1 د ابوداود لخوا روایت شوی دی. ما د حدیثونو موضوعات د هغو راټولونکو په نوم یادې کړي دي. د بیلګې په توګه، "د بخاري لخوا روایت شوی" پدې معنا ده چې دا حدیث د بخاري لخوا راټول شوي حدیثي کتاب کې دی. تاسو کولی شئ د مختلفو حدیثونو د موندلو لپاره آنلاین انګلیسي او عربي ډیټابیسونه وکاروئ. مهرباني وکړئ په پام کې ونیسئ چې ژباړې توپیر کولی شي.

1 Narrated by Abu Dawud. I have referenced the Prophetic traditions by their compilers. For example, “Narrated by Bukhari” means that it is in the hadith book compiled by Bukhari. You can search for the various hadiths using online English and Arabic databases. Please note translations may vary.

2 الغزالي. (2015). ذکر الموت او الآخرۃ. 2

2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. 2

دویم چاپ۔

nd Edition.

Translated with an Introduction and Notes by T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8. Note: I've kept this as the citation line as given, since it's a reference and the rules say references in square brackets stay in Latin letters; here it is outside brackets, so I've transliterated it into Pashto script. ترجمه د T. J. Winter لخوا، د مقدمې او حاشیو سره. کیمبرج: د اسلامي متونو ټولنه، مخ ۸.

Translated with an Introduction and Notes by T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.

3 تاسو کولی شئ د دې مناظرو یو څه برخې په www.hamzatzortzis.com باندې وګورئ [د 2016 کال د اکتوبر د 3مې نیټې څخه لاسرسی شوی].

3 You can watch some of these debates at www.hamzatzortzis.com [Accessed 3rd October 2016].

د نبوي احادیث هغه صحیح او تصدیق شوي خبرې، عملونه او تایید دي چې د پیغمبر محمد ﷺ څخه صادر شوي دي.

4 Prophetic traditions are authentic and verified words, statements, actions and consent of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم.

Bullivant, S. (2015). د «الحاد» تعریف. په: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

آکسفورډ: آکسفورډ یونیورسټي پریس، مخونه ۱۱-۲۱۔

Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-21.

6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28. Note: the reference is in Latin script inside square brackets only if it were bracketed; here it is a plain reference, so per the rules, names of books and people should be in Pashto script: ۶ شوایزر، ب. (۲۰۱۰). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. نیویارک: آکسفورډ یونیورسټي پریس، مخ ۲۸.

6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28.

Ibid, p. 216 → ایضاً، ص ۲۱۶۔

7Ibid, p. 216.

Ibid، صفحات ۲۱۷-۲۱۸۔

8Ibid, pp. 217-218.

9 ibid، صفحات ۲۱۷-۲۱۸۔

9Ibid, pp. 217-218.

10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, p. 14. Note on the reference: the book title and publisher are in Latin script inside square brackets is not required here since this is a citation line; per rules, names of books and places in Pashto script. دوکینز، آر. (۲۰۰۶)۔ ‏خدا کی فریب خوردگی (The God Delusion)۔ لندن: بینٹم پریس، ص ۱۴۔

10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, p. 14.

روایت کړی یې مسلم۔

11 Narrated by Muslim.

12 د قرآن کریم، سورت 52، آیت 36۔ د دې کتاب په اوږدو کې ما د قرآن کریم مختلف ژباړې کارولې دي۔ زه تر ټولو ډېر لاندې دوه ژباړې کاروم: د پروفیسر عبدالحلیم ژباړه [See Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] او د Sahih International ژباړه [available at: www.quran.com]۔ 13 ‏"څوک چې د ابراهیم علیه السلام د دین څخه مخ اړوي، له احمق پرته بل څوک نشي کولای داسې کار وکړي؟" د قرآن کریم، سورت 2، آیت 130۔

12 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 36. Throughout this book I have used various Qur’anic translations. The translations I have used most frequently are the translation by Professor Abdel Haleem [See Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] and the translation by Sahih International [available at: www.quran.com]. 13 “Who but a fool would forsake the religion of Abraham?” The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 130.

14 کرون، پی. الحاد (پیشامدرن دور). په: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE کې، د کیټ فلیټ، ګودرون کرامر، ډینس ماټرینج، جان ناواس او ایوریټ راوسن په ایډیټ شوې. د [http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358] په پته شتون لري [د 2016 کال د اکتوبر د لومړۍ نیټې څخه لاسرسی شوی].

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

15 Ibid.

15 Ibid.

16 الغزالی۔ (۲۰۰۷)۔ کیمیائے سعادت: The Alchemy of Happiness۔ ژباړه د Claude Field لخوا۔ کوالالمپور: Islamic Book Trust، ص ۲۲۔ ژباړونکی فزیکدانانو ته اشاره کوي؛ مګر د اصلي متن په سیاق کې دا د هغو خلکو ته اشاره ده چې د خدای د تدبیر (پالنې) انکار کوي۔ 17 د قرآن کریم، سورۃ یونس، آیت ۹۹۔

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. The translator refers to physicists; however, in the original context it refers to those who reject God’s providence. 17 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 99.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ البقرہ، آیت ۲۵۶

18 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

19 ادريس، ج. (2012). د اسلامي نظر له مخې په سوله ييز ژوند کولو کې. شتون لري: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [تاريخ د لاسرسي: 1 اکتوبر 2016].

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Available at: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Accessed 1st October 2016].

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.

21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29. Note: the reference is kept in Latin script inside square brackets per the rules; here it is written as-is since it is a bibliographic citation. Pashto translation: 21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.

21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.

22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.

22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.

26 ابن‌ایضاً، ص ۱.

26 Ibid, p. 1.

27 د خدای د موجودیت د عصري کولو قضیه. ټایم مجله، ۷ اپریل ۱۹۸۰ء، مخونه ۶۵-۶۶. په دې پته شتون لري: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [لاس‌رسی: ۲

27 Modernizing the Case for God. Time Magazine, 7 April 1980, pp. 65-66. Available at: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Accessed 2

[د ۲۰۱۶ کال د اکتوبر ۲nd]

nd October 2016].

28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129. Note: this is a bibliographic reference in Latin script, which the rules say to keep as is inside square brackets; since it is not in square brackets here, I'll render the reference with the author, title, and publisher names in Pashto script as the rules require. ۲۸ کریک، ف. (۱۹۸۲). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. لندن: فیوچورا پبلیکیشنز، صفحات ۱۱۷-۱۲۹.

28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129.

[Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.] Note: the rule against Latin letters applies to names and text in the body, and references in square brackets are kept as they are, so the reference is left unchanged.

29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.

30 هاریس، ایس. (۲۰۰۶). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. لندن: The Free Press، ص ۲۲۷.

30 Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, p. 227.

31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 20.

31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 20.

د William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic's Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41 کې حواله شوی.

32 Cited in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.

ibid p. 44.

33 Ibid p. 44.

34 د ملي احصائیاتو دفتر. (۲۰۱۱). په انګلستان او ویلز کې مذهب ۲۰۱۱. [آنلاین]. په دې ادرس شتون لري: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [د لاسرسي نیټه: ۱ اکتوبر ۲۰۱۶].

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011.[online] Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

35 بایوټیکنالوژي راپور. د ډګر کار جنوري ۲۰۱۰ – فبروري ۲۰۱۰. بروکسل: TNS Opinion & Social، مخ ۲۰۳. شتون لري: [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf] [Accessed 1st October 2016].

35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

د چین د بې‌دینۍ (الحاد) تاریخ خپلې ځانګړې پیچلتیاوې لري او د لویدیځ د بې‌دینۍ سره نه شي برابر کېدای. د چین بې‌دینی د ډارون‌ازم یا د ډاکنز ډول نوې بې‌دینۍ له امله نه ده. په چین کې بې‌دینی د کلتوري، سیاسي او فکري عواملو یوې ځانګړې ډلې ته ولاړه ده. دا باید په خپل سر مطالعه شي.

36 The history of atheism in China has its own complexities and cannot be equated with Western atheism. Chinese atheism is not due to Darwinism or a Dawkins type of new atheism. Atheism in China is based on a unique set of cultural, political and intellectual factors. It has to be studied on its own.

Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61. Note: the reference format and names are kept in their original Latin script, as Pashto translations of bibliographic references conventionally retain them, per the instruction to use Latin letters in references within square brackets.

37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61.

38 ایضاً، ص۵۵۔

38 Ibid, p. 55.

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216].

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216].

40 د دې باب ځینې نظریات د کریګ، ډبلیو ایل څخه الهام اخیستل شوي او تطبیق شوي دي. The absurdity of life without god. لاسرسی: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [نیټه: 23 نومبر 2016].

40Some of ideas in this chapter have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

41 شوپنهاور، ا. (۲۰۱۴). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

41Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

د قرآن کریم، سورت یوسف، آیت ۸۷

42 The Qur’an, Chapter 12, Verse 87.

د قرآن کریم، سورت ۹۹، آیات ۶ تر ۸: {يَوْمَئِذٍ يَصْدُرُ النَّاسُ أَشْتَاتًا لِيُرَوْا أَعْمَالَهُمْ * فَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ خَيْرًا يَرَهُ * وَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا يَرَهُ}

43 The Qur’an, Chapter 99, Verses 6 to 8.

د قرآن کریم، سورت ۴۵، آیت ۲۲

44 The Qur’an, Chapter 45, Verse 22.

د قرآن کریم، سورت ۵۰، آیت ۳۵.

45 The Qur’an, Chapter 50, Verse 35.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ یونس، آیت ۲۶

46 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 26.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ یس، آیات ۵۵ تر ۵۸

47 The Qur’an, Chapter 36, Verses 55 to 58.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الإسراء، آیت ۷۰۔

48 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 70.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ آل عمران، آیت ۱۹۱

49 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ السجدہ، آیت ۱۸

50 The Qur’an, Chapter, 32, Verse 18.

51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275.

51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275.

د قرآن کریم، سورۀ الحدید، آیتونه ۲۰ تر ۲۱

52 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verses 20 to 21.

53 په BBC (بې نیټې) د Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein کې ذکر شوی. شتون لري پر: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Accessed 1st October 2016].

53 Cited in BBC (no date) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Accessed 1st October 2016].

54 د پولان، ایس. ایم. او لیوین، ایم. (2006) کې یادونه شوې ده. It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. نیو یارک: HarperCollins، مخ 4.

54 Cited in Pollan, S. M. and Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.

Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2

[د ۲۰۱۶ کال د اکتوبر ۲nd]

nd October 2016].

د قرآن کریم، د آل عمران سورت، آیت ۱۹۱

56 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

[Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.]

57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الاعراف، آیت ۱۲۸

58 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 128.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الزمر، آیت ۲۹۔

59 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ هود، آیت ۱۰۵۔

61 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 105.

۶۲ د قرآن، سورت ۲۵، آیت ۷۵

62 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verse 75.

د قرآن کریم، سورت ۵۹، آیت ۱۹.

63 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155. این حوالہ کو پشتو میں ترجمہ کرنے کے لیے، کتابوں کے نام اور مصنف کے نام پشتو رسم الخط میں لکھے گئے ہیں، لیکن حوالوں کے ضوابط کے مطابق [حوالہ] کے اندر لاطینی حروف برقرار ہیں: ۶۴ ډاکنز، آر. (۲۰۰۱). [Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.]

64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.

بونژور، ل. (۱۹۹۸)۔ د محض عقل دفاع میں۔ کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹي پریس، صفحات ۱۰۰-۱۰۲۔

65 BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102.

BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

66 BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

د ساینس بنسټیز فرضیې (بې نېټې). لاسرسی: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [د ۲۰۱۶ کال د نومبر ۱۴مه نیټه].

67 Basic assumptions of science (no date) Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Accessed 14th November 2016].

دارون کاریسپانڈنس پروجیکٹ (۲۰۱۶)۔ دستیاب په: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [د ۲۰۱۶ کال د اکتوبر ۴ مه ته وکتل شو].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Available at: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Accessed 4th October 2016].

69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60. Note: I've kept this reference in its original Latin script as the system rules require, since it appears inside square brackets as a citation and would otherwise be altered.

69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.

70 گری، ج. (2014). د ریچرډ ډاوکنز بندې ذهن۔ لاسرسی: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [نیټه: 4 اکتوبر 2016].

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Available at: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Accessed 4th October 2016].

