raised their voices when they made their supplication. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said to them:

`People, watch what you do. You are appealing to someone who is neither deaf nor far away. The One whom you are calling hears all that is said, and He is close at hand. Indeed, He is closer to each one of you than the neck of his camel.” Ibn Kathīr does not accept the interpretation of Ibn Jarīr al-Ţabarī and others who say that this statement is an order to anyone who is listening to the Qur’ān to remember God in this particular fashion. He says that this view has not been endorsed. What is meant here is to emphasize the importance of people remembering God at all times, particularly in the morning and evening, so that they may not be among the negligent. The angels are praised because they glorify God at all times, without hesitation or slackening. Hence, they are described here as follows:

“Those who are near to your Lord are never too proud to worship Him. They extol His limitless glory, and before Him alone prostrate themselves.” (Verse 206) Their action is praised here so that people can follow their suit in their worship and obedience of God.

We feel that what Ibn Kathīr says and the ĥadīths he quotes show how the Qur’ān and the Prophet’s guidance were able to give the Arabs true knowledge of their Lord and the nature of the universe around them. From their questioning and the reply given to them we recognize how far they were brought by means of the glorious Qur’ān and the Prophet’s instructions. They were far removed from their past, and in this they recognized God’s blessings and mercy.