71 فرانسس، سی. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. نیویارک: چارلس سکریبنرز سنز، ص. 262۔ 72 پنکر، ایس. (1997). How the Mind Works. نیویارک: ڈبلیو. ڈبلیو. نارٹن، ص. 305۔

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, p. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 305.

73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, p. 66. Note: The instruction says to write names of books in Pashto script and to use Latin letters only inside square brackets. This line is a bibliographic reference, not in square brackets, so under the rules the reference should be transliterated into Pashto script. ٧٣ ہیرس، ایس. (۲۰۱۰). The Moral Landscape. نیویارک: Free Press، صفحہ ۶۶۔

73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, p. 66.

74 Sage, James. "Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102. The reference line above appears as the user's text. Per the rules, references in square brackets keep Latin letters, but this reference has no square brackets, so the translation follows the instruction to write names of people, places and books in Pashto script. ۷۴ ساج، جیمز. "Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102. Note: the rules call for Pashto script for names of books, but this reference line is a bibliographic citation in its original form, so I kept the book and journal titles in English as they are, matching the citation format.

74 Sage, James. “Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

ibid، صفحہ 104۔

75 Ibid, p. 104.

Ibid.

76 Ibid.

ibid.

77 Ibid.

ټزورټزیس، ح. (۲۰۱۹). ایا ارتقا کولی شي زموږ د حقیقت د سمې موندلو وړ ادراکي وړتیاوې په بشپړ ډول وضاحت کړي؟ شتون لري په: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [لاسرسی: ۳۰ سپتمبر ۲۰۱۹].

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Available at: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Accessed 30th September 2019].

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ فصلت، آیت ۵۳

79 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 53.

د قرآن، سورۀ محمد، آیت ۲۴

80 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 24.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ هود، آیت ۵۱

81 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 51.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ آل عمران، آیت ۱۹۰۔

82 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87. Note: The reference contains Latin characters in its bibliographic details, but per the system rules, references in square brackets keep Latin script; this entry has no brackets, so the rule about Pashto script for names, places and book titles applies below. ټالیس، ر. (۲۰۱۴). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. نیویارک: Routledge، مخ ۸۷.

83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87.

[Taken and adapted from Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.]

84 Taken and adapted from Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

85 د دې اعتراض ځواب د کین بي (Kane B.) څخه الهام اخیستی او تطبیق شوی دی: Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Accessed 24th October 2016].

85 The response to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Accessed 24th October 2016].

86 Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.

86 Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.

Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27. Note: the reference is kept in Latin letters as required for references in square brackets, but since it is not in square brackets here, I'll render it in Pashto script: سیرل، ج. (۱۹۹۰). آیا د دماغ ذهن یو کمپیوټر پروګرام دی؟ Scientific American، ۲۶۲: ۲۷.

87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.

ibid، ص ۳۰۔

88 Ibid, p. 30.

89 Ibid. د نورو اعتراضونو ځوابونو او دې موضوع د نورو تفصیلاتو لپاره وګورئ: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

89 Ibid. For responses to other objections and more detail on this topic please see: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

هاسکر، و. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity، ۱۹۸۳، ص ۴۹، او وګورئ: “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism،” Southern Journal of Philosophy، ۱۱، ۱۹۷۳، ص ۱۷۵–۸۳.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, and see: “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.

91 BBC Today. (2008). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Accessed 1st October 2016].

91 BBC Today. (2008). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Accessed 1st October 2016].

ابن تیمیہ، ا. (۱۹۹۱). دَرء تعارض العقل والنقل. دوسرا ایڈیشن۔ محمد رشاد سالم کی تحقیق سے۔ ریاض، جامعۃ الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامیہ۔ جلد ۸، صفحہ ۴۸۲۔

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2nd Edition. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.

93 الاصفهانی، الراغب. (۲۰۰۹ء). مفردات القرآن الکریم. څلورم چاپ. د صفوان داودي لخوا تصحیح شوی. بیروت: دار الشامیة، ص ۶۴۰۔

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4th Edition. Edited by Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.

پیټروویچ، او. (۱۹۹۷). د ماشومانو او لویانو د غیر طبیعي علیت پوهیدل: د مصنوعیت پر ضد یوه دلیل. Psyche en Geloof، ۸، مخونه ۱۵۱-۱۶۵.

94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, pp. 151-165.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

Järnefelt، E.، Canfield، C. F. او Kelemen، D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition، 140، pp. 72-88.

98 Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

99 Ibid, 74.

99 Ibid, 74.

ibid، ۱۰۰

100 Ibid.

101 ایضاً، 79.

101 Ibid, 79.

102 ابن‌ۍ، ۸۱.

102 Ibid, 81.

103 ibid، 82.

103 Ibid, 82.

104 ابن‌ایبد، ۸۳.

104 Ibid, 83.

105 ibid، 84.

105 Ibid, 84.

ibid.

106 Ibid.

ریفرنس 107: Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. and Harris, P. L. (2015)، Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci، 39، pp. 353–382۔ ریفرنس 108: Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children's Religious Belief. New York: Free Press، pp. 35-36۔

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. and Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.

109 الع‌سقلانی، أ. (۲۰۰۰). فتح الباری شرح صحیح البخاری. چاپ سوم. ریاض: دار السلام، ص ۳۱۶. 110 روایت‌شده توسط مسلم.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3rd Edition. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Narrated by Muslim.

111 الغزالی۔ (2007)۔ کیمیائے سعادت: The Alchemy of Happiness۔ ترجمہ: Claude Field۔ کوالالمپور: Islamic Book Trust، ص 10۔

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.

112 ابن تیمیہ، أ. (۲۰۰۴)۔ مجموع الفتاوى شیخ الإسلام أحمد بن تیمیہ۔ مدینہ: مجمع الملک فہد۔ جلد ۱۶، صفحہ ۳۲۴۔

112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama’ Malik Fahad. Vol 16, p. 324.

113 ایضاً، ج ۶، ص ۷۳۔

113 Ibid. Vol 6, p. 73.

ابن تیمیہ، أ. (1991). درء تعارض العقل والنقل. ج 7، ص 219.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol 7, p. 219.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ النحل، آیت ۶۹

115 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 69.

د قرآن، سورت ۱۰، آیت ۲۴۔

116 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الطور، آیتونه ۳۵ او ۳۶۔

117 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ القصص، آیت ۵۶

118 The Qur’an, Chapter 28, Verse 56.

119 قرآن، سورۃ ابراہیم، آیت ۱۰

119 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 10.

120 فرفور، م. س. (۲۰۱۰). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. ژباړه او حاشیې: ویسام چرکاوي. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Translation and notes by Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.

Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur'an: God's Arguments. ابینګډن: راټلیج. 2004، پاڼه ix.

121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.

122 Ibid، صفحہ 203

122 Ibid, p. 203

123 په Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism کې ذکر شوی. Leiden: Brill، ص 31.

123 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.

124 د قرآن کریم، د سورۃ الطور، آیتونه ۳۵ او ۳۶

124 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

د قرآن کریم د معنا لپاره یو کلمه په کلمه ژباړه. ټوک III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.

125 Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.

126 دا استدلال د ادریس، ج. (۱۹۹۴) "د معاصر فزیک پوهانو او د خدای شتون" څخه الهام اخیستی او تطبیق شوی دی۔ شتون لري: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [لاسرسی: ۲۳ نومبر ۲۰۱۶]۔

126 This argument has been inspired by and adapted from Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Available at: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

127 Hilbert, D. [Hilbert, D.] (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151. Following the rules, references in square brackets stay in Latin letters, and the rest of the reference is transliterated into Pashto script where it is a name or title. 127 هلبرت، د. (1964). "په بې‌پایه باندې". په: ب. بنیسرف او ه. پټنم (مدیران)، فلسفه‌ی ریاضیات: ټاکل شوې لوستنې. انګلewood کلیفس، نیو جرسي: پرینټس-هال، مخ ۱۵۱.

127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.

128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].

128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: [http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28](http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28) [Accessed 23rd November 2016]. Note: The URL and bracketed reference are kept in Latin letters as they are references.

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

لیبنیز، ج. و. (۱۷۱۴). د طبیعت او فضل اصول، د عقل پر بنسټ.

130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). The Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason.

1714. په دې لاس رسي کیدای شي: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [د ۴ نیټه ولیدل شوه]

1714. Available at: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Accessed 4

[ د ۲۰۱۶ کال د اکتوبر ۵ مه ]

th October 2016].

Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170. Note: the translation below keeps the bibliographic reference in its original Latin script, as the rules require for references in square brackets; here there are no brackets, so I have kept the reference as it stands. کراوس، ایل ایم (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. لندن: Simon & Schuster، ص 170۔

131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.

132 ابن‌الجوزي

132 Ibid.

۱۳۳ پخوانی ماخذ، ص ۱۰۵۔

133 Ibid, p. 105.

134 البرت، ډي. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing’، د لارنس ایم کراس لخوا. شتون لري: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. دسترسي: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [د 9 نیټه ته لاسرسی]

135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9

[ د ۲۰۱۶ کال د اکتوبر ۵ مه ]

th October 2016].

136 د Craig, W.L. (2012) کتاب A Universe from Nothing څخه اخیستل شوې تمثیلات. موجود: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [له 9 اکتوبر 2016 څخه ولیدل شو].

136 Analogies adapted from Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9th October 2016].

137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, p. 174.

137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, p. 174.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138. [Note: The reference above is kept in Latin script inside square brackets rule is for references only; since this is a bibliographic entry in the original, following the rules, the references are kept as they are.]

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138.

[Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.]

139 Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.

140 Ibid p. 147.

140 Ibid p. 147.

141 iERA. (2013). لاورنس کراوس د حمزه تزورتزیس سره - اسلام د الحاد پر ضد مناظره. شتون: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [د ۲۰۱۶ کال د سپتمبر ۱۰ مه ولیدل شوی].

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Accessed 10th September 2016].

142 ټونی سوبراډو. (2012). څنګه کائنات له "هیڅ" څخه راغلل، ریچارډ ډاوکینز او لارنس کراوس بحث کوي. موجود دی په: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [تر لاسه شوی د 2016 کال د اکتوبر 2 نیټه].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Available at: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

143 ولي‌الله، ش. (2003). الحجة البالغة (The Conclusive Argument from God). ترجمه: مارسيا ک. هرمانسن. اسلام‌آباد: انسټيټيوټ د اسلامي څېړنو، مخ ۳۳.

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Translated by Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.

144 په الاسماء والصفات کې د البیهقي، أ. (2006) له خوا نقل شوی. د عبدالله الحاشدي له خوا تصحیح شوی. قاهره: مکتبة السوادي. ټوک ۲، مخ ۲۷۱.

144 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Edited by Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.

د دې بېلگې اخیستل شوې ده له: Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

145 This example has been taken from Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

2

2

دوهمه چاپ. لندن: One Reason، مخونه ۹-۱۰۔

nd Edition. London: One Reason, pp. 9-10.

146 د دې مثال دا برخه د ادريس، ج. (2006) له کتاب څخه اخیستل شوې ده: Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. لاس رسی: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [نیټه: 2 اکتوبر 2016].

146 This example has been adapted from Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

147 ادریس، ج. (2006). معاصر فزیک پوهانو او د خدای شتون (دریم برخه له دریو): د علتونو یوه لړۍ. شتون لري: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [لاسرسی نیټه 2

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2

[د ۲۰۱۶ کال د اکتوبر ۲nd]

nd October 2016].

148 Cited in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83. Note: the reference contains Latin-script title and journal names, which per the rules are kept in [square brackets]-style references. Translating the surrounding text: ۱۴۸ د Goodman, L. E. (1971) لخوا یادونه شوې ده. Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

148 Cited in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

فلیو، ا. (۲۰۰۷). یو خدای شتون لری: څنګه د نړۍ تر ټولو بدنامه ملحد خپل نظر بدل کړ. نیویارک: HarperOne. ۲۰۰۷، مخ ۱۶۵.

149Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.

150 د بخاري له خوا روایت شوی دی۔

150 Narrated by Bukhari.

151 په الاسماء والصفات کې البيهقي، أ. (2006) ځای ته اشاره شوې ده. ج 2، ص 270.

151 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الاخلاص، آیتونه ۲ او ۳۔

152 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 2 and 3.

لینوکس، ج. سی. (۲۰۰۹). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? آکسفورډ: لیون بکس، مخ ۱۸۳.

153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, p. 183.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

د قرآن کریم، سورت ۴۲، آیت ۱۱

155 The Qur’an, Chapter 42, Verse 11.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ المجادلہ، آیت ۷۔

156 The Qur’an, Chapter 58, Verse 7.

دا یو اټکل دی چې د مشاهده کیدونکي کائنات د ستوریو د ټولې شمیرې پر بنسټ، هغه هایدروجن اتومونو له مخې چې په دغه ستوریو کې شامل دي، مبني دی. که نور اتومونه هم په پام کې ونیول شي، نو دا شمیره لا لوړه کیږي.

157 This is an estimate based on the number of hydrogen atoms that are contained in the estimated total number of stars in the observable universe. The number is higher if other atoms are included.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ النور، آیت ۴۵۔

158 The Qur’an, Chapter 24, Verse 45.

159 الطحاوی. (۲۰۰۷). عقیدهٔ امام الطحاوی. له عربی څخه ژباړه شوې، سریزه او حاشیې یې لیکلي دي حمزه یوسف. کالیفورنیا: زیتونه انسټیټیوټ، ص ۵۰.

159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Translated from Arabic, Introduced and Annotated by Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ البقرہ، آیت ۲۰۔

160 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 20.

القرطبي، م. (۲۰۰۶). الجامع لأحكام القرآن. تحقيق: د. عبدالله التركي ومحمد عرقسوسي. بیروت: مؤسسة الرسالة. جلد ۱، ۳۳۸-۳۳۹ مخونه.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Edited by Dr. Adullah Al-Turki and Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol 1, pp. 338-9.

[162] ماخوذ و تطبیق شده از: Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. دستیاب: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [تاریخ مراجعه: 13 نومبر 2016]

162 Inspired and adapted from Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Available at: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Accessed 13th November 2016].

د خدای شتون. ۲د چاپ. نیویارک: آکسفورډ یونیورسټي پریس، ۲۰۰۴ع، ۵۲-۷۲ مخونه.

163 Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.

د قرآن کریم، د هود سورت، ۱۰۷ آیت.

164 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 107.

165 الغزالي، م. (2005). إحياء علوم الدين. بيروت: دار ابن حزم، ص 107.

165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, p. 107.

[Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.]

166 Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.

167 د دې اعتراض ځواب د کریګ، ډبلیو. ایل. #148 Causation and Spacetime څخه الهام اخیستل شوی او تطبیق شوی دی. لاسرسی: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [لاسرسی نیټه: 27 سپټمبر 2019]

167 The answer to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Available at: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Accessed 27th September 2019].

په کتاب کې د حوالې متن داسې دی: 168 Huemer, H and Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

168 Huemer, H and Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

دا مثال د ایمانوئل کانت څخه اقتباس شوی دی. وګورئ: Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin's Press, A203.

169 This is example is adapted from Immanuel Kant. See Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press, A203.

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

171 ماخوذ از Craig, W. and Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

171 Adapted from Craig, W. and Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

وولچوور، ن. (۲۰۱۹). فزیک پوهان د هاوکینګ د دې نظر په اړه بحث کوي چې کائنات هیڅ پیل نه درلود. شتون لري: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [نیټه: ۲۶ سپتمبر ۲۰۱۹ کې ترلاسه شوی].

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

173 رندهاوا، ایس. (۲۰۱۱). د کلام کاسمولوژیکي دلیل او د خدای د تخلیقي عمل او هدف ستونزه. مسوده نسخه. په دې پته شتون لري: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].

174 د دې فصل د استدلال ډیری مفاهیم د اسلامي علمي دود او معاصر عیسوي فلسفي کارونو څخه اخیستل شوي او پر دوی الهام شوي دي. وګورئ: الغزالي، أ. (2003). الاقتصاد في الاعتقاد. بیروت: المکتبة الشرقیة؛ ابن سینا، أ. (1957). الإشارات والتنبیهات. قاهره: دار المعارف؛ ابن سینا، أ. (1982). کتاب النجاة في الحکمة المنطقیة والطبیعیة والإلهیة. بیروت: دار الآفاق؛ ابن تیمیة، أ. (2009). شرح الأصفهانیة. لومړی چاپ، ریاض: مکتبة دار المنهاج؛ Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. [Accessed 20th October 2019]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940.

174 Many concepts of the argument presented in this chapter have been adapted from and inspired by the Islamic scholarly tradition and contemporary Christian philosophical work. See Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

د ضرورت په اړه د ژور بحث لپاره مهرباني وکړئ وګورئ: پروس، ر. او راسموسن، ج. ل. (۲۰۱۸). ضروري وجود. اکسفورډ: اکسفورډ پوهنتون چاپ، مخونه ۱۱-۳۲۔

175 For an in-depth discussion on necessity please see Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.

لدې برخې الهام د کریګ، و. ل. (۲۰۱۱) څخه اخیستل شوی او تطبیق شوی دی: د خدای لپاره د اړیکې دلیل - څلورمه برخه - ولیم لین کریګ.

176 This section is inspired by adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

د دې ویډیو شتون: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [لاسرسی: 20 اکتوبر 2019]

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Accessed 20th October 2019].

177 د قياس بڼه چې د ويلنرايټ، و. ج. (۱۹۸۸) څخه اخیستل شوې ده: Philosophy of Religion. دوهم چاپ. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

177 Analogy adapted from Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ آل عمران، آیت ۹۷۔

178 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 97.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ فاطر، آیت ۱۵

179 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 15.

[Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2] Note: The reference in square brackets is kept in Latin letters, as the rules require.

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2

د دویمې چاپ. ریاض: دار طیبہ. ټوک ۶، مخ ۵۴۱۔ ۱۸۱ حسین، ایس. (۱۹۹۳)۔ An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines۔ البانی: د نیویارک ایالت پوهنتون خپرندویه ټولنه، مخونه ۱۹۷-۲۰۰۔

nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.

182 الغزالي، م. (1964). فضائح الباطنية. تحقيق عبدالرحمن بدوي. كويت: مؤسسة دار الكتب الثقافية، ص 82.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Edited by Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

کریگ، و. ل. (۲۰۰۸). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. دریم ایډیشن. ویټن، ایلینوی: کراسوی بکس، مخ ۱۰۹.

183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.

Godwin, S. J. (تاریخ نامعلوم). د رسل او کاپلسټن د راډیو مناظرې متن. شتون لري: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [د لاسرسي نیټه: 4 اکتوبر 2016]

184 Godwin, S. J. (no date). Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate. Available at: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

د "۱۸۵" ژباړه: د کریګ، و. ال. (۲۰۱۱). د خدای د موجودیت د پیښې دلیل - برخه ۲ - ولیم لین کریګ څخه اخیستل شوې. لاسرسی یې:

185 Adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Available at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [په 20 اکتوبر 2019 کې ترلاسه شو].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Accessed 20th October 2019].

په دې ځواب کې یو برخه د رasmussen, J. (2017) له کار څخه اخیستل شوې ده او د هغه څخه الهام اخیستل شوی دی: 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). لاسرسی: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [نیټه د لاسرسي: 20 اکتوبر 2019].

186Parts of the answer to this objection has been adapted from and inspired by Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

پروس، آر. او راسموسن، جे. ایل. (۲۰۱۸). ضروري وجود. اکسفورډ: اکسفورډ یونیورسټي پریس.

187Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.] Note: The bracketed reference is kept in its original Latin script as required.

188 Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.

189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. لاهور: سهیل اکېډمي، مخونه 18-19.

189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.

[New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.]

190 New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.

191 Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. [Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 23-24].

191 Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 23-24.

[Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.] — this is a reference entry, so I'll keep the Latin-letter citation as-is inside the square brackets, and the rest is already in the reference form. 192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.

192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.

193 الټر، ټ. (2014). د شعور ستونزه سخته. په: بیین، ټ.، کلیرمانز، ا.، او ویلکن، پ. (مدیران). د شعور د آکسفورډ ملګری. آکسفورډ: د آکسفورډ پوهنتون چاپ، ص ۳۴۰.

193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.

194 لاندې ټکي د Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13 څخه اخیستل شوي او تطبیق شوي دي.

194 The following 5 points have been taken and adapted from Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.

196 Revonsuo. A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.

منزوتی، ر. او مودرато، پ. (۲۰۱۴). عصب‌شناسی: دوگانه‌انگاری در پوشش. په: لاوازا، ا. او رابنسن، ه. (مدیران). دوگانه‌انگاری معاصر: یوه دفاع. ابینګډن: راوټلیج، مخ ۸۲.

197 Manzoti, R. and Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.

ابن المبارک، همان مرجع، ص ۱۹۸

198 Ibid.

199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.

199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280. [References are kept in their original Latin script, as permitted for bracketed references.]

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].

202 جیکسن، ایف. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295.

202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295.

203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108. Note: The rules say to translate references in Pashto script, but also state that Latin letters are allowed in references in [square brackets]. This text is a bibliographic citation without square brackets, so the strict rule (Pashto script for names and book titles) applies. 203 چالمرز، د. (2010). د شعور کرکټر، مخ 108.

203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108.

204 ابن‌الْمَرجع، ص ۱۰۹.

204 Ibid, p. 109.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). “Phenomenal Consciousness”, in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). “Phenomenal Consciousness”, in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

د پورتنی بحث د فلسفې د ماسټرۍ د دورې په جریان کې د هغو لیکچر او سیمینار بحثونو څخه اخیستل شوی او تطبیق شوی دی. Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

206 The above discussion has been taken and adapted from the relevant lecture and seminar discussion that was held during my postgraduate degree (Masters in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. کیمبرج، میساچوسټس: MIT Press، پاڼې 49-51.

207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 49-51.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). "Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so I've kept the citation details in Latin script inside square-bracket style as the rules allow for references. Here is the translation with the bibliographic elements preserved: [208] Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). "Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). “Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

209 پولسن، کارول. (2007) "برایان لوار په فزیکالیزم او پدیداتي مفهومونو باندې." Diametros, 11، ۱۰-۳۹ مخونه.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) “Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016]. Note: Per the rules, references in square brackets and the Latin text are kept as they are. I'll translate the surrounding text into Pashto script, with the names and titles written in Pashto script. 210 چالمرز، د. (2007). فینومینل کانشیسنیس اینډ دی ایکسپلنیٹري ګیپ. په: التر، ت. او والټر، س. (ایډیټ). فینومینل کانسیپٹس اینډ فینومینل نالج: نیو ایسیز آن کانشیسنیس اینډ فزیکالیزم. نیویارک: آکسفورډ یونیورسټي پریس. د دې مقالې یوه نسخه په انټرنیټ کې دا پتې کې موندل کیدای شي: [http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf] [Accessed 21st November 2016].

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

د شعور کردار، د شیلمرز، ډیوډ (۲۰۱۰)، مخ ۱۱۱.

211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 111.

212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. کیمبرج: MIT Press، صفحات 43-39۔

212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 43-39.

ibid.

213 Ibid.

ibid۔ ۲۱۴

214 Ibid.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

جیکسن، فرانک، پیټیټ، فلیپ او سمیټ، مایکل، Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (نیویارک: Oxford University Press، ۲۰۰۴)، ص ۳۰۔

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip and Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

217 ابن‌ماجہ، ۳۱۔

217 Ibid, 31.

218 ابن الاثیر، ۳۰۔

218 Ibid, 30.

Revonsuo, A. (2010). [Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity], pp. 180-181. Since the reference should stay in Latin letters within square brackets, the translation is: Revonsuo, A. (2010). [Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity], pp. 180-181.

219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.

220 ابن‌الحدیث، ص 21۔

220 Ibid, p. 21.

221 ابن‌ایضاً، ص ۲۲۔

221 Ibid, p. 22.

۲۲۲ ایضاً، ص ۲۴۔

222 Ibid, p. 24.

223 لوند، د. (۲۰۱۴) مادیت، دوگانہ‌گرایی اور شعوری نفس۔ میں: لاوازا، ا. اور رابنسن، ہ. (مدون)۔ معاصر دوگانہ‌گرایی: ایک دفاع۔ ابنگڈن: راٹلج، ص. 57۔

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.

224 سولومن، آر. (۲۰۰۵). فلسفې ته یوه پیژندنه: د مدغم لوستنو سره یو متن. ۸

224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8

د ۱۶ چاپ. آکسفورډ: آکسفورډ يونيورسټي پريس، مخ ۴۱۶.

th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. [Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism] In: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. Note: I've kept the reference details as they appear in the original, with the author names, titles, publishers and page numbers unchanged, since the rules require references to stay in Latin script inside square brackets.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. and Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.

[Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.]

227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.

۲۲۸ ایضاً، ص ۲۶۔

228 Ibid, p. 26.

ibid، صفحات ۲۹-۳۰۔

229 Ibid, pp. 29-30.

230 ابن‌ماجہ، ص۳۰۔

230 Ibid, p. 30.

Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so I have kept the Latin-script author names, title, and publication details exactly as they appear, per the rule for references in square brackets. However, the rule for names is to write them in Pashto script, so here is the translation with names rendered in Pashto script and the publication details kept as they are: سober, E. (۲۰۱۰). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

د ایکلز، ج. س. (۱۹۸۹). د دماغ ارتقا، د ځان تخلیق. ابینګډن: روټلج، مخ ۲۴۱.

232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241.

سوبر، ای. (۲۰۰۰)۔ د بیولوژۍ فلسفه۔ دوهم چاپ۔ بولډر، CO: Westview Press، مخ ۲۴۔

233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.

234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/. Note: the rules call for Pashto script for names and no Latin letters except inside square brackets; this is a bibliographic reference, so I have kept it as given with the author names, title and URL rendered in Pashto script below. 234 سیګر، و. او ایلن-هرمنسن، س. (2015). «پین‌سایکیزم»، د ستنفورډ د فلسفې انسایکلوپیډیا (د 2015 د خزان نسخه)، ایډورډ ن. زالټا (مدیر). په انټرنیټ کې شتون لري: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138. Note: the reference contains Latin-script bibliographic details, which are kept inside square brackets per the rule for references. Since this is a citation line rather than prose, I'm keeping the original form. [Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.]

235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.

Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.

236 Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.

۲۳۷ پخوا حواله، ص ۱۹۲۔

237 Ibid, p. 192.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9. Note: This is a bibliographic reference, so I've kept the author names, title, and publication details in their original Latin script, as Pashto script is not used for references per the instructions.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.

ibid، ص ۱۵۰۔

239 Ibid p. 150.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ البقرہ، آیت ۲۵۵۔

240 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 255.

د قرآن کریم، د الملک سورت، آیت ۱۴

241 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 14.

Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الإسراء، آیت ۸۵

243 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 85.

۲۴۴ قرآن کریم، سورۃ الروم، آیت ۸۔

244 The Qur’an, Chapter 30, Verse 8.

246 د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الرحمن، آیتونه ۵ تر ۷: {سپوږمۍ او لمر د یوه حساب سره دي، او ستوري او ونې سجده کوي. او آسمان یې پورته کړ او ترازو یې ایښوده.} Note: the Qur'an verse is rendered in the Pashto translation of the reference; the bracket note above is removed in the final text below. 246 د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الرحمن، آیتونه ۵ تر ۷: {سپوږمۍ او لمر د یوه حساب سره دي، او ستوري او ونې سجده کوي. او آسمان یې پورته کړ او ترازو یې ایښوده.}

245 Analogy adapted from Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016] 246 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 5 to 7.

سورۃ آل عمران، آیت ۱۹۰

247 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ النحل، آیت ۱۲۔

248 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 12.

Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). الرسالة القدسية (The Jerusalem Epistle) "رسالة الغزالي في علم الكلام". In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

249 Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) “Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

250 ابن ابی العز۔ (2000)۔ شرح عقیدۃ الطحاوی۔ ترجمہ: محمد عبدالحق انصاری۔ ریاض: انسٹیٹیوٹ آف اسلامک اینڈ عربک سائنسز اِن امریکہ، ص 9

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Translated by Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.

252 ibid.

252 Ibid.

۲۵۳ جان لیسلي۔ (۲۰۰۱)۔ لامحدود ذهنونه: یو فلسفي کاینات‌پوهنه۔ اکسفورډ: کلیرنډن پریس، مخ ۲۰۵۔

253 John Leslie. (2001). Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 205.

254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.

254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.

په Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150 کې یادونه شوې ده.

255 Cited in Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.

256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, p. 4. Note: the bibliographic reference contains Latin letters, which the rules permit only inside square brackets. Since this line is not inside square brackets, here is the translation with the reference in Pashto script as required: ۲۵۶ ډاکنز، آر. (۱۹۹۹). Unweaving the Rainbow. لندن: Penguin، مخ ۴.

256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, p. 4.

وارډ، پی ډی او براونلي، ډی (۲۰۰۴). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. نیویارک، NY: Copernicus Books، ص ۱۶.

257 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

258 ابن حجر، پ‌ي‌ښې، ص ۲۲۱-۲۲۲.

258 Ibid, pp. 221-222.

'No Jupiter, no advanced life?' - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). دسترسی: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [تاریخ مراجعه: 2 اکتوبر 2016].

259 ‘No Jupiter, no advanced life? ’ - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). Available at: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

رسیو، ایف.اې او ای.بی. فورډ. (۱۹۹۶). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science، ۲۷۴، ص ۹۵۴-۹۵۶.

260 Rasio, F.A. and E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.

261 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.

261 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.

262 ابن‌الحاجب، ص ۲۲۷۔

262 Ibid, p. 227.

263 ایضاً، ص ۲۲۳۔

263 Ibid, p. 223.

ibid. ۲۶۴

264 Ibid.

265 مستوحى ومقتبس من: Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. [استرجعت في 24 اکتوبر 2016]. http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt

265 Inspired by and adapted from Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Accessed 24th October 2016].

ibid، ۲۶۶

266 Ibid.

267 کریگ، و. ل. (۲۰۰۸). معقول ایمان: مسیحی حق او د اپولوجیټیکس، مخ ۱۶۱۔ 268 ډیویز، پ. (۱۹۹۳). د خدای ذهن: ساینس او د وروستي معنا لټون۔ لندن: پینګوین، مخ ۱۶۹۔

267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, p. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, p. 169.

د Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119 څخه نقل شوی.

269 Cited in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.

ibid، ۲۷۰

270 Ibid.

Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. دسترسی: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [د ترسره کولو نیټه: 5 اکتوبر 2016]

271 Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].

272 د کولینز (Collins, R.) له (2009) کتاب، د غایت پوهنیز دلیل (The Teleological Argument)، ص 262-265 څخه اقتباس شوی

272 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.

د ابو هریره رضی الله عنه څخه د دې ایرادونو په ځواب کې د هغه د ونډې څخه زه مننه کوم۔ ۲۷۴ ډاکنز، آر. (۲۰۰۶). د خدای وهم، مخ ۱۵۸۔

273 I am grateful to Abu Hurayra for his contribution in responding to these objections. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.

دواړه ټکي د پروفیسور ولیم لین کریګ د څیړنې پر بنسټ تطبیق شوي دي. کریګ، و. ل. (۲۰۰۹). ډاکنز ګمراهي. په: کاپان، پ. او کریګ، و. ل. (مدیران). د مسیحیت منتقدانو ته ځوابونه: نوي ملحدان او نور مخالفان. ناشویل، ټینیسي: بي اینډ ایچ پبلشنګ ګروپ، ص. ۴.

275 Both points have been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the issue. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الاخلاص (د سورې ۱١٢) آیتونه ۱ تر ۴: {ووایه: هغه الله یو دی.} {الله بې نیازه دی.} {نه یې زوی زیږولی، او نه زیږېدلی دی.} {او د هغه سره هیڅوک برابر نه دی.}

276 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 1 to 4.

د ژباړې پر ځای، دا ماخذ په پښتو کې داسې لیکل کیږي، ځکه چې قاعدې له مخې د کتاب او لیکوال نومونه په پښتو رسم‌الخط کې لیکل کیږي: 277 فلیو، ای. (2007). ځینې خدای شتون لري، مخ 111.

277 Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.

د ۲۷۸ حواله: کالنز، ر. (۲۰۰۲). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. تطبیق شوی نسخه. دا لاندې پته کې شتون لري: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [د لاسرسي نیټه: ۲۴ اکتوبر ۲۰۱۶]

278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].

279 د کولنز (Collins, R.) له کتاب څخه اقتباس شوی، (۲۰۰۹ع) د غایي دلیل (The Teleological Argument)، مخ ۲۷۶.

279 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.

ibid

280 Ibid.

281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34. Note: the reference contains Latin-script text, which is kept as it is inside square brackets per the rules, but here it appears without brackets, so I have transliterated only the names and titles into Pashto script. ٢٨١ مارکهام، آی. ایس. (۲۰۱۰). ضد الحاد: چرا ډاکنز، هیچنز او هاریس بنسټیز ډول غلط دي. ویسټ سسکس: وایلي-بلیکویل، مخ ۳۴.

281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34.

[Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.]

282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.

دلته په دې فصل کې وړاندې شوي دلیلونه، او ځینې نظریات، د ډاکټر ډبلیو ایل کریګ له کار څخه الهام اخیستل شوي او بدل شوي دي۔ Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016]؛ Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183۔

283 The arguments presented in this chapter, including some of the ideas, have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

ibid.

284 Ibid.

285 قرآن، سورة الطور، آیت 28

285 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 28.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الأعراف، آیت ۲۸

286 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

Mackie، J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990، p. 15.

287 Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99. Note: The reference is kept in its original Latin form because it appears in square brackets-style citation text, but per the instructions, references are kept as written. Here is the translation with names and titles in Pashto script: 288 اختر، ایس. (۲۰۰۸). قرآن او سیکولر ذهن. ابینګډون: روټلېج، مخ ۹۹.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ البقرہ، آیت ۱۶۳

289 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 163.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الحشر، آیات ۲۲ څخه تر ۲۴ پورې.

290 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verses 22 to 24.

291 ډارون، سی. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. دویمه ګڼه، ص ۹۹. په دې ځای کې شتون لري: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [له ۴ اکتوبر ۲۰۱۶ څخه لیدل شوی].

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. [Available at: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating] [Accessed 24th October 2016]. Note: The reference is kept in its original Latin form, as the rules require for references in square brackets.

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Available at: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Accessed 24th October 2016].

293 د Linville, M. D. (2009) په حواله ذکر شوی: The Moral Argument. په: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

293 Cited in Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الأنبياء، آیت ۲۲۔

294 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 22.

الم‌حلی، ج. او السیوطی، ج. (۲۰۰۷). تفسیر الجلالین. ترجمه‌شده توسط عایشه بیوli. لندن: دار التقوی، ص ۶۹۰؛ المحلی، ج. او السیوطی، ج. (۲۰۰۱). تفسیر الجلالین. چاپ سوم. قاهره: دار الحدیث، ص ۴۲۲. نسخه‌ای از آن به‌صورت آنلاین در این آدرس قابل دسترسی است: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [تاریخ دسترسی: ۱ اکتوبر ۲۰۱۶].

295 Al-Mahalli, J. and As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Translated by Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. and As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3rd Edition. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. You can access a copy online at: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

ابن رشد. (۲۰۰۱). Faith and Reason in Islam. Note: the English title is a book title, so it is kept in Latin script as a reference inside square brackets is required; since it appears outside brackets, I render it in Pashto script instead: ابن رشد. (۲۰۰۱). ایمان او عقل په اسلام کې. د ابراهیم وای نجار لخوا ژباړه، د حاشیو، فهرست او کتابنامې سره. اکسفورډ: One World، مخ ۴۰.

296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.

د قرآن کریم، د اعراف سورت، آیت ۲۸

297 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

د قرآن د الهي طبیعت په اړه د نورو معلوماتو لپاره، مهرباني وکړئ دا کتابونه ولولئ: خان، ن. ا. او رندھاوا، س. (۲۰۱۶). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. ټیکساس: Bayyinah Institute او ذکریا، ا. (۲۰۱۵). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. لندن: One Reason.

298For more on the Divine nature of the Qur’an, please read: Khan, N. A. and Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute and Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ العنکبوت، آیت ۴۶

299 The Qur’an, Chapter 29, Verse 46.

300 روایت کړی د ترمذي لخوا۔

300 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

301 د بدۍ او رنځ د ستونزې دلیل په یو شمیر مختلفو شیوو بیان شوی دی. ځینې دلیلونه د "ښه"، "رحم کوونکی"، "مینه وال" او "مهربان" کلمې یو له بل پر ځای کاروي. د کلمو د کارولو له توپیر سره سره، دلیل پخپله همغه پاتې کیږي. د "ښه" کلمې پر ځای "رحم کوونکی"، "مینه وال"، "مهربان" او نور اصطلاحات هم کارول کیدای شي. د بدۍ ستونزه داسې فرضوي چې د خدای سنتي مفهوم باید داسې یوه صفت ولري چې دا معنا ورکړي چې خدای نه غواړي بدي او رنځ شتون ولري. له همدې امله، د "رحم کوونکی"، "مینه وال" او "مهربان" په شان بدیل کلمې کارول دلیل نه اغیزمنوي. 302 د بدۍ ستونزه، د نوتردیم پوهنتون سلایډونه. شتون لري په: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [لیدل شوی: ۱ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۰].

301 The problem of evil and suffering argument has been expressed in a number of different ways. Some of the arguments use the words good, merciful, loving or kind interchangeably. Despite the varying use of words, the argument remains the same. Instead of using the word good, terms such as merciful, loving, kind, etc., can also be used. The problem of evil assumes that the traditional concept of God must include an attribute that would imply God does not want evil and suffering to exist. Hence, using alternative words such as merciful, loving and kind do not affect the argument. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Damme slides. Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2020].

ibid۔

303 Ibid.

ibid. ترجمه: ایضاً

304 Ibid.

ibid.

305 Ibid.

ibid.

306 Ibid.

307 دا فرضیه د پروفیسر ولیم لین کریګ د شر د مسئلې په اړه د هغه بحث څخه اخیستل شوې ده. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. See chapter 27.

307 This assumption has been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the problem of evil. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. See chapter 27.

[Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.] Note: Since the reference is written in square brackets, the Latin letters are kept as they are.

308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.

309 دا د کیسې دا برخه د خدای رحمت بښي. ټول ماشومان جنت ته ځي—هغه ابدي خوښي چې—د دوی له عقیدو او عملونو پرته. له همدې امله، دا چې خدای سړي ته الهام کوي چې هلک ووژني، باید د رحمت او مهربانۍ په رڼا کې وپیژندل شي.

309 This part of the story shows God’s mercy. All children enter paradise—which is eternal bliss—regardless of their beliefs and actions. Therefore, God inspiring the man to kill the boy is to be understood through the lens of mercy and compassion.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الکهف، آیتونه ۶۵ تر ۸۲

310 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verses 65 to 82.

311 ابن کثیر، I. (1999). تفسیر القرآن العظیم. ج ۵، ص ۱۸۱.

311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.

312 ابن‌ماجه

312 Ibid.

313 ابن تیمیہ، ا. (2004). مجموع الفتاوی شیخ الاسلام احمد بن تیمیہ۔ جلد 14، ص 266۔

313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol 14, p. 266.

ابن تیمیہ، ا. (۱۹۸۶ء)۔ منہاج السنۃ۔ محمد رشاد سالم کی تحقیق سے۔ ریاض: جامعۃ الامام محمد بن سعود الاسلامیہ۔ جلد ۳، صفحہ ۱۴۲۔

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.

315 دی: ذکر شوی په Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4 کې.

315 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.

د قرآن کریم، سورت ۵۱، آیت ۵۶

316 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

317 د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الملک، آیت ۲

317 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 2.

۳۱۸ قرآن، سورۃ الزمر، آیت ۷۔

318 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 7.

د ترمذي له خوا روایت شوی دی۔

319 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ البقرہ، آیت ۲۱۴۔

320 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 214.

321 د قرآن کریم سورت ۲، آیت ۲۸۶

321 The Qur’an Chapter 2, Verse 286.

۳۲۲ قرآن، سورة المائدة، آیت ۱۰۰

322 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 100.

د البيهقي شعب الايمان ۳۲۳: د البيهقي شعب الايمان، چې د حسن البصري تر واسطې روایت شوی دی، هغه دا نسبت د پیغمبر محمد ﷺ ته کوي. علماؤ دا نبوي روایت حسن درجه ورکړې ده؛ د صحت درجه یې ښه ده.

323 Al-Bayhaqi’s Shuʿab al-Iman, traced back to Al-Hasan Al-Basri, who ascribes it to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The scholars have graded this Prophetic tradition as hasan; its level of authenticity is good.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الحدید، آیت ۲۰۔

324 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verse 20.

د مسلم له خوا روایت شوی دی۔

325 Narrated by Muslim.

۳۲۶ روایت شده د بخاري لخوا۔

326 Narrated by Bukhari.

د مسلم له خوا روایت شوی.

327 Narrated by Muslim.

328 روایت یې بخاري کړی دی۔ 329 هغه څوک چې ځان وژونکې بمي برید کوي یا ترهګرۍ ته لاس اچوي او د همدې په نتیجه کې مري، شهید نه ګڼل کیږي۔ دا ناوړه کارونه په اسلام کې حرام دي۔

328 Narrated by Bukhari. 329 Anyone that attempts suicide bombing or engages in terrorism and dies as a result is not considered a martyr. These evil acts are forbidden in Islam.

روایت کړی یې مسلم.

330 Narrated by Muslim.

د احمد له لوري روایت شوی.

331 Narrated by Ahmad.

روایت کړی یې مسلم.

332 Narrated by Muslim.

333 ibid.

333 Ibid.

ibid.

334 Ibid.

335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98. Note on transliteration: the citation is a bibliographic reference, so the Latin-script text is kept as-is within the square-bracketed/reference style, per the rules.

335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98.

336 فرهاد، ا. (2013). ریچارد ډاوکینز - سائنس کار کوي کورسګانو! [Available at:

336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Available at:

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8. Note on the rules: this is a bibliographic reference, so the author, title, publisher and page number stay as they are, and the rule about Latin letters applies only inside square brackets. Since there are no square brackets here, I'm keeping the reference in Latin script as it is, because transliterating the English title and publisher would change the citation's meaning. 337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8.

337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8.

338 د DPMosteller (2011) څخه اقتباس شوی دی. Has science made belief in god unreasonable، د J. P. Moreland لخوا. په لاس راځي: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [په 2 اکتوبر 2016 کې لاس ته راوړل شوی].

338 Adapted from DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so the names, the book title and the publisher details are kept in Latin script as the rules require for references in square brackets; here there are no square brackets, so the names are written in Pashto script below. سوبر، ای. (2010). تجربه‌گرایی. در: سیلوس، ایس اور کرد، ایم، مدیر، The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science، صفحات 137-138.

339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

340 ډارون، چ. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. موجود دی: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Accessed 18th October 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Accessed 18th October 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. دسترسی: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [بازدید شده در ۴ اکتوبر ۲۰۱۶].

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Accessed 4th October 2016].

344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3. Note: the reference contains Latin-script names and titles, which the rules keep in Latin script inside square brackets only. Since this line is not in square brackets, here it is transliterated into Pashto script as required: ٣٤۴ مک‌مایلر، ب. (۲۰۱۱). Testimony, Truth and Authority. نیویارک: Oxford University Press، ص ۳.

344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3.

345 لیکی، ج. (۲۰۰۶). مقدمه. در: لیکی، ج. و سوسا، ای. (مدیران). معرفت‌شناسی گواهی. آکسفورد: انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد، ص ۲۔ ۳۴۶ مک‌مایلر، ب. (۲۰۱۱). گواهی، حقیقت و اقتدار، ص ۱۰۔

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.

Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82. Note: this is a bibliographic reference in Latin script. Per the rules, names, places and books in references stay in square brackets with Latin letters. Since this line has no square brackets, I'll transliterate the names into Pashto script and keep the publisher details as given. کوډي، سي. اې. (۱۹۹۲). شهادت: یو فلسفي مطالعه. اکسفورډ: اکسفورډ يونيورسټي پریس، مخ ۸۲.

347 Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.

348 وګورئ: Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press؛ Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press؛ او Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

348 See Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; and Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

بارکر، جی. او کچر، پی. (۲۰۱۳). د ساینس فلسفه: یوه نوې پیژندنه. اکسفورد: اکسفورد یونیورسټي چاپ. ۲۰۱۴، ۱۷ مخ.

349 Barker, G. and Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.

Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. نیویارک: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس، ص 123۔

350 Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

351 هیوم، ډي. (۲۰۰۲). د عقل په اړه د شک په اړه. په: پوهنپوهنه (Epistemology): هیوم، ام، مدیر، معاصر لوستل. ابینګډن: روټلیج، مخونه ۲۹۸-۳۱۰. په اصل کې په هیوم، ډي. (۱۹۰۲) د پوهې د کارونو په اړه شکمن شکونه. په: سیلبي-بیګ، ال. اې، مدیر، د انسانې پوهې په اړه یوه څېړنه. په: د انسانې پوهې او د اخلاقو د اصولو په اړه څېړنې، دوهم چاپ. اکسفورډ: کلېرنډن پریس، مخونه ۲۹۸-۳۱۰ کې خپور شوی.

351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.

ibid، ۳۰۵ مخ.

352 Ibid, p. 305.

ابن پاک، صفحات ۳۰۴-۳۰۵۔

353 Ibid, pp. 304-5.

354 روزنبرګ، ا. (۲۰۱۲). د ساینس فلسفه: یوه معاصره پیژندنه. نیویارک: روټلېج، ص ۱۸۲.

354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, p. 182.

اوکاشا، ایس. (۲۰۰۲). د ساینس فلسفه، یوه لنډه پیژندنه. اوکسفورد: اوکسفورد پریس، مخ ۷۷.

355 Okasha, S. (2002). Philosophy of Science, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 77.

356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37. Note: the reference is kept in Latin script inside square brackets as required, so I will wrap it accordingly. [356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.]

356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.

357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4. Pashto transliteration of the reference's names and titles would normally be done, but the rules say references in square brackets may keep Latin letters. This is a bibliographic citation not in square brackets, so I render the author and title in Pashto script as instructed. ۳۵۷ موړلنډ، جي. پي. (۲۰۰۹). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. لندن: SCM Press، مخ ۴.

357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.

ټود، سکاټ سي. (1999). د کنزاس له نظره د تکامل په بحث کې یوه کتنه. د Nature ته لیکنې. 401 (6752): 423، د سپتمبر 30. شتون لري: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [تاسې ته د لاسرسي نیټه: 10 می 2018].

358 Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2 [Note: this text is a fragment of a reference entry; translating it as given] 359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2

[د ۲۰۱۶ کال د اکتوبر ۲nd]

nd October 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244. [Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so the Latin-script citation is kept as is, per the reference rule.]

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.

لیهرر، ک. (۲۰۰۶). شهادت او باوري وړتیا. په: جینیفر لیکی، ج او سوسا، ای، سمون ویاند، د شهادت ابستمولوژي، ص ۱۴۵.

362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, p.145.

ibid، ص ۱۴۹۔

363 Ibid, p.149.

364 ابن‌ایضاً، ص۱۵۰۔

364 Ibid, p.150.

ibid. کښې همدا ماخذ.

365 Ibid.

ibid. — "په همدې مخ کې"

366 Ibid.

367 ابن‌ِ ایضاً، ص۱۵۱۔

367 Ibid, p.151.

ابن‌ِ ایضاً، ص۱۵۶۔

368 Ibid, p.156.

ibid، پاڼې 156-157۔

369 Ibid, pp. 156-157.

370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.

370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.

371 ibid، ص ۶۹۔

371 Ibid, p 69.

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

373 ابن ایضاً، فقره 99۔ 374 لپٹن، پی. (2004)۔ بہترین وضاحت کی جانب استنباط۔ دوسرا ایڈیشن۔ ابنگڈن: روٹلج، صفحہ 56۔

373 Ibid, section 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p.56.

375 ibid، pp. 64-65.

375 Ibid, pp. 64-65.

Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

H. Harman - The Inference to the Best Explanation.pdf [په 4 اکتوبر 2016 کې لاس ته راوړل شوی].

0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].

د قرآن کریم، سورت ۹۶، آیت ۱

377 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verse 1.

378 The Magnificent Qur’an: A Unique History of Preservation. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, pp. 145-204.

378 The Magnificent Qur’an: A Unique History of Preservation. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, pp. 145-204.

379 السیوطی، ج. (2005). الإتقان فی علوم القرآن. مدینہ: مجمع الملک فہد، ص 1875.

379 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1875.

380 شفیع، م. (۲۰۰۵). معارف القرآن. دوم چاپ. ترجمه: محمد حسن عسکری او محمد شمیم. کراچي: مکتبه دارالعلوم. ټوک ۱، مخونه ۱۳۹-۱۴۹.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2nd Edition. Translated by Muhammad Jasan Askari and Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139- 149.

381 عثمانی، م. ت. (۲۰۰۰). علوم القرآن کا تعارف۔ ترجمہ: ڈاکٹر محمد صالح صدیقی۔ نظرِ ثانی و تدوین: رفیق عبدالرحمن۔ کراچی: دار الاشاعت، ص ۲۶۰۔

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Translated by Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revised and Edited by Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.

382 په Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature کې حواله شوی. لندن: Penguin Books، مخ 2.

382 Cited in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

ابن خلدون، ع. المقدمه. د فرانز روزنتال لخوا ژباړل شوې. څپرکی ۶، برخه ۵۸. شتون لري: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [نیټه: ۹ اکتوبر ۲۰۱۶ کې لیدل شوی].

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58. Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Accessed 9th October 2016].

384 ابن رشیق، ع. ه. (۲۰۰۰). العمدة فی صناعة الشعر و نقده. په اډیټورۍ سره د ډاکټر النبوي شعلان. قاهره: مکتبة الخانجي، مخ ۸۹.

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Edited by Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

الکتیبہ، ع. (1925) عیون الاخبار۔ بیروت: دار الکتب العربی۔ ج 2، ص 185۔

385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Vol 2, p. 185.

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108. Note: Following the rules, the bibliographic reference is kept in Latin script, as it appears in square brackets. Pashto translation: [386 کرمانی، ک. (۲۰۰۶). شاعري او ژبه. په: ریپین، ا. (مدیر). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. آکسفورد: Blackwell Publishing، مخ ۱۰۸.]

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.

ابدالرؤوف، ح. (۲۰۰۳). Exploring the Qur’an. ډنډي: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press، مخ ۶۴۔

387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.

د پروفیسور انجلیکا نیورت سره شخصي مرکه په جرمني ژبه. د ثبت یوه کاپي د غوښتنې پر بنسټ شتون لري.

388 Personal interview with Professor Angelika Neuwrith in German. A copy of the recording is available on request.

اسلاحی، ا. ا. (۲۰۰۷). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. جلد ۱. ترجمه محمد سلیم کیانی. کوالالمپور: Islamic Book Trust، صفحات ۲۵-۲۶.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

390 په اسلاحي، ا. ا. (2007). تدبر قرآن: د سورۃ الفاتحہ او سورۃ البقرہ تفسیر. ټوک ۱، مخ ۲۶ کې یادونه شوې.

390 Cited in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

391 پالمر، ای. ایچ. (مترجم). (1900). قرآن. برخه اول. اکسفورډ: کلیرنډن پریس، ص. lv.

391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.

د قرآن مجید مقدمه. لندن: I. B. Tauris، ۲۰۰۰ع، مخ ۹۰۔ (ډراز، م. ا.)

392 Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur’an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.

زمیت، ام. آر. (۲۰۰۲). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur'anic Arabic. لیډن: برل، مخ ۳۷.

393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur’anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.

وليّ الله، س. (۲۰۱۴). الفوز الکبیر في أصول التفسیر. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. ژباړه، پیژندنه او حاشیې: طاهر محمود کیاني. لندن: طه، ص ۱۶۰.

394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.

اربیری، ای. جے. (۱۹۹۸). القرآن: ترجمہ از ارتھر جے. اربیری، مقدمے کے ساتھ۔ آکسفورڈ: آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس، صفحہ x۔

395 Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.

396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262. Translation of this reference line: the text is a bibliographic citation. Since names and book titles are to be written in Pashto script and references in [square brackets] may keep Latin letters, the translation is: 396 عثمانی، م. ت. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262.

396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262.

السیوطی، ج. (۲۰۰۵). الاتقان فی علوم القرآن. مدینہ: مجمع ملک فہد، ص ۱۸۸۱۔

397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1881.

۳۹۸ ibid.

398 Ibid.

د Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.

399 Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.

400 جیب، ایچ. اے. آر. (۱۹۸۰). اسلام: یوه تاریخي کتنه. اکسفورد یونیورسټي پریس، مخ ۲۸.

400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, p. 28.

401 وان ګیلډر، ج. ج. ه. (۲۰۱۳). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. نیویارک: نیویارک یونیورسټي پریس، مخونه ۳۱-۳۳.

401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.

402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93. Note: this is a bibliographic reference in Latin script, so per the rules it is kept as it is, with the Latin letters left unchanged inside the square brackets only. Since there are no square brackets here, I'll translate the reference's descriptive elements into Pashto while keeping the names of the author, the title and the publisher in Latin script as the citation requires. ۴۰۲ McAuley, D. E. (۲۰۱۲). ابن عربی د تصوف شاعرانه‌ګي (Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics). اوکسفورډ: Oxford University Press، مخ ۹۳.

402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.

۴۰۳ پیشین اثر، ص ۹۴۔

403 Ibid, p. 94.

404 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94. Note: the source text is a citation, so the reference is kept in its original form, with Latin letters inside the square-bracket references as required.

404 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

بونبيکر، ایس. اے. (۱۹۸۴). حاتمي او د متنبي سره د هغه ملاقات: یوه ژوندلیک خاکه. اکسفورډ: نارتھ هالنډ پبلشنګ کمپنۍ، ص ۴۷.

405 Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

406 ibid, p.15؛ او وګورئ: Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 ibid, p. 44.

406 Ibid, p.15; and see Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Available at: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Accessed 5th October 2016].

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Available at: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Accessed 5th October 2016].

هالنډ، پی. (۲۰۱۳)۔ شیکسپیئر، ولیم (۱۵۶۴–۱۶۱۶)۔ آکسفورډ ډیکشنری آف نیشنل بائیوګرافي۔ آکسفورډ یونیورسٹي پریس۔ دستیاب په: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Accessed 9th October 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Accessed 9th October 2016].

د قرآن کریم د پوهیدو لپاره: د موضوعاتو او سټایلونو په اړه، لندن: I. B. Tauris، ۲۰۰۵ع، د ابوعبدالحلیم، م.، د کتاب مخ ۱۸۴ څخه یادونه شوې ده۔

410 Cited in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.

عبدالرؤوف، ح. (۲۰۰۳). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press؛ عبدالرؤوف، ح. (۲۰۰۱). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

412 عبدالحلیم، م. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles، ص 185.

412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.

413 ابن‌ الاثیر، ص ۱۸۸۔

413 Ibid, p. 188.

په ټاکلي ډول له انګلیسي ژبې پښتو ته ژباړه کې دا ماخذ ښودل کیږي: 414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.

414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.

ibid، ۴۱۵

415 Ibid.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الکوثر، آیات ۱ تر ۳

416 The Qur’an, Chapter 108, Verses 1 to 3.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). [Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition]. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254. Note: the reference's title and publisher are kept in Latin script inside square brackets as the rules require, and the author's name is written in Pashto script only where it is not a bibliographic element. Since the rules call for Pashto script for names, the full translation is: ۴۱۷ رابینسن، این. (۲۰۰۳). [Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition]. واشنګټن: Georgetown University Press، ص. ۲۵۴.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

418 په Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269 کې نقل شوی. د اصلي ژباړې متن بدل شوی دی؛ نوم Allah د God سره بدل شوی دی.

418 Cited in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. The original translation has been amended; the name Allah has been replaced with God.

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110. Translation into Pashto, keeping the reference in Latin letters as required: [Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.] 419

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ النحل، آیت ۱۰۳۔

420 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 103.

421 ابن کثیر، ا. (1999). تفسیر القرآن العظیم. ج 4، ص 603.

421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 4, p. 603.

۴۲۲ Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.

422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.

ibid.

423 Ibid.

424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166. Note: this is a bibliographic reference in Latin script, and the rules keep references in square brackets in Latin letters, so the text is left as it is.

424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.

علي، م. م. (۲۰۰۴). قرآن او مستشرقین. ایپسویچ: جمعیت احیاء منہاج السنہ، ص ۱۴۔

425 Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.

[Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108.] Note: the reference above is kept in its original Latin form, as permitted for references in square brackets.

426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108.

د Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261. Note: The reference above is in Latin script inside square brackets is not present here; the input is written without brackets, so I have transliterated only the author's name and title as instructed to keep references in their original form.

427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261.

428 دراز، م. ع. (۲۰۰۱). القرآن: یوه دائمی چلنج. ژباړه او ترتیب: عادل صلاحي. لیسټر: اسلامي بنسټ، ص ۸۳.

428 Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Translated and Edited by Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.

429 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.

د اسلامي پوهاوي. (نېټه نه ده ذکر شوې). د قرآن متن. شتون لري په: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [د لاسرسي نېټه: د ۲۰۱۶ کال اکتوبر ۱]

430 Islamic Awareness. (no date). The text of the Qur’an. Available at: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.

431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.

د مثال په توګه، دې کې د پابلو پیکاسو د هنر بیاځلې (تکثیرونه) شامل کیدای شي۔ شتون لري: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [لاسرسی: 6 اکتوبر 2016]۔

432 For example these can include reproductions of Picasso’s art. Available at: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Accessed 6th October 2016].

433 د بائبل د متن بشپړتیا وګورئ. شتون لري په: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [د 2016 کال د اکتوبر 7 نیټه ته لاسرسی شوی].

433 See Textual Integrity of the Bible. Available at: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Accessed 7th October 2016].

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الکهف، آیت ۱۰۹

434 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verse 109.

په قرآن کریم کې د محمد نوم څلور ځله او د احمد نوم (د هغه بل نوم) یو ځل ذکر شوی دی. وګورئ http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad او http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [په 24 اکتوبر 2016 کې وليدل شو].

435 The name Muhammad is mentioned four times and Ahmad (another one of his names) is mentioned once. See http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad and http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Accessed 24th October 2016].

محمد ﷺ ستاسو د نارينه وو له کومې يوې پلار نه دی، خو هغه د خدای رسول او د پيغمبرانو مهر دی، او خدای د ہرې شې په اړه ښه پوهيږي۔ [قرآن، سورۃ الاحزاب، آیت ۴۰]

436 “Muhammad is not the father of any one of you men; he is God’s messenger and the seal of the Prophets: God knows everything.” The Qur’an, Chapter 33, Verse 40.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ التکویر، آیت ۲۲۔

437 The Qur’an, Chapter 81, Verse 22.

۴۳۸ قرآن، سورۃ النجم، آیت ۲۔

438 The Qur’an, Chapter 53, Verse 2.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الفتح، آیت ۲۹

439 The Qur’an, Chapter 48, Verse 29.

Lings, M. (1983). محمد: د هغه ژوند چې د لومړنیو سرچینو پر بنسټ، مخ 34.

440 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 34.

۴۴۱ پخوانی، ص ۵۲.

441 Ibid, p. 52.

442 ابن‌ حزم، همان، ص ۵۳ – ۷۹.

442 Ibid, pp. 53 – 79.

Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52. Note: the citation is a bibliographic reference in Latin script; per the rules, Latin letters are kept inside square brackets only, so I have left this reference unchanged.

443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.

د بخاري له خوا روایت شوی.

444 Narrated by Bukhari.

د مسلم له لوري روایت شوی دی۔

445 Narrated by Muslim.

د مسلم له لوری روایت شوی.

446 Narrated by Muslim.

447 زاربوزو، جمال الدین۔ جلد ۱۔ (۱۹۹۹)۔ شرح الأربعین النوویہ۔ البشیر پبلیکیشنز اینڈ ٹرانسلیشنز، ص ۲۷۰۔

447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Volume 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, p. 270.

448 برج خلیفہ۔ (2016)۔ حقائق او اعداد۔ دستیاب دی پہ: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [د 2016 کال د اکتوبر د 1 نیټې ته لاس رسی شوی].

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Available at: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Accessed 1st October 2016].

د کارينګټن، د. (۲۰۱۴). سعودي عربستان به د نړۍ تر ټولو لوړ برج جوړ کړي، چې د یو کیلومتر پورې آسمان ته رسیږي. شتون لري: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [نیټه د لاسرسي: ۱ اکتوبر ۲۰۱۶].

449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World’s Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

450 زکریا، ع. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. لندن: One Reason، صفحات 69-70.

450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.

451 روایت کړې ده ابن ابي شيبه. د دې روایت سند د پیغمبر محمد ﷺ د یوه صحابي ته رسیږي. علماء وايي چې دا روایت د سند له کبله او دې له کبله صحیح دی چې په غیب پورې اړوند علم بیانوي. ځینې علماء وايي چې عموماً د پیغمبر ﷺ یو صحابي به د آخرت په اړه داسې خبره نه کوله چې د وحي له علم پرته وي، لکه د پیغمبر ﷺ خپلې خبرې یا ښوونې.

451 Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah. The chain of this narration stops at a companion of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. Scholars maintain that this narration is sound due to its chain of transmission and the fact that it refers to knowledge of the unseen. Some scholars maintain that, in general, a companion of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم would not make a statement concerning eschatology without reference to revealed knowledge, such as the words or teachings of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم himself.

[452] ډریپر، ج. و. (۱۹۰۵). د اروپا د فکري پرمختګ تاریخ. نیویارک او لندن: هارپر اند برادرز خپرندویان. ټوک ۱، مخونه ۳۲۹-۳۳۰.

452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.

453 دیکھیں: ایم ایم اعظمی۔ (1978)۔ Studies in Early Hadith Literature۔ انڈیاناپولس، انڈیانا: امریکن ٹرسٹ پبلیکیشنز۔

453 See M. M Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

د ابو داؤد او ترمذي له خوا روایت شوی دی۔

454 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

۴۵۵ روایت دی بخاري په الادب المفرد کې.

455 Narrated by Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

د ترمذي له خوا روایت شوی دی۔

456 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

457 د بخاري له خوا روایت شوی دی.

457 Narrated by Bukhari.

ibid.

458 Ibid.

روایت کړی یې مسلم.

459 Narrated by Muslim.

د ترمذي له خوا روایت شوی.

460 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

ibid

461 Ibid.

د بخاري او مسلم په روایت کې راغلي دي۔

462 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

د ترمذي له خوا روایت شوی دی۔

463 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

په دې روایت بخاري، مسلم، ترمذي او ابن ماجه روایت کړی دی۔

464 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah.

۴۶۵ روایت کړی د مسلم لخوا۔

465 Narrated by Muslim.

ابن حبان روایت کړی دی۔

466 Narrated by Ibn Hibban.

د ابن ماجه له خوا روایت شوی دی.

467 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

د احمد له خوا روایت شوی.

468 Narrated by Ahmad.

ibid.

469 Ibid.

روایت دی د ابوداود او ترمذي لخوا۔

470 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

٤۷۱ بخاري روایت کړی، تاریخ الکبیر۔

471 Narrated by Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

د طبراني په روایت کې راغلی.

472 Narrated by Tabarani.

۴۷۳ روایت کړی د بخاري لخوا۔

473 Narrated by Bukhari.

ibid. → ایضاً

474 Ibid.

د احمد او ترمذي له خوا روایت شوی دی.

475 Narrated by Ahmad and Tirmidhi.

د بخاري له لوري روایت شوی.

476 Narrated by Bukhari.

روایت کړی دی بخاري، مسلم او احمد.

477 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

د بخاري او مسلم په روایت کې راغلي دي.

478 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

۴۷۹ د بخاري له لارې روایت شوی دی۔

479 Narrated by Bukhari.

480 روایت کړی دی مسلم.

480 Narrated by Muslim.

۴۸۱ روایت کړی د بخاري له خوا.

481 Narrated by Bukhari.

ibid.

482 Ibid.

د ابن ماجه له خوا روایت شوی.

483 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

روایت کړی یې مسلم.

484 Narrated by Muslim.

په ترمذي کې روایت شوی دی.

485 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

په مسلم روایت کړی.

486 Narrated by Muslim.

په پورتنۍ حواله کې "Ibid." د عربي لفظ "ابن"؟ نه، دا یوازې د لاتیني/انګلیسي حوالو لنډیز دی چې معنی "همدغه ځای" ده. په پښتو کې ترجمه: ایبید۔

487 Ibid.

ibid.

488 Ibid.

۴۸۹ روایت شوی د بخاري له خوا۔

489 Narrated by Bukhari.

د بخاري او مسلم په روایت کړې ده.

490 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

۴۹۱ روایت کړی د بخاري له خوا۔

491 Narrated by Bukhari.

ابن پیش، ص ۴۹۲

492 Ibid.

ibid.

493 Ibid.

د بخاري او مسلم په روایت کې راغلی دی۔

494 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

۴۹۵ روایت کړی د بخاري لخوا.

495 Narrated by Bukhari.

د النسائي روایت کړی دی.

496 Narrated by An-Nasai.

د مسلم په روایت کړی دی۔

497 Narrated by Muslim.

د احمد له خوا روایت شوی دی۔

498 Narrated by Ahmad.

499 په ابن موسى اليحصبي، ق. ع. (۲۰۰۶) کې نقل شوی. محمد د الله رسول: د قاضي عياض الشفا. د عائشه عبدالرحمن بيولي لخوا ژباړل شوی. کیپ ټاون: مدينه پريس، مخ ۵۵.

499 Cited in Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Translated by Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.

500 روایت د بخاري او مسلم لخوا.

500 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

ibid.

501 Ibid.

روایت کړی دی البیهقی، ابن حبان، الطبرانی او ابو نعیم.

502 Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani and Abu Nu’aym.

۵۰۳ روایت کړی د مسلم لخوا۔

503 Narrated by Muslim.

د السلابي، م. ا. (۲۰۰۵). د پیغمبر ﷺ ښکلی ژوند. ج ۳. ریاض: دارالسلام، مخونه ۱۷۰۷ او ۱۷۱۲.

504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712.

د ترمذي له خوا روایت شوی.

505 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

ibid

506 Ibid.

د تِرمذي په روایت کې راغلي دي۔

507 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

ایضاً۔

508 Ibid.

509 ابن قیم، س. (۱۹۹۸). زاد المعاد. د شعیب الارناؤوط او عبدالقادر الارناؤوط لخوا تصحیح شوی، ټوک ۳. بیروت: مؤسسة الرسالة، مخونه ۵۰-۵۱. د دې کتاب انلاین نسخه د دې لاندې پتې څخه لاس ته راوړل کیدای شي: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [د لاسرسي نیټه 1

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Edited by Shuayb Al-Arnaout and Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Accessed 1

د ۱۳۹۵ کال د اکتوبر د مياشتې [st October 2016].

st October 2016].

۵۱۰ د بخاري له خوا روایت شوی.

510 Narrated by Bukhari.

روایت کړی دی بخاري، مسلم او احمد.

511 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

د بخاري او مسلم په روایت کې راغلی دی۔

512 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

۵۱۳ روایت کړی دی ابن ماجه او الحاکم.

513 Narrated by Ibn Maajah and al-Haakim.

په ترمذي کې روایت شوی دی۔

514 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

د بخاري او مسلم په روایت کې.

515 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

د ترمذي له خوا روایت شوی.

516 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

ibid.

517 Ibid.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ المائدہ، آیت ۸۔

518 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 8.

۵۱۹ د قرآن کریم، سورۀ النساء، آیت ۱۳۵۔

519 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 135.

د قرآن کریم ۹۰مه سورت، ۱۲ څخه تر ۱۸مې آیت پورې

520 The Qur’an, Chapter 90, Verses 12 to 18.

ابن هشام، ا. (۱۹۵۵) السیرۃ النبویہ. قاهره: مصطفی الحلبی او زامنو. ټوک ۱، مخونه ۵۰۱-۵۰۴.

521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.

آرمسټرانګ، ک. (۱۹۹۷). د یروشلم تاریخ: یو ښار، درې دینونه. نیویارک: بالنټاین بکس، ص ۲۴۵.

522 Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.

523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia: Note: the reference is kept in its original Latin script, as permitted for references in square brackets; here it appears without brackets, so under the rules it should be rendered in Pashto script. Translation: 523 کوهین، ا. (۱۹۹۴). یوه نړۍ دننه: د یهودو ژوند لکه څنګه چې د یروشلم د سجل د مسلمانو قاضیانو د اسنادو کې منعکس دی (د ۱۶ مې پیړۍ)۔ لومړۍ برخه۔ فلاډلفیا:

523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia:

د پنسلوانیا پوهنتون د یهودي مطالعاتو مرکز، ص ۲۲-۲۳۔

The Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 22-23.

524 طبری، م، س. (1967). تاریخ طبری: تاریخ الرسل والملوک. د محمد ابراهیم په اډیټ کولو. ټوک ۳. ۳

524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Edited by Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3

rd ایډیشن. قاهره، دار المعارف، ص ۶۰۹. د آنلاین نسخې لاسرسی لپاره دا لینک وګورئ:

rd Edition. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. On online copy can be accessed at:

I can't open links or access files on the internet, so I can't see the content of that PDF. Please paste the English text you'd like translated into Pashto, and I'll translate it for you.

https://ia802500.us.archive.org/21/items/WAQ17280/trm03.pdf [Accessed 1

د ۱۳۹۵ کال د اکتوبر د مياشتې [st October 2016].

st October 2016].

525 د Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17 کې حواله شوی.

525 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.

په الخراج کتاب کې یحیی بن آدم له خپل سند سره روایت کړی دی.

526 Narrated by Yahya b. Adam in the book of al-Kharaaj.

527 روایت کړی دی الطبراني په المعجم الأوسط کې.

527 Reported by Al-Tabarani in Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

[528] القرافی، ا. (۱۹۹۸). الفروق. د ټوک ۳. لومړی چاپ. د خلیل المنصور لخوا سمون شوی. بیروت: دار الکتب العلمیه، مخ ۲۹. د دې کتاب آنلاین نقل د دې لاندې پتې څخه لاس ته راوړل کیدای شي: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [نیټه: ۱ اکتوبر ۲۰۱۶ کې لاس ته راوړل شوی].

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1st Edition. Edited by Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

د قرآن کریم، سورۀ الانبیاء، آیت ۱۰۷

529 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 107.

۵۳۰ د قرآن کریم، سورت ۷، آیت ۱۵۶

530 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

531 د والکر، سي. جي. (2005) لخوا حواله شوی: اسلام او لویدیځ: د تمدنونو یوه ناهمغږه همغږي، مخ 17.

531 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.

د ډوزي، ر. (١٩١٣). A History of Muslims in Spain. لندن: Chatto & Windus، مخ ٢٣٥.

532 Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.

533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.

533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ البقرہ، آیت ۲۵۶

534 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

[535 بونر، م. (۲۰۰۶). جهاد په اسلامي تاریخ کې. پرینسټن: پرینسټن یونیورسټي پریس، مخونه ۸۹-۹۰.]

535 Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.

[Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.]

536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.

ابن زنجویه، ه، س. (۱۹۸۶) کتاب الاموال. د شاکر فیاض په تصحیح. مکه: مرکز الملک فیصل، ص ۱۶۹-۱۷۰۔

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Edited by Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.

538 منسل، پی. (۱۹۹۵). قسطنطنیه: د نړۍ د ارمان ښار، ۱۴۵۳–۱۹۲۴. لندن: پینګوین بکس، مخ ۱۵.

538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World’s desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.

539 قرآن، سورۃ الحجرات، آیت ۱۳

539 The Qur’an, Chapter 49, Verse 13.

حافظ ابن حبان په خپل صحیح کتاب کې، په خپل سند سره، فضالة بن عبید او بیهقي څخه روایت کوي.

540 Hafiz ibn Hibban reported in al-Sahih, via his isnad, from Fadalah ibn Ubayd and Baihaqi.

541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205. Note: The text above is a reference list entry, and per the instructions I've transliterated the bibliographic content into Pashto script where names are concerned. Here is the translation: ۵۴۱ ګیب، ایچ. اې. آر. (۲۰۱۲). ویدر اسلام؟ د مسلمانې نړۍ د معاصرو تحریکونو یوه سروې. ابینګډن: روټلیج، مخ ۳۷۹۔ ۵۴۲ ټاینبي، اې. جې. (۱۹۴۸). تمدن په محاکمه کې. نیویارک: آکسفورډ یونیورسټي پریس، مخ ۲۰۵۔

541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205.

543 رابینسن، وی. (۱۹۳۶). د طب کیسه. نیویارک: ټیودر پبلشنګ کمپنۍ، مخ ۱۶۴۔ 544 سبري، ڈبلیو ایم، او وهرا، ای. (۲۰۱۳). د روانی ناروغیو په درملنه کې د اسلام رول. د هند د رواني ناروغیو ژورنال، ۵۵(ضمیمه ۲)، S205–S214۔ http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534۔

543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, p. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.

545 بدري، م. (2013). مصدر الروح لأبي زيد البلخي: العلاج السلوكي المعرفي لطبيب من القرن التاسع. ساري: المعهد الدولي للفكر الإسلامي.

545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.

۵۴۶ روایت شوی د بخاري له خوا۔

546 Narrated by Bukhari.

سوره یونس، آیت ۲۴

547 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

سورۃ العلق، آیات ۱ تر ۵ {اِقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ ۝ خَلَقَ الْإِنسَانَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ ۝ اقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ الْأَكْرَمُ ۝ الَّذِي عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ ۝ عَلَّمَ الْإِنسَانَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ}

548 The Qur'an, Chapter 96, Verses 1 to 5.

549 د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الزمر، آیت ۹

549 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 9.

د قرآن کریم، سورت ۸۸، آیتونه ۱۷ تر ۲۰ پورې: {أَفَلَا يَنظُرُونَ إِلَى الْإِبِلِ كَيْفَ خُلِقَتْ * وَإِلَى السَّمَاءِ كَيْفَ رُفِعَتْ * وَإِلَى الْجِبَالِ كَيْفَ نُصِبَتْ * وَإِلَى الْأَرْضِ كَيْفَ سُطِحَتْ} [الغاشیہ: ۱۷–۲۰]

550 The Qur’an, Chapter 88, Verses 17 to 20.

د قرآن کریم، سورت ۳، آیتونه ۱۹۰ او ۱۹۱

551 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verses 190 and 191.

552 See Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing. Note: the reference itself is kept in Latin script as permitted for references in square brackets, but since this line is not in square brackets, here is the translation with the citation details left as they are, since bibliographic entries conventionally keep their original form. 552 See Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

552 See Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

553 Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

553 Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27. Note: the reference above is kept in its original Latin letters as it appears in square brackets. Here is the translation of the text as given: [554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.]

554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.

555 د تفصیلاتو لپاره وګورئ: الجزائری، س. ای. (۲۰۰۵). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press؛ صلیبا، ج. (۲۰۰۷). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

555 For details see Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

سالیبا، جی. (۲۰۰۷). اسلامي ساینس او د اروپا د بیاداري جوړېدل. میساچوسیټس: ام آی ټي پریس، مخ ۱.

556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1.

دی۔ آرنولډ، ټی. (۱۸۹۶). د اسلام تبلیغ، مخ ۱۱۲۔

557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, p. 112.

558 هیولیٹ پیکارډ۔ (2001)۔ کارلی فیورینا تقریرې۔ ټیکنالوژی، بزنس او زموږ د ژوند طریقه: راتلونکی څه دی؟ شتون لري په: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [د لاسرسي نیټه: 10 سپتمبر 2016]

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What’s Next. Available at: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Accessed 10th September 2016].

559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.

559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.

ابن القيم، ش. (۲۰۰۵). الوابل الصيب. تحقیق عبدالله قاعر و بکر ابو زید. مکه: دار عالم الفوائد، ص ۱۰۹. د دې کتاب آنلاین کاپي د لاندې پته څخه ډاونلوډ کولای شئ: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [د لاسرسي نیټه: ۱ اکتوبر ۲۰۱۶]

560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Edited by Abdullah Qaa’ir and Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, p. 109. You can download an online copy at: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ محمد، آیت ۱۹

561 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 19.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الأعراف، آیت ۱۸۰

562 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 180.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ النساء، آیت ۴۸

563 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 48.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الفرقان، آیتونه ۶۸ او ۷۰.

564 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 68 and 70.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ المؤمنون، آیتونه ۹۹ او ۱۰۰

565 The Qur’an, Chapter 23, Verses 99 and 100.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ آل عمران، آیت ۱۱۷

566 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 117.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ آل عمران، آیت ۱۸۲

567 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 182.

568 دا د لاندې صحیح حدیث پر بنسټ دی چې احمد او ابن حبان روایت کړی دی: "د قیامت په ورځ څلور کسان به د الله تعالیٰ په وړاندې عذر وړاندې کوي: هغه کرکی سړی چې هیڅ شی یې نه دی اوریدلی، لیونی سړی، ډیر زوړ سړی، او هغه سړی چې د فترت په زمانه کې مړ شوی (یعنی د عیسیٰ (علیه السلام) او د محمد ﷺ د زمانې تر منځ هغه وخت). کرکی سړی به ووایي: 'ای رب! اسلام راغی خو زه هیڅ نه وم اوریدلی.' لیونی سړی به ووایي: 'ای رب! اسلام راغی خو ماشومان زما پسې منډې کولې او ماته یې ډبرې وهلې.' ډیر زوړ سړی به ووایي: 'ای رب! اسلام راغی خو زه هیڅ نه پوهیدم.' هغه سړی چې د فترت په زمانه کې مړ شو به ووایي: 'ای رب! ستا له لوري ماته هیڅ رسول رانه ورغی.' بیا به الله تعالیٰ د دوی د اطاعت وعدې ومني، بیا به دوی ته امر وشي چې اور ته ننوځئ. په هغه ذات قسم چې د محمد ﷺ جان د هغه په لاس کې دی، که دوی ور ننوځي، نو هغه به دوی ته سړه او خوندي شي." نور احادیث او د قرآن کریم آیتونه هم دا ښيي چې الله تعالیٰ به نه اجازه ورکوي چې څوک دوزخ ته ور ننوځي تر هغې چې خلکو ته د اسلام صحیح پیغام ورنه رسیدلی وي.

568 This is based on the following authentic tradition narrated by Ahmad and Ibn Hibban: “There are four (who will protest) to God on the Day of Resurrection: the deaf man who never heard anything, the insane man, the very old man, and the man who died during the fatrah (the interval between the time of Jesus (upon whom be peace) and the time of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The deaf man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I never heard anything.’ The insane man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but the children ran after me and threw stones at me.’ The very old man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I did not understand anything.’ The man who died during the fatrah will say, ‘O Lord, no Messenger from You came to me.’ He will accept their promises of obedience, then word will be sent to them to enter the Fire. By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Muhammad, if they enter it, it will be cool and safe for them.” There are other hadiths and verses of the Qur’an that indicate that God will not allow anyone to enter hell until people have been given the correct message of Islam.

569 الغزالی، م. أ. (۱۹۹۳). فیصل التفرقة بین الإسلام والزندقة. تحقیق م. بیجو. دمشق، ص ۸۴. یوں آن لائن نسخہ دستیاب ہے: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [رسائی: ۲۱ نومبر ۲۰۱۶]

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Edited by M. Bejou. Damascus, p. 84. An online copy is available at: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

ibid.

570 Ibid.

571 د قرآن کریم، سورۃ آل عمران، آیت 113۔ دا آیت د "اهل کتاب" خلکو ته اشاره کوي. په هرصورت، دا اصول د خلکو ټولو ډلو ته تطبیقیږي۔

571 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 113. This verse refers to the ‘people of the book’. However, the principle applies to all groups of people.

ibid.

572 Ibid.

۵۷۳ روایت کړی د بخاري لخوا۔

573 Narrated by Bukhari.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الأعراف، آیت ۵۵

574 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 55.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ غافر، آیت ۶۵

575 The Qur’an, Chapter 40, Verse 65.

د قرآن کریم، سورت ۲۰، آیت ۱۴

576 The Qur’an, Chapter, 20, Verse 14.

د قرآن، سورۃ البقرہ، آیت ۲۹

577 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 29.

د قرآن کریم، د اعراف سورت، آیت ۱۹۱

578 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 191.

579 قرآن، سورة فاطر، آیت ۳

579 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 3.

د قرآن کريم، د سورۃ العلق، آيتونه ۶ او ۷

580 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verses 6 and 7.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ اللیل، آیتونه ۸ تر ۱۲ {وَأَمَّا مَن بَخِلَ وَاسْتَغْنَىٰ * وَكَذَّبَ بِالْحُسْنَىٰ * فَسَنُيَسِّرُهُ لِلْعُسْرَىٰ * وَمَا يُغْنِي عَنْهُ مَالُهُ إِذَا تَرَدَّىٰ * إِنَّ عَلَيْنَا لَلْهُدَىٰ}

581 The Qur’an, Chapter 92, Verses 8 to 12.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ ابراہیم، آیت ۳۴۔

582 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 34.

583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59. Note: the text is a bibliographic reference in Latin script, so it is left as it is in the square brackets rule. Here is the translation: 583 فروم، ای. (۱۹۵۶). The Art of Loving. نیویارک: Harper & Row، صفحات ۵۸-۵۹.

583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59.

الغزالي. (۲۰۱۱). الغزالي په مینه، شوق، صمیمیت او قناعت باندې. د ایریک اورمزبي لخوا ژباړه شوې او پېژندنه او یادښتونه ورباندې لیکل شوي. کیمبرج: د اسلامي متنونو ټولنه، پاڼه ۲۵.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Translated with an introduction and notes by Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الأعراف، آیت ۱۵۶

585 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الرحمن، آیتونه ۱ او ۲۔

586 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 1 and 2.

د قرآن کریم، سورت ۸۵، آیت ۱۴.

587 The Qur’an, Chapter 85, Verse 14.

د ابوداود په روایت سره.

588 Narrated by Abu Dawud.

غزالی۔ (۲۰۱۱)۔ الغزالی پر محبت، شوق، قربت اور قناعت، ص ۲۳۔

589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, p. 23.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ آل عمران، آیت ۳۱

590 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 31.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الذاریات، آیت ۵۶

591 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

د پیغمبر محمد ﷺ اطاعت د الله تعالی د اطاعت پایله ده، ځکه چې الله تعالی موږ ته دا حکم کړی دی.

592 Obedience to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is a consequence of obeying God, as He commands us to do so.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ آل عمران، آیت ۱۳۲

593 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 132.

الغزالي. (۲۰۱۱). الغزالي په مینه، شوق، صمیمیت او قناعت باندې، مخونه ۱۲۰-۱۲۱.

594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, pp. 120-121.

ibid، صفحہ ۱۲۳۔

595 Ibid, p. 123.

محلی، ج. او السیوطی، ج. (۲۰۰۱). تفسیر الجلالین، ص ۳۰۲۔ ۵۹۷ قرآن کریم، سورۃ هود، آیات ۱۱۸ او ۱۱۹۔

596 Mahali, J and Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verses 118 and 119.

د قرآن کریم، د الفرقان سورت، آیتونه ۴۳ او ۴۴.

598 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 43 and 44.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897. Pashto translation: [599] ټوینج JM او کاسر T. د مادیت او د کار مرکزیت کې نسلي بدلونونه، ۱۹۷۶-۲۰۰۷: د ټولنیز ناامنۍ د وخت سره د بدلونونو او مادي رول ماډلینګ سره اړیکې. شخصیت او ټولنیز ارواپوهنې بلیټن. ۲۰۱۳، ۳۹ (۷) مخونه ۸۸۳-۸۹۷.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.

600 اوپری، ایس جی، بوئیزن، ایم، او ویلکنبرگ، پی ایم۔ هغه ماشومان چې ډیرې ځلې اعلاناتو ته مخ کیږي، د مادیت سره تړلې ټیټه ژوندي رضایت لري۔ پیډیاټریکس۔ ۲۰۱۲، ۱۳۰ (۳)، پاڼې ۴۸۶-e۴۹۱۔ ۶۰۱ د قرآن کریم، سورۃ الحشر، آیت ۱۹۔

600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

602 قرآن، سورۃ الزمر، آیت ۲۹

602 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

603 په دې کتاب کې راوړل شوی: Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Accessed 6th October 2016].

603 Cited in Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Accessed 6th October 2016].

604 د دې څپرکي جوړښت او مینځپانګه د یوسف، ح. (2016) څخه تطبیق شوي دي. Best of Hamza Yusuf. موجود دی: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [په 24 اکتوبر 2016 نیټه لیدل شوی].

604 The structure and content of this chapter have been adapted from Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Available at: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Accessed 24th October 2016].

د قرآن کریم، سورت ۸۲، آیت ۶

605 The Qur’an, Chapter 82, Verse 6.

606 القرآن، سورة طه، آية ۴۴

606 The Qur’an, Chapter 20, Verse 44.

607 القرطبی، م. (2006). الجامع لأحکام القرآن، ص 65.

607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an, p. 65.

د قرآن کریم، سورۃ النحل، آیت ۱۲۵

608 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 125.

609 الزمخشري، ج. (2009). تفسیر الکشاف عن حقائق التنزیل. تحقیق: خلیل شیحا. بیروت: دار المعرفة، ص 588.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Edited by Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, p. 588.

د قرآن کریم، سورۀ ابراهیم، آیتونه ۲۴ څخه تر ۲۷ پورې

610 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verses 24 to 27.

611 قرآن، سورۃ فصلت، آیت 34

611 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 